CHAPTER 19. THE TWO PHILOSOPHERS
The bibliography is vast here: two good very short introductions are R. M. Hare, Plato (1982) and Jonathan Barnes, Aristotle (1982); Bernard Williams, Plato: The Invention of Philosophy (1998) is very clear; Julia Annas, An Introduction to Plato's Republic (1981), T. H. Irwin, Plato's Ethics (1995) and R. B. Rutherford, The Art of Plato (1995) are a good trio, on accessible topics; Gail Fine (ed.), Plato 1 and 2 (1999) gives an excellent selection of studies, with a fine introduction and bibliographies; R. Kraut (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Plato (1992) is also excellent; David Sedley, in T. Calvo and L. Brisson (eds.),
Interpreting the Timaeus and Critias (1997), 32.7-39, on 'likeness to God', with the superb study by A. J. Festugiere, La Revelation de L'Hermes Trismegi-ste, volumes I-IV (1949-54), a profound classic. P. A. Brunt, Studies in Greek History and Thought (1993), 2,42-344, is magisterial on the laws, the letters and Plato's pupils. Julia Annas and Robin Waterfield (eds.), Plato's Statesman (1995); M. M. Markle, in journal of'Hellenic Studies (1976), 80-99,on Speus-ippus. On Aristotle, W. D. Ross, Aristotle (1923) is slightly easier than J. L. Ackrill, Aristotle the Philosopher (1981), an excellent study; J. O. Urmson, Aristotle's Ethics (1988) is clear; Jonathan Barnes (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle (1995); on women, Robert Mayhew, The Female in Aristotle's Biology (2004) is a good, short rethink; on democracy, A. W. Lintott, in Classical Quarterly (1992), 114-28, is excellent.
CHAPTER 20. FOURTH-CENTURY ATHENIANS
A. H. M. Jones, Athenian Democracy (1957), chapters 1-2, is still a starting point. On slavery, G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World (1981), 112-204: on religion, R. C. T. Parker, Athenian Religion: A History (1996) 218-55; 011 citizenship, D. Ogden, Greek Bastardy (1996), 166-88; on Apollodorus, R. J. Bonner, Lawyers and Litigants in Ancient Athens (1927) and J. Trevett, Apollodorus Son of Pasion (1992); on Aeschines, R. J. Lane Fox, in S. Hornblower, and R. G. Osborne (eds.), Ritual, Finance and Politics (1994), 135-55; on drinking, James Davidson, Courtesans and Fishcakes (1998), 36-73; on cockfights, Nan Dunbar, Aristophanes' Birds (1995) 158; on the Tanagras, the excellent Louvre catalogue, 'Tanagras' (2003); on the art, Martin Robertson, History of Greek Art, volume 1 (1972), 363-444; on theatre, Pat Easterling, in A. H. Sommerstein, S. Halliwell et al. (eds.), Tragedy, Comedy and the Polis (1993), 559-69, and Gregory W. Dobrov (ed.), Beyond Aristophanes (1995), especially pages 1-46; on Menander, T. B. L. Webster, An Introduction to Menander (1990); on lawmaking, P. J. Rhodes, in Classical Quarterly (1985), 55-60; also P. J. Rhodes, in Journal of Hellenic Studies (1986), 132-144, and M. M. Markle III, in Ancient Society (1990), 149-66, on participation; on taxes, P. J. Rhodes, in American Journal of Ancient History (1982), 1; on display, D. M. MacDowell (ed.), Demosthenes against Meidias (1990); on silver-mines, R. J. Hopper, in Annual of British School in Athens (1968), 293-326; Paul Millett, Lending and Borrowing in Ancient Athens (1991), though I do not share the Finley-de Sainte Croix notion of maritime loans as 'insurance'; R. G. Osborne, in Chiron (1988), 279-323, is important on leasing and also in John Rich and Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, City and Country in the Ancient
World (1991), 119-46, on the decidedly non-subsistence economy of the rich in Attica; Jack Cargill, The Second Athenian League (1981) is an English treatment; on sycophants, D. Harvey, in P. Cartledge et al. (eds.), Nomas (1990), 103-22; on feuds, P. J. Rhodes, in P. Cartledge et al. (eds.), Kosmos (1998), 144-67. Walter Eder (ed.), Athenische Demokratie im 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr. . . . (1995) has several good essays; on the navy, G. L. Cawkwell, in Classical Quarterly (1984), 334-45, is important. On Demosthenes, A. W. Pickard-Cambridge, Demosthenes (1914) is still the best English 'life'; J. C. Trevett, in Historia (1999), 184-202, is important on his foreign policy.
CHAPTER 21. ALEXANDER THE GREAT
Ulrich Wilcken, Alexander the Great (1932) is the best short study; R. Lane Fox, Alexander the Great (1973) and A. B. Bosworth, Conquest and Empire (1988) are biographical and thematic respectively; A. B. Bosworth's lifelong Historical Commentary on Arrian's History of Alexander (1980-) is a fundamental resource; P. A. Brunt, Arrian, volumes I—II (1976-83; Loeb Library) is a translation with excellent notes and studies, a major contribution; J. R. Hamilton, Plutarch, Alexander: A Commentary (1969) is a guide to the problems in the best short 'life' of Alexander; J. E. Atkinson, A Commentary on Q. Curtius Rufus' Historiae Alexandri Magni (1980-) is valuable. J. Roisman (ed.), Brill's Companion to Alexander the Great (2003) is a good recent range of articles. Recent significant contributions, each provoking thought and dissent, are Georges Le Rider, Alexander le grand: Monnaies, finance et politique (2003), Pierre Briant, Histoire de I'empire perse (1996), 713-892, and P. M. Fraser, Cities of Alexander the Great (1996), a masterpiece of related scholarship, but on its main topic, compare N. G. L. Hammond, in Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies (1998), 243-69, for much that it left out, not always rightly.
CHAPTER 22. ALEXANDER'S EARLY SUCCESSORS
The best presentation is still Edouard Will, Histoire politique du monde helleni-stiqtte, volume I (1979,2nd edn.), 1-120; F. Schachermeyr, Alexander in Babylon (1970) repays careful thought; biographies of the Successors include R. Billows, Antigonus the One-Eyed and the Hellenistic State (1997), John D. Grainger, Seleukos Nikator (1990) and especially Helen Lund, Lysimachus (1992); Pierre Briant, Rois, tributs et paysans (1982), 13-94, on Eumenes; A. B. Bosworth, The Legacy of Alexander (2002), a valuable collection; A. B.
Bosworth and E.J. Baynham, Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction (2000), 207-41, is thought-provoking on Alexander's so-called 'Will'; E. Badian, in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology (1967), 183-204, on the 'Plans' and in W. Will and J. Heinrichs (eds.), Zu Alexander dem Grossen: Festschrift Gerhard Wirth, volume 1 (1987), 605-25, on his 'ring'; Elizabeth D. Carney, Women and Monarchy in Macedonia (2000); Daniel Ogden, Polygamy, Prostitutes and Death (1999) and Jim Roy, in Lin Foxhall and John Salmon (eds.), When Men Were Men (1998), 111-35, with differing views on polygamy. E. J. Bickerman, Religions and Politics in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods (1985), 489-522, is a classic, on the Seleucids and the Achaemenids.
CHAPTER 23. LIFE IN THE BIG CITIES
P. M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria, volumes 1-3 (1972) is the fundamental study; Christian Jacob and Francois de Polignac, Alexandria: The Third Century bc (2000, English translation) is more slight; J.-Y. Empereur, Alexandria Rediscovered (1998) and Alexandria: Past, Present and Future (2002) include very recent discoveries, as does the different project of Franck Goddio, Alexandria: The Submerged Royal Quarters (1998) and Alexandria: The Submerged Canopic Region (2004); Judith McKenzie, in journal of Roman Archaeology (2003), 35-63, is an excellent survey of the evidence; P. Leriche, in J.-L. Huot, La Ville neuve: Une idee de I'antiquite (1994), 109-25, is an important survey; Giinther Holbl, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire (2001) makes the royal family accessible in English. Paul Bernard, Olivier Guillaume, Henri Paul Francfort, Pierre Leriche and others present aspects of the, sadly interrupted, excavations of Ai Khanum in Afghanistan in Fouilles d'Ai Khanum (1973 onwards); E. E. Rice, The Grand Procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus (1983); O. Murray, 'Hellenistic Royal Symposia', in P. Bilde (ed.), Aspects of Hellenistic Kingship (1996), 15-27, is important; G. E. R. Lloyd, Greek Science after Aristotle (1973) is still a good overview; H. von Staden, Herophilus: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria (1989) is a major advance, with V. Nutton, Ancient Medicine (2004) on Erasistratus; Lionel Casson, Libraries in the Ancient World (2001) is an excellent short survey. G. O. Hutchinson, Hellenistic Poetry (1988) is acute and appreciative; R. L. Hunter and M. Fantuzzi, Tradition and Innovation in Hellenistic Poetry (2004) are up-to-date guides. Collections by Paul Cartledge, P. Garnsey and E. Gruen (eds.), Hellenistic Constructs . . . (1997) and Peter Green (ed.), Hellenistic History and Culture (1993) show what is going on in English publications. W. W. Tarn, with G. T. Griffith, Hellenistic Civilization (1952, 3rd edn.) is unsurpassed as a vigorous read.
&n
bsp; CHAPTER 24. TAXES AND TECHNOLOGIES
C. Preaux, L'Economie Royale des Lagides (1939) is still basic, with the renewed study of J. Bingen, Le Papyrus Revenue Laws: Tradition grecque et adaptation hellenistique (1978);]. G. Manning, Land and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt (2003) uses non-Greek evidence well; Georges Le Rider, Alexandre Le Grand: Monnaie, finances et politique (2003), 214-65; D. J. Thompson, in P. A. Cartledge, P. Garnsey and E. Gruen (eds.), Hellenistic Constructs . . . (1997), 242-57, is an important survey. On technology, a minimalist view is given by M. I. Finley, in Economic History Review (1965), 29-45 ar>d rather vigorously attacked by Kevin Greene, in Economic History Review (2000), 29_59; not always convincingly; his bibliography is very valuable. O. Wikander, Exploitation of Water-power or Technological Stagnation? (1984) is important; so is Michael J. T. Lewis, Millstone and Hammer: The Origins of Water Power (1997), 20-58, on the Alexandrian texts; Andrew Wilson in Journal of Roman Studies (2002), t-32, another vigorous revisionist of Finley's views; Paul Millett, a Finley follower, denies 'growth' in D. J. Mattingly and J. Salmon (eds.), Economies Beyond Agriculture in the Classical World (2000), 17-48; R. B. Hitchner, 'The Advantages of Wealth and Luxury', in J. Manning and I. Morris (eds.), The Ancient Economy: Evidence and Models (2002) tries to reassert it: K. D. White, Greek and Roman Technology (1984) is still a valuable survey; Sir Desmond Lee, in Greece and Rome (1973), 65-77 and 180-192, is good on the 'non-industrial' ancient world. P. M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria I (1972), 132-88, on Alexandrian trade, and 425-434 (applied sciences, but not the 'toys', unfortunately: 426).
CHAPTER 25. THE NEW WORLD
L. Robert, 'De Delphes a l'Oxus', in Comptes-Rendus de L'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres (1968), 416-57, is a 'classic'; Barry W. Cunliffe, The Extraordinary Voyage ofPytheas the Greek (2002) is a readable account but concludes, as I do not, that Pytheas went to Iceland; I. Pimouguet-Pedarres and F. Delrieux, L'Anatolie, la Syrie, I'egypte . . . (2003) collects excellent articles, comments and bibliography, which I presuppose; Claire Preaux, Le Monde hellenistique: Lagrece et I'orient, volumes 1-2 (j 978), is an outstanding survey, with invaluable bibliographies; E. J. Bickermann, The Jews in the Greek Age (1988) is a classic, even among his works. On spreading Greek, D. J. Thompson, in A. K. Bowman and G. Woolf (eds.), Literacy and Power (1994), 67-83, is very important. C. Habicht, Athens from Alexander to Antony (1997) opens up a fragmented subject, with his important Hellenistic
Athens and Her Philosophers (1988, English translation). E. R. Bevan, Stoics and Sceptics (1913) is still worth reading, as is A. J. Festugiere, Epicurus and His Gods (1969, English translation); A. A. Long, Hellenistic Philosophy (1986, 2nd edn.); W. Capelle, 'Der Garten des Theophrast', in Wolfgang Muller (ed.), Festschrift fur Felix Zucker (1954), 47-82, is more sympathetic than J. E. Raven, Plants and Plant Lore in Ancient Greece (2000); on Zenon, Claude Orrieux, Les Papyrus de Zenon . . . (1983) and Zenon de Caunos, Parepidemos (1985) are excellent studies, with X. Durand, Des grecs en Palestine au 111 siecle: Le dossier syrien de Zenon de Caunos (1997). On a great geographer, P. M. Fraser, 'Eratosthenes of Cyrene', in Proceedings of the British Academy (1970), 176-207; on ethnography, Albrecht Dihle, 'Zur Hellenistischen Ethnographie', in Grecs et Barbares, Entretiens Fondation Hardt VIII (1965), 205-39, is excellent; so is A. Momigliano, Alien Wisdom: The Limits of Hellenization (1975). On Hecataeus, O. Murray, in Journal of Egyptian Studies (1970), 141, and J. Dillery, in Historia (1998), 255-75. On India, Pascal Charvet and Fabrizia Baldissera, Arrien: Le voyage en Inde d'Alexandre le grand (2002) has an excellent bibliography; K. Karttunen, India in Early Greek Literature (1989); W. W. Tarn, The Greeks in Bactria and India (1951, 2nd edn.) is a superb read whose ingenuities deserve, and require, a lifetime of correction. P. Brule, 'Enquete demographique sur la famille grecque antique', in Revue des Etudes Anciennes (1990), 233-58, repays careful thought; on other lines, R. van Bremen, in Andrew Erskine (ed.), A Companion to the Hellenistic World (2003), 313-30, part of an excellent collection.
CHAPTER 26. ROME REACHES OUT
T. J. Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome (1995), chapters 7-15, takes a thoughtfully positive line on the evidence; Andrew Erskine, Troy between Greece and Rome (2001) is very well written; A. W. Lintott, The Constitution of the Roman Republic (1999) is an excellent guide through a great jungle; Fergus Millar, The Roman Republic in Political Thought (2002) is a fine complement; M. W. Frederiksen, Campania (1984), chapters 8, 9, 10 are very important on Rome's expansion. Kurt A. Raaflaub (ed.), Social Struggles in Archaic Rome (1986); on the army reforms, David Potter, in Harriet I. Flower (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic (2004), 66-88, is very important; N. Purcell, in David Braund and Christopher Gill (eds.), Myth, History and Culture in Republican Rome (2003), 12-40, on foreign contacts; Tim Cornell, ibid. (2003), 73-97, on Coriolanus; J. H. C. Williams, Beyond the Rubicon: Romans and Gauls in Republican Italy
(2001), on the Gallic question; Hanneke Wilson, Wine and Words (2003), 55-73, on women and wine; N. Purcell, in Cambridge Ancient History, volume VI (1994), 381-403 on South Italy and T. J. Cornell, ibid, volume VIII.2 (1989), 351-419; on Tarentum, G. C. Brauer Jun., Taras: Its History and Coinage (1983) with P. Wuilleumier, Tarente, des origines a la conquete romaine (1939), a classic, J. Heurgon, The Rise of Rome to 264 bc (1973, English translation) is still excellent.
CHAPTER 27. THE PEACE OF THE GODS
Translated texts and discussions are now available in M. Beard, J. North and S. R. F. Price, Religions of Rome, volumes 1-2 (1998), giving an accessible history and excellent bibliographies; R. M. Ogilvie, The Romans and Their Gods (1969) is still valuable and John Scheid, An Introduction to Roman Religion (2003, English translation) is excellent; Clifford Ando (ed.), Roman Religion (2003) is a good selection of important articles; W. Warde Fowler, The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic (1899) is still important; T. P. Wiseman, in Bettina Bergmann and Christine Kondoleon, The Art of Ancient Spectacle (1999), 195-204, discusses the Floralia; T. P. Wiseman, The Myths of Rome (2004) is a great synthesis. Edward Bispham and Christopher Smith (eds.), Religion in Archaic and Republican Rome and Italy (2000) includes papers on Italy outside Rome, which I have compressed, or had to omit. J. A. North, Roman Religion (2000) is a 'New Survey' which takes the subject forward through the centuries, with good bibliographies too.
CHAPTER 28. LIBERATION IN THE SOUTH
J. Heurgon, The Rise of Rome to 284 bc (1973, English translation) is an excellent survey; Pierre Leveque, Pyrrhos (1957) is the classic starting point; Jane Hornblower, Hieronymus of Cardia (1981) is excellent on one major historian, and A. Momigliano, Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiography (1977) is a classic on Timaeus; David Asheri, in Scripta Classica Israelica (1991), 52-89, on Timaeus' synchronisms; J. F. Lazenby, The First Punic War (1996) is a military history and Y. Le Bohec, Histoire militaire des guerres puniques (2003) is another; Werner Huss, Karthago (1995) is fundamental for Carthage.
CHAPTER 20. HANNIBAL AND ROME
S. Lancel, Hannibal, 247-1X2 bc (1998, English translation) is the best up-to-date general study; Tim Cornell, Boris Rankov and Philip Sabin (eds.), The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal (1996) is a very good selection of essays. The sources pose problems, recently reviewed by Briggs L. Twyman, in Athenaeum (1987), 67, and R. T. Ridley, 'Livy and the Hannibalic War', in C. Bruun (ed.), The Roman Middle Republic: Politics, Religion and Historiography (2000, Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae, 23), 13-40; on coins, E. S. G. Robinson, in Numismatic Chronicle (1964), 37-64. On warfare, Philip Sabin, 'The Roman Face of Battle', in Journal of Roman Studies (2000), 1-17 and once again, H. H. Scullard, The Elephant in the Greco-Roman World (1974), 146-77. Gregory Daly, Cannae: The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War (2002) is vivid. On the war's impact in Italy, Andrew Erskine, in Hermes (1993), 58-62; W. V. Harris, Rome in Etruria and Umbria (1971), 131-43, and the very different views of two magnificent works, A. J. Toynbee, Hannibal's Legacy, volumes I—II (1965) and P. A. Brunt, Italian Manpower, 225 bc-ad 14 (19
87, 2nd edn.), 269-88. Here, my views are closer to those of T. J. Cornell, 'Hannibal's Legacy: The Effects of the Hannibalic War on Italy', in Tim Cornell, Boris Rankov and Philip Sabin (eds.), The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal (1996), 97-117.
CHAPTER 30. DIPLOMACY AND DOMINANCE
Peter Derow, in Andrew Erskine (ed.), A Companion to the Hellenistic World (2003), 51-70, is an excellent overview, based on years of reconsideration; W. V. Harris, War and Imperialism in Republican Rome (1979), 68-130 and 200-44; J- S. Richardson, Hispaniae: Spain and the Developments of Roman Imperialism, 218-82 bc (1986) and The Romans in Spain (1996). On particular episodes, P. S. Derow, 'Polybius, Rome and the East', in journal of Roman Studies (1979), 1-15; A. Meadows, 'Greek and Roman Diplomacy on the Eve of the Second Macedonian War', in Historia (1993), 40-60; J. J. Walsh, 'Flamininus and the Propaganda of Liberation', in Historia (1996), 344-63; F. W. Walbank, 'The Causes of the Third Macedonian War: Recent Views', in Ancient Macedonia II . . . (Thessaloniki, Institute for Balkan Studies, 1977), 81-94; N. Purcell, 'On the Sacking of Carthage and Corinth', in D. Innes, H. Hine and C. Pelling (eds.), Ethics and Rhetoric: Classical Essays for Donald Russell on His Seventy-fifth Birthday (1995), 133-48. On dealings with kings, John T. Ma, Antiochus III and the Cities of Western Asia Minor (1999) and E. Badian, in J. Harmatta (ed.), Proceedings of the
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