Egerat, Colonel Henryk van, 137
Egypt, 17, 188, 261, 269, 278; Aswan Dam, 270, 280
Eisenstein, Sergei, 90
Elbe river, 262
Elena Glinskaia, 85, 89
Elias, St, 38-9
Elizabeth, Empress, 169, 170, 184
Elphinston, Admiral (in Russia’s services), 172
Elton, Captain John, 172-4
empire building, 25; belligerency of, 208-9; as civilizing mission, 215-17; creation of Soviet regime, 238—60; descent into anarchy 108-27; eighteenth-century glories, 168-89; expansionary tactics, 168—89; first successes and collapse, 27—47; foundations of empire, 68-86; growth and recovery, 129—49; impact of revolutionary France on, 190, 193-8; imperial expansion, 87-107; inertia in, 231; lack of capital, 214; limitation put on, 225; loss of empires, 190; nineteenth-century wars and defeats, 199-211; public consciousness of, 215; push to the West, 150-67; reasons for disintegration of Soviet empire, 282-300; rebellions and crises, 217-32; recovery and consolidation, 48—67; reforms and modernization, 213—15; rise and fall of Soviet imperialism, 261-81; seeds of destruction, 210—11, 232—7; transition and recovery, 301—18; see also Kievan Rus; Muscovy; Romanov Empire; Soviet Union
England, 156, 215, 221, 234; see also Britain
Enlightenment, 164, 182, 280
environment, 4, 5; effect of climate on, 6-7; geographic barriers, 9-10
Erekle, King of Kartlo-Kakheti, 180
Erik XIV, King of Sweden, 103
Erzurum, 204
Eskimos, 134
Estland, 163, 197
Estonia, Estonians, 154, 156, 163, 164, 219, 243, 245, 254, 310
Ethiopia, 278
Eurasia, 4
European Union (EU), 276, 277, 286, 313
Evenki, 280
explorers, exploration, 131-2, 162, 172-4, 188; see also Alaska; Bering, Vitus; colonizers, colonization; Dezhnev, Semeon; Elton, John; Siberia; Stroganov, Grigorii
falconry, 75
Far East, 216, 217, 230, 245, 253, 261, 264
Far Eastern Republic, 244
Federal Security Service (FSB), 314
Fedor (son of Boris Godunov), 115, 119, 120
Fedor (son of Tsar Alexis), 146
Fedor, Tsar, 109, in, 114
Felony Department (Razboinii prikaz) see Government Departments
Filipp, Metropolitan of Moscow, 103
Finch, Edward (British envoy), 169
Finland, 156, 171, 196, 253, 254; annexation of, 190, 192; imperial rule in, 197; as independent state, 243; nationalism in, 219
Finno-Ugrians, 23, 319
Finns, 9, 25, 48, 164, 176, 231
Fiolipt, Patriarch of Constantinople, 85
Fioravanti, Aristotele, 74
First World War (1914-18), 233-6, 238, 320
Fletcher, Giles, 111
Florence, 67
Floria, B., 100
Foreign Office, 109, 147, 148, 169, 175; see also Government Departments
foreign relations, 79, 108, 216, 263; Ambassadorial Office, 77-8; and the Baltic provinces, 185-7; and Byzantine Empire, 33, 34-6, 38, 70-1; and Central Europe, 156-7; and colonial administration, 216-17; as defensive, 128; development of, 70, 74-6; diplomatic skills, 145; and England, 117, 146, 156; and establishment of record-filing system, 75—6; and the European Union, 286—7; and Finland and Bessarabia, 190-3; and the Habsburgs 166, 170; and the Holy Roman Emperor, 77; improved and expanded, 110—11; improvements in, 317; intelligence system, 76-8, no, 145-6, 279; and Kazakhs, 175-6; and the Ottoman Empire, 94, 108; and the papacy/Rome, 85; with Persia, India and China, 159-60; and Poland, 182-4, 196-7; protocols, 76, 105; rapprochement, 286-7; reassessment of, 169-70; relationship with NATO, 313, 314, 317; success of, 147; systematization of, 87; and the Tatars, 50, 79; and the Ukraine, 162-3, 184-5; and use of outsiders on diplomatic missions, 148; and Western Europe, 74-6, 84, 129, 146; Westernising policies of, 149; wide range of expertise amongst functionaries, 148—9; see also named countries; Russification policy; Soviety Union
Four Power Treaty, 292
Fradkov, Mikhail, 317
France, 6, 16, 165-7, 168, 170, 188, 215, 218, 231, 253, 261, 263, 264, 320; aftermath of Waterloo, 195-6; concerns of, 189; Napoleonic, 1, 192-3, 198; navy of, 171
Francis I, 4, 91
Frederick the Great, 178
Frederick III, Emperor, 75, 77
Gagarin, Iurii, 270
Gagarin, Matvei (governor of Siberia), 160-1 Galich, 52, 63, 65
Galicia, 243
Gazprom, 306
Gdansk, 142, 171, 178
Geneva, 286
George Bell & Sons, 206
Georgia, Georgians, 70, 76, 93, no, 112-13, 180, 181, 191, 205, 219, 286, 292, 297, 317, 325; Kakhetia, 76; Kartlo-Kakheti, 180
Georgian Democratic Republic, 244
Georgian Military Highway, 191
German Church, 36
German Sixth Army, 258
Germans, 181, 182, 187, 220
Germany, 2, 166, 222, 226, 231, 241, 309, 315, 320, 321; Imperial, 214; partition of, 262—3; reunification of, 292; war with, 233-6
Ghana, 270
Gladstone, W.E., 221
Gleb (son of Vladimir), 39, 43, 112
Goa, 278
Godunov, Boris, Tsar, 109; acceptance of crown, 114-15; talents for foreign affairs and administrative matters, 111; and canard that he ordered the murder of Tsar Dmitrii, 111-12; orders Siberian expedition, 130-1; unhappy reign, 115-19
Godunov, Dmitrii (councillor), 109
Godwinson, Harold, 40
Gogol, Nikolai, 219
Golden Horde, 64, 66, 69, 76, 79
Golitsyn, Mikhail, 176
Golitsyn, Vasilii, 120, 123, 146, 147, 148, 151
Golovkin, Gavrilii, 150
Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 268
Goncharov, Ivan: Oblomov, 212
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 282, 284-5, 286-9, 288—9, 321; appointment as General Secretary of Communist Party, 284—5; coup against, 296—7; democratic leanings, 287, 289; economic decline under, 302; foreign policy of, 286-7; liberal intentions, 286; positive achievements of, 299; radical reforms of, 285-6, 289; resignation of, 298; responsible for Soviet collapse, 282; reversal of Brezhnev Doctrine, 288-9; and the satellite countries, 290-6; and separation of powers, 288
Gorchakov, A.M., 214, 217
Gordon, General Patrick, 137
Gorky, Maxim, 246
Gorskii, A.A., 51
Government Departments: College of Foreign Affairs, 179; College of Justice, 163; Felony (Razboinii prikaz), 109; Foreign Affairs, 141; Kazan, 134; Ministry of Finance, 224; Ministry for War, 221
Grand Principality see Vladimir-Moscow
Great Perm, 69, 96
Great Schism, 64, 86
Greece, Greeks, 85, 176, 263; immigrants in the service of Ivan III, 74-5, 82; as part of British sphere, 263; see also Byzantium
‘Greek fire’, 32
Greek Project of Catherine II, 179-82
Greenland, 176
Greig, Captain Samuel (later Admiral),
172
Group of Seven, 297
Gulag system, 251
Gulf of Bothnia, 154
Gulf of Finland, 108, 172
Gulf of Liautong, 226
Gusinskii, Vladimir, 304, 315
Habsburgs, 8, 76, 94, 128, 137, 146, 151, 166, 170
Halych see Galich
Hango, battle of, 156
Hansa, 80, 81, 98, 142
Hanseatic League, 76
Harald Hadrada, 40
Havel, Vaclav, 283, 292
Hellie, Richard, 129
Helmfeldt, Benjamin, 146
Henry VIII of England, 4, 91
Herberstein, Sigismund von, 84, 85
Hercegovina, 221
Herder, Gottfried von, 219
Herodotus, 17, 18
Hitler, Adolf, 2, 253, 254, 257, 258, 259, 261
Hobbes, Thomas, 101
Holland, 157, 171, 215
Holstein, 153
Holstein, Duke of, 156, 157
Honecker, Erich, 290-1
Hordienko, Ataman, 163
Horsey, Jerome, 111
Hrushevsky, Mikhail, 243
Hungary, Hungarians, 6, 70, 72, 76, 208, 255, 263-6, 268, 276, 283, 290, 294
laropkin, Mikhail, 75
Iaropolk of Kiev (brother of Vladimir), 38
Iaroslav of Sepukhov, Prince, 63
Iaroslav the Wise, Grand Prince, 27, 39, 40-3
Iaroslavl, 124, 125
Iasi, 192
Ibn Khurdadhbih, 22
Ibn Rusta, 24
Iceland, 269
Icelandic sagas, 27
Igor, Prince (son of Oleg/Olga), 30-1, 32
Igor (son of Iaroslav), 41
Ilarion, metropolitan of Kiev, 40
Ilminski, N., 216
India, 51, 160, 188, 189, 205, 208, 216, 222, 269, 278, 314, 315, 317, 326
Indian Ocean, 278
Ingria, 156
Ingush, 94, 271
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 311, Iran, 4, 22, 168, 172, 174, 188, 199, 203, 204, 222-3, 231, 263, 269, 310, 314, 325
Iraq, 270, 326
Irkeshtan Pass, 222
Irkutsk, 135
Irtysh river, 97
Isidor, Metropolitan of Moscow, 64
Islam, 93-4, 113, 178, 179, 199, 203, 216, 217,244, 307, 309, 313, 317
Ismail, 188
Israel, 278
Istanbul, 93; see also Byzantium; Constantinople
Istoma Maloi, 75
Italy, Italians, 190, 255, 261, 264
Itelmens, 134
Itil, 37
Iurev-Polskii, 44
Iurii, Grand Duke, 54
Iurii, Prince of Vladimir, 45
Iurii (uncle of Vasilii II), 63
Ivan I (‘Money-Bag’, Grand Prince), 50, 53-5, 56, 61
Ivan II, Grand Prince, 56
Ivan III (Ivan the Great), 66, 243, 320; accession of, 68; administration and diplomacy of, 70, 74-8; and apanage system, 69, 70, 79-80; and the Church, 82—4; marriage to Zoe, 70—1; and military development, 70, 78-81; power/authority of, 71, 74; as ‘Sovereign of all Russia’, 69; success of, 68—9, 70; and territorial expansion, 69-74
Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible), 1, 4, 108, 109, 115, 130, 152, 154, T67, 320, 321; birth and accession, 89-90; campaigns and conquests, 87, 91—9; controversy concerning, 88-9; as first tsar, 87; illness and death, 105—7; imperialism of, 87-9; interests and concerns, 90-1; investiture of, 4, 87; marriages of, 89; and oprichnina, 99-104, 105-6, 108; religious sensibilities, 90
Ivan (son of Ivan the Terrible), 114
Ivan (son of Tsar Alexis), 146, 147, 151, 152 Ivan VI, 169
Ivangorod, 81
Izborsk, 81, 103
Iziaslav of Kiev (son of Iaroslav), 41, 42
Izmailov, Lev, 159
James I and VI of England and Scotland, 124
Japan, Japanese, 226, 230-1, 233, 244, 253, 254, 257, 259, 261, 266, 313, 315
Jaruszelski, General Wojciech, 284
Jefferson, Thomas, 197
Jesuits, 120, 121, 133
Jews, 27, 75, 94, 245; hostility towards, 183; in Lithuania, 219; move to Israel, 273; pogroms against, 139; prominence of in Crimea, 181; released from concentration camps, 264; as traders, 22
Job, first Patriarch of Moscow, 120
John Paul II, Pope, 284
Jonah, Metropolitan and St, 66
Jones, John-Paul, 172
Joseph II, Emperor of Austria, 179
‘Judaizers’, 82, 83
Jungarians, 174
Junkmann (mercenary colonel of dragoons), 137
Justinian, Emperor, 34, 35, 40
Kabarda, Kabardinians, 92-4, 113, 145, 191, 272
Kabul, 222, 279
kaganate (first Russian state) see Kievan
Rus Kalashnikov, Mikhail, 279
Kaliningrad, (Konigsberg) 261, 317, 324
Kalka river, 46
Kalmyks, 145, 159, 160, 164, 170, 174, 175, 187, 256, 271
Kaluga, 116, 122, 194, 245
Kama river, 96
Kamchadals, 161, 199
Kamchatka, 131, 210
Kankrin, Count E.F., 207-8, 209
Kant, Immanuel, 326
Kapitsa, Petr, 246, 279
Karachais, 256
Karakalpaks, 173, 174
Karasund, 263
Karelia, 108, 244, 253, 273
Karmal, Babrak, 279
Kars, 210, 222
Kashgar, 222
Kashin, Iurii, 101
Kasianov, Mikhail, 316
Kaytaks, 94
Kazakhs, no, 159, 174, 175, 187, 216, 235, 244, 248, 272, 298, 325
Kazakhstan, 176, 244, 245, 272, 273, 294, 310
Kazan, 66, 79, 84, 91-2, 95, 96, 110, 111, 124, 159
Kazan University, 216
Keith, General, 172
Kennan, George, 266-7
Kennedy, John F., 270-1
Kets, 134
Kexholm, 156
KGB, 239-40, 274, 290, 292, 296, 304, 311, 314; see also Cheka; Federal Security Service (FSB); NKVD
Khabarov (Siberian venturer), 226
Khalkhm-Gol, 253
Khanty see Ostiaks
Khattab Ibn-ul-, 309, 313
Khazar empire, Khazars, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27-8, 37 Kherson, 29
Khiva, Khivans, 158, 173, 174, 216, 217 Khmelnytsky, Bogdan, 139, 140, 143, 144 Khmelnytsky, Iurii, 143, 144
Khodorkovskii, Mikhail, 304, 315, 316, 323
Khoja Kokos, 75
Khomiakov, A.S., 220
Khovanskii, Prince Ivan, 146, 147
Khrushchev, Nikita, 261—2, 276, 280; rise and fall of, 268-71
Khvorostinin, Andrei, 112
Khyber Pass, 222
Kiev, 20, 24, 28, 30, 33, 38, 70, 144, 262; ceded to Russia, 147; feuds over throne of, 41-5; Golden Gate erected, 43; inhabitants forcibly Christianised, 38-9; known as Riurik’s town, 24; relative importance of, 51-2; Metropolitan Peter transfers his see to Moscow, 54; Santa Sophia cathedral in, 39, 43; taken by Mongols, 46
Kievan Rus, 22, 168, 319; and apanage system, 41-3; assaults on Constantinople, 28-30, 32; Byzantine influence on, 34—40, 44; civil war in, 45; collapse of, 1, 45-7, 48; demographics, 43—4; development of, 27; economic situation, 44; and introduction of Christianity, 36—40; laws and politics, 39-40; princely disputes, 41—5; trade and commerce, 3 3; as Viking-Russian collaboration, 27-8
Kinburn, 187
Kipchaks, 42, 217
Kirillov (governor of Orenburg), 175
Klein, VI., 111
Kliazma river, 53
Kliuchevskii, Vasilii, 112
Knights of St John, 188
Knights of the Sword (Livonia), 68, 78, 80, 81, 98, 104
Knights of the Teutonic Order (Prussia), 98
Kobyle, 81
Kohl, Helmut, 292
Kokand, 216, 217, 222
Kolchak, Admiral A.V., 244
Kolomenskoe, 100, 101, 137
Kolomna, 63
Komi, 253
Kondratev, N.D., 246
Koni, 245
Koniev, General, 257
Konigsberg see Kaliningrad
Korea, Koreans, 213, 216, 223, 226, 230
Korean Timber Company, 233
Koriaks, 161
Kosovo Albanians, 313
Kostroma, 109, 142
Kostroma river, 48
Krashennikov, Stepan, 161
Krasnovodsk, 222
Kremlin, 1, 83, 94, 100, 123, 126, 137, 249, 254, 275, 282, 285, 286, 292, 298, 307; Cathedral of the Archangel, 55; Cathedral of the Assumption, 4, 50, 87; prestige of, 279
Krenz, Egon, 291
Krivichie (early tribal association), 20, 22
Kromy, 110, 119
Kronstadt, 172, 240
Kuban, 191
Kuchum Khan of Sibir, 97
Kudaduk, Prince, 92
Kulikovo, battle of (1380), 50, 57, 60, 69
Kumukhs, 112
Kumyks, 112
Kurbskii, Prince Andrei, 100, 101
Kurile Islands, 263, 313
Kuritsyn, Fedor, 82, 83
Kuritsyn, Ivan Volk, 83
Kursk, battle of, no, 262
Kushk, 222
Kutuzov, Prince M.I., 193-5
Kuznetsk, 251
Kyrgyz, 173, 174, 176, 325
Kyrgyzstan, 325, 326
Lacy, Marshal, 172
Ladoga, 23, 156
Lake Baikal, 131, 209, 223, 244
Lake Elton, 173
Lake Ilmen, 24
Lake Ladoga, 108, 254
Lake Peipus, 81
Laks, 94
land reform, ownership, 211; and possible distribution to peasants, 236-7; problems concerning, 213; and serfdom, 106, 129-30, 211, 212, 213, 227
language and linguistic policy, 14-15, 36, 164, 200, 218-21, 243
Lapps, 176
Laskaris (Byzantine migrants to Russia), 75
later Roman Empire see Byzantine Empire
Latvia, Latvians, 163, 164, 243, 245, 254, 310
Lazarev, Admiral, 209
legends/fairy tales, 21-2, 27
Lena river, 176
Lenin, V.I., 237, 239, 242
Leningrad, 25, 256-7, 259, 268, 296; see also St Petersburg
Leo X, Pope, 85
Leskov, 198
Leslie, General Alexander, 136, 141
Letts, 98
Levant, 166, 205
Levant Company, 174
Lewenhaupt, General A.L., 154
Lezghins, 94
Ligachev, Yegor, 288
Lithuania, Lithuanians 1, 49, 52, 55, 56, 70, 84, 96, 103, 122, 125, 142, 148, 219, 243, 254, 286, 294, 298, 325; attacks on Moscow, 62-3, 66
Little Ice Age: consequences of, 115—17;
see also climate
Litvinov, Maxim, 263
Liubavskii, Matvei, 52—3, 61, 67
Liubomirski, Prince J., 146
Livland, 163, 197
Livonia, 68, 79, 152, 156, 187; war in, 97-9, 104, 106, 108
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