“a spoiled masterpiece”: Richard Schickel, “The Man Who Shot the West,” NYT Book Review, January 9, 2000.
“a peculiarly formal and stilted movie”: Pauline Kael, 5,001 Nights at the Movies, p. 662.
“The pressure of the film”: Jonathan Lethem, “Defending The Searchers,” Tin House, Winter 2001.
“His persona gathers in one place”: Lethem, “The Darkest Side of John Wayne,” Salon, July 1997.
“preposterous in its plotting”: Stephen Metcalf, “The Worst Best Movie,” Slate, July 6, 2006.
“Writers are forgotten people”: Gary Arnold, “Hero’s Welcome for The Searchers,” Washington Post, September 23, 1979.
feminist social critic Susan Faludi: See The Terror Dream, 2007.
“We worked together”: Author’s interview with James D’Arc.
“I’ve had people searching”: Author’s interview with Leith Adams, June 23, 2009.
Epilogue: Quanah
The fierce Texas sun was incinerating: The author attended Quanah Parker Reunion on the one hundredth anniversary of QP’s death.
“May the Great Sprit smile”: Recorded on a monument outside Quanah’s City Hall.
Wayne took visitors for a drive: Author’s interview with Wayne Gipson, June 10, 2011.
“I don’t believe in restoring”: Herbert Woesner remarks, Parker Reunion, June 23, 2000.
“For us it’s a sacred place”: Author’s interview with Ron Parker, June 13, 2008.
“They say there was no jealousy”: Ardith Parker Leming tour, June 12, 2009.
“In the event these temporary measures”: “Structural Stabilization Report: Star House,” no author or date.
“Lots of people had wanted to buy it”: Author’s interview with Kathy Gipson Treadwell.
“There are people showing up”: Gipson interview.
“I know there are a lot of missing pieces”: Author’s interview with Dorothy Poole, July 9, 2008.
“We are shape shifters”: Paul Chaat Smith, Everything You Know About Indians Is Wrong, p. 58.
Bibliography
Parts I and II (Cynthia Ann and Quanah Parker)
Archives and Collections
Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley
Baylor University, Waco, TX
Sul Ross Family Papers
Copper Breaks State Park, Quanah, TX
Dolph Briscoe Center for American History
University of Texas at Austin
B. F. Gholson Papers
John Henry Brown Papers
Daniel Parker Papers
Joseph and Araminta Taulman Papers
Fort Sill Archives and Museum, Lawton, OK
Handbook of Texas Online. www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/
Hardeman County Historical Museum, Quanah, TX
Hutchinson County Historical Museum, Borger, TX
Log Cabin Village, Fort Worth, TX
Museum of the Great Plains, Lawton, OK
National Archives—Southwest Region, Fort Worth, TX
Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City (OKHS)
Chronicles of Oklahoma: http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/Kiowa Agency files
Old Fort Parker Historical Site, Groesbeck, TX
Palo Duro Canyon State Park Visitor’s Center
Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum, Canyon, TX (PPHM)
Bill Neeley Papers
Pilgrim Predestinarian Regular Baptist Church, Elkhart, TX
Southern Methodist University (SMU) DeGolyer Library, Dallas
James T. DeShields Papers
Star of the Republic Museum Archive, Washington, TX
Texas State Library (online)
University of Oklahoma Library, Norman, OK (OKU)
Western History Collection
Works Progress Administration Files
Van Zandt County Library of Genealogy and Local History, Canton, TX
Books
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Babb, T. A. In the Bosom of the Comanches. Dallas: Hargreaves Printing, 1912.
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Benner, Judith Ann. Sul Ross: Soldier, Statesman, Educator. College Station: Texas A&M University, 1983.
Berlandier, Jean Louis. The Indians of Texas in 1830. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1969.
Betty, Gerald. Comanche Society: Before the Reservation. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2002.
Brashear, Charles. Killing Cynthia Ann. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1999.
Brinkley, Douglas. The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America. New York: HarperCollins, 2009.
Brooks, James F. Captives & Cousins: Slavery, Kinship and Community in the Southwest Borderlands. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
Brown, John Henry. Indian Wars and Pioneers of Texas. Austin: L.E. Daniell, 1890. Reprinted by Austin: State House Press, 1988 (originally published 1880).
Brown, Marion T. Letters from Fort Sill, 1886–1887. C. Richard King, ed. Austin: Encino Press, 1970.
Brownmiller, Susan. Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1975.
Carter, Robert G. On the Border with Mackenzie. Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 2007 (originally published 1935).
———. Tragedies of Cañón Blanco. Hobson Brothers, 1919.
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Demos, John. The Unredeemed Captive: A Family Story from Early America. New York: Knopf, 1994.
DeShields, James T. Border Wars of Texas. Tioga, Texas: Herald, 1912.
———Cynthia Ann Parker: The Story of Her Capture. St. Louis: Printed for the Author, 1886.
Dixon, Olive K. The Life of Billy Dixon. Austin: State House Press, 1987.
Dodge, Richard Irving. Our Wild Indians: Thirty-Three Years’ Personal Experience Among the Red Men of the West. Hartford: A. D. Worthington, 1882.
Dunn, J. P. Massacres of the Mountains: A History of the Indian Wars of the Far West, 1815–1875. New York: Archer House, 1958.
Ebersole, Gary L. Captured by Texts: Puritan to Postmodern Images of Indian Captivity. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995.
Egan, Timothy. The Worst Hard Time. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2006.
Epps, Garrett. To an Unknown God: Religious Freedom on Trial. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001.
Exley, Jo Ella Powell. Frontier Blood: The Saga of the Parker Family. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2001.
Fehrenbach, T. R. Comanches: The Destruction of a People. New York: Knopf, 1974.
———Lone Star: A History of Texas and the Texans. Boulder, Colo.: Da Capo Press, 2000 (originally published 1968).
Foreman, Grant. Pioneer Days in the Early Southwest. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1926.
Gilles, Albert S., Sr. Comanche Days. Dallas: SMU Press, 1974.
Gwynne, S. C. Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches. New York: Scribner, 2010.
Hacker, Margaret S. Cynthia Ann Parker: The Life and the Legend. El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1990.
Hagan, William T. Charles Goodnight: Father of the Texas Panhandle. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007.
———Quanah Parker, Comanche Chief. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.
———Taking Indian Lands: The Cherokee (Jerome) Commission, 1889–1893. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003.
———Theod
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———United States–Comanche Relations. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976.
Haley, J. Evetts. Charles Goodnight: Cowman & Plainsman. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1949.
Hämäläinen, Pekka. The Comanche Empire. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.
Hirshson, Stanley P. The White Tecumseh: A Biography of General William T. Sherman. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1998.
Honig, Lawrence E. John Henry Brown: Texas Journalist. Southwestern Studies Monograph No. 36, El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1973.
Houston, Sam. The Writings of Sam Houston, Vol. IV, 1821–1847. Amelia W. Williams and Eugene C. Barker, eds. Austin: University of Texas, 1941.
Hunter, J. Marvin. The Boy Captives. Bandera, Texas: Frontier Times, 1927 (reprinted by New York: Garland, 1977).
The Indian Captivity Narrative: A Woman’s View. Frances Roe Kessler, ed. New York: Garland Publishing, 1990.
Indian Oratory: Famous Speeches by Noted Indian Chieftains. W. C. Vanderwerth, ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1971.
Irving, Washington. A Tour on the Prairies. Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1956.
Jackson, Grace. Cynthia Ann Parker. San Antonio: Naylor, 1959.
Jiles, Paulette. The Color of Lightning. New York: William Morrow, 2009.
Kavanagh, Thomas W. Comanches: A History. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999.
La Vere, David. Life Among the Texas Indians: The WPA Narratives. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1998.
Lee, Nelson. Three Years Among the Comanches: The Narrative of Nelson Lee The Texas Ranger. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1957.
Lehmann, Herman. Nine Years Among the Indians, 1870–9. Austin: Von Boeckmann-Jones, 1927.
Marcy, Randolph B. Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana in the Year 1852. Washington: A. O. P. Nicholson, 1854.
———Thirty Years of Army Life on the Border. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1866.
Marszalek, John F. Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order. New York: Free Press, 1993.
Maverick, Mary A. Memoirs. San Antonio: Alamo Printing, 1921.
Meyer, Marian. Mary Donoho: New First Lady of the Santa Fe Trail. Santa Fe: Ancient City Press, 1991.
Michino, Gregory and Susan. A Fate Worse Than Death: Indian Captives in the West, 1830–1885. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Press, 2007.
Mooney, James, The Ghost-Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991 (original edition 1896).
Namias, June. White Captives: Gender and Equality on the American Frontier. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
Neeley, Bill. The Last Comanche Chief: The Life and Times of Quanah Parker. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1995.
Noyes, Stanley and Daniel J. Gelo. Comanches in the New West, 1895–1908. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1999.
Nye, W. S. Carbine and Lance. Norman: University Oklahoma Press, 1937.
Papers Concerning Robertson’s Colony in Texas XIV. Malcolm D. McLean, ed. Arlington: UTA Press, 1988.
Parker, James W. Narrative of the Perilous Adventures, Miraculous Escapes and Sufferings of Rev. James W. Parker, to Which Is Appended a Narrative of the Capture and Subsequent Sufferings of Mrs. Rachel Plummer. Louisville: Morning Courier Office, 1844.
Personal Civil War Letters of General Lawrence Sullivan Ross. Transcribed and compiled by Percy Wayne Shelton. Edited by Shelly Morrison. Austin: S and R Morrison, 1994.
Pierce, Michael D. The Most Promising Young Officer: A Life of Ranald Slidell Mackenzie. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.
Plummer, Rachel. Narrative of the Capture and Subsequent Sufferings of Mrs. Rachel Plummer. Houston, 1839, 2nd edition.
Ranald S. MacKenzie’s Official Correspondence Relating to Texas, 1871–75. Ernest Wallace, ed. Lubbock: West Texas Museum, Association, 1967.
Report of the Secretary of War, Vol. I. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1869.
Richardson, Rupert N. The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement: A Century and a Half of Savage Resistance to the Advancing White Frontier. Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1933.
Rister, Carl Coke. Border Captives. Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1940.
———Border Command: General Phil Sheridan in the West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1944.
———Comanche Bondage. Glendale: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1955. Includes annotated reprint of Sarah Ann Horn’s Narrative.
Robson, Lucia St. Clair. Ride the Wind. New York: Random House, 1982.
Roosevelt, Theodore. Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1923.
———The Winning of the West. Seven volumes. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907.
Rowlandson, Mary White. Narrative of the Captivity and Removes of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson. Lancaster: Carter, Andrews & Company, 1828. (William B. Cairns Collection of American Women Writers, 1650–1920.)
Scott, Hugh L. Some Memories of a Soldier. New York: The Century Co., 1928.
Sides, Hampton. Blood and Thunder: An Epic of the American West. New York: Doubleday, 2006.
Slotkin, Richard. The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization, 1800–1890. New York: Atheneum, 1985.
———. Regeneration Through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600–1860. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1973.
Smith, Coho. Cohographs. Fort Worth: Branch-Smith, 1976.
Smith, Henry Nash. Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978.
Stanley, Henry M. My Early Travels and Adventures in America. London: 1895. Reprint, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982.
Stewart, Omer Call. Peyote Religion: A History. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.
Tatum, Lawrie. Our Red Brothers and the Peace Policy of Ulysses S. Grant. Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1899.
Texas by Terán: The Diary Kept by Manuel de Mier y Terán on His 1828 Inspection of Texas. Jack Jackson, ed. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000.
Tilghman, Zoe A. Quanah: The Eagle of the Comanches. Oklahoma City: Harlow Publishing, 1938.
Wallace, Ernest, and E. Adamson Hoebel. The Comanches: Lords of the South Plains. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1952.
Webb, Walter Prescott. The Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Defense. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1965.
White, E. E. Experiences of a Special Indian Agent. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965.
White, Richard. “It’s Your Misfortune and None of My Own.” Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1991.
Wilbarger, J. W. Indian Depredations in Texas. Austin: Hutchings, 1889 (reprinted by Austin: Eakin Press, 1985).
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Articles
Anderson, Adrian N., “The Last Phase of Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie’s 1874 Campaign Against the Comanches,” West Texas Historical Association Year Book, 40 (1964), 74–81.
Austin, Stephen F., “Journal of Stephen F. Austin on His First Trip to Texas, 1821” Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association, VII:4, April 1904, 286–307.
“‘Every Day Seemed to be a Holiday’: The Captivity of Bianca Babb,” Daniel J. Gelo and Scott Zesch, eds. Southwestern Historical Quarterly, CVII, 1, July 2003.
Birdsong, Neda, “Cynthia Ann Parker” (as told to Paul Wellman), Barb Wire Times, Oct. 1968.
“Corona Helps Texas Opera in Premiere,” Dallas Times Herald, Feb. 17, 1939.
“The Death of Nocona,” Rupert N. Richardson, ed. Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 1992.
DeShields, James T., “Indian Wars in Texas III,” United Service, A Quarterly Review of Military and Naval Affairs (1879–1905); Oct. 1885, 13:4.
Detrick, C. H
., “Quanah Parker, Gentleman,” Wichita Magazine, April 23, 1930.
Dixon, Olive King, “Fearless and Effective Foe, He Spared Women and Children Always,” Fort Worth Star-Telegram, April 12, 1936.
“The Frontier and Its Defense,” The White Man, Weatherford, Texas, 1:18, Sept. 13, 1860.
Gelo, Daniel J., “ ‘Comanche Land and Ever Has Been’: A Native Geography of Nineteenth-Century Comancheria,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly CIII:3, January 2000.
Gentry, A. D., “The Runaway Scrape,” Frontier Times 4:6, August 1927, 9–12.
Harger, Charles Moreau, “The Government’s Gift of Homes,” Outlook 68:16, Aug. 17, 1901.
Harmon, George D., “The United States Indian Policy in Texas, 1845–1860,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 17:3, Dec. 1930.
Harris, Charles W., “The Red River War of 1874–75: The End of an Era on the Great Plains,” Red River Valley Historical Review 3, Spring 1978.
Hodge, Kelly, “Forty Acres Arias: UT Opera Theatre Debuts Cynthia Parker,” Fanfare, 3:2, Winter 1985.
“Hugh McLeod’s Report on the Council House Fight,” March 20, 1840, Texas State Library and Archives Commission, www.tsl.state.tx.us/exhibits/indian/war/mcleod-mar1840-1.html.
Jones, Douglas C., “The Grave of Quanah Parker: A Case Study in Persuasive Communication and Hostile Attitudes,” Public Relations Quarterly, 14:4, 1970.
Jones, Lawrence T., “Cynthia Ann Parker and Pease Ross: The Forgotten Photographs,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly, June 1990.
“Journal of the Permanent Council (Oct. 11–27, 1835),” Texas Historical Association Quarterly, VII:4, April 1904.
“The Journal of Ranald S. Mackenzie’s Messenger to the Kwahadi Comanches,” Ernest Wallace, ed. Red River Valley Historical Review 3, Spring 1978.
Kracht, Benjamin R., “Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Opening,” digital.library-okstate.edu/encyclopedic/entries/k/ki020.html.
Lee, Max, “Daniel Parker: Politician, Baptist, and Anti-Mission Missionary,” Texas Baptist History 6 (1986), 1–9.
Lutz, Ella Cox, “Quanah Parker: The Last Comanche Chief,” Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine, n.d.
Mattinson, R. F., “A Story of Old Fort Parker,” Groesbeck Argus, 1875, in Frontier Times, 13:8, June 1936.
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