Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War
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15. Horace St. Paul, 1760, 62. Each of the batteries contained two mortars.
16. In a stunning indictment of anti–Semitism.
17. Archenholtz, II, 48–49. The Prussian king himself was notoriously anti–Semitic.
18. Arneth, VI, 125–126.
19. Frasier, 432.
20. Duffy, By Force of Arms, 230.
21. Mitford, 246.
22. Jany, II, 560.
23. Which just happened to be the preeminent point of vantage within the confines of the city. A fact which was unfortunate for the building, and its ceremonial cannon and all.
24. Horace St. Paul, 1760, 65.
25. DeLigne, XV, Mélanges militaires, 170–171.
26. Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 86. For a biography of Tettenborn, see König, IV, 79–80.
27. Duffy, By Force of Arms, 230; Horace St. Paul, 1760, 41.
28. This in no way implies such caution could be useful at times.
29. Rödenbeck, II, 24.
30. Duffy, By Force of Arms, 230.
31. Thadden, 416.
32. Interestingly enough, Nugent was the new staff commander, as Lacy had returned to active corps command, as we have observed.
33. Horace St. Paul, 1760, 42–43; König, I, 12–13.
34. Tempelhof, IV, 79.
35. Dorn, Infantry Regiments, 18.
36. Horace St. Paul, 1760, 44.
37. Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 86–87.
38. Not to mention giving ammunition to the king’s detractors, both in that time and in history.
39. Archenholtz, II, 57–58.
40. Duffy, By Force of Arms, 231.
41. MacDonogh, 295.
42. Retzow, II, 274.
43. Archenholtz, II, 58.
44. The king was banking on reluctant Imperialist prosecution of the war.
45. Archenholtz, II, 52.
46. Sulicki, 285–294.
47. Kennett, 42.
48. Pengal, 33–36; Dobson, 123.
49. Duffy, Russia’s Military Way, 112–114.
50. Schaefer, Zweiter Band, 110–115.
51. Sulicki, 295–296.
52. Held, 113–169.
53. Maslovski, III, 208–209.
Chapter 41
1. Reihe von Vorlesungen, IV, 109–166; Helden Geschichte, VI, 308–339.
2. Brackenbury, 222–224.
3. Tempelhof, IV, 123–150.
4. Duffy, Military Experience in the Age of Reason, 160.
5. A battle fought there, in 1241, had helped squash the Mongol ambitions, even though the invaders, under Subotai, technically won the contest.
6. Cogniazzo, III, 235–240.
7. Duffy, A Military Life, 199–201; Reihe von Vorlesungen, IV, 78–107; Waddington, IV, 52–56.
8. Archenholtz, II, 66.
9. Reihe von Vorlesungen, IV, 124–166; Helden Geschichte, VI, 101–103.
10. Maslovski, III, 210–214.
11. Blumenthal, II, 482.
12. Arneth, VI, 139. Again we see the marked contrast between the almost motherly quality of Maria Theresa at times and the style of the Prussian king, willing it seems to almost throw his commanders to the wolves at times.
13. Archenholtz, II, 68.
14. Whatever rest he had managed—Frasier, 437.
15. A Captain Wise, an Irishman who had recently been in Daun’s service and had been given his walking papers. The ensuing developments must have merited some satisfaction in the soul of the old soldier.
16. Cognaizzo, III, 200–203.
17. Mitford, 247.
18. Palmer, 130–131.
19. Venohr, 300.
Chapter 42
1. Seyfart, II, 664–676; Retzow, II, 226–251; Varnhahen von Ense, Seydlitz, 121–123; Mitchell, Memoirs, II, 188–199; Henri de Catt, II, 306–325; Jomini, Traité, III, 293–306.
2. Archenholtz, II, 69–70.
3. Friedrich Wilhelm von Barchmin, Landshut, Liegnitz, Torgau. Drei Blätter aus dem Ehrenkranze der Preuβischen Armee: Eine Jubelschrift zur Feier des Jahren 1760, mit 2 Plänen (Charlottenburg: 1860), 37–53.
4. Die Kriege, Part 3, XII, 199–204.
5. Tempelhof, IV, 151–171.
6. Showalter, 274–275.
7. Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 103–109.
8. Duffy, AMilitary Life, 202–205.
9. Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 104; Entick, IV, 397–402.
10. Duffy, By Force of Arms, 251.
11. Schaefer, Zweiter Band, 50–60.
12. Bareswich, quoted in Duffy’s Instrument of War, 254.
13. Dorn, Cavalry Regiments, 34.
14. Horace St. Paul, 1760, states the 1st Infantry was actually with the main army under Marshal Daun; the regiment in question was presumed to be the 11th Infantry of Wallis (99).
15. Duffy, By Force of Arms, 254–255; Lawley, 104–109.
16. Dorn, Cavalry Regiments, 46.
17. Prussian formations often had to adapt under adverse battle conditions.
18. Dorn, Infantry Regiments, 84.
19. Tempelhof, IV, 156–158. A biography of Möllendorf is in König, III, 52–54.
20. Dorn and Engelmann, Die Schlachten, 134–141.
21. Barsewisch, 115.
22. Dorn and Engelmann, Die Schlachten, 141.
23. Duffy, Army of Frederick the Great, First Edition, 193.
24. Dorn, Cavalry Regiments, 18.
25. Archenholtz, II, 70; Malleson, 143–144.
26. Easum, 140.
27. A singular fact well understood by their enemies.
28. Cogniazzo, III, 191–192; Dobson, 134–135.
29. Thadden, 420.
30. Duffy, The Military Experience in Age of Reason, 231, 245.
31. Guddat, Kanoniere, Bombardiere, Pontonierei, 17–20.
32. Horace St. Paul, 1760, 96.
33. Duffy, Instrument of War, 178–179; MacDonogh, 297.
34. One source transposed Laudon’s name with Lacy’s (Pierre Gaxotte, Frederick the Great [New Haven: 1942], 260).
35. Archenholtz, II, 71–72.
36. Carlyle, VII, 273.
37. Brackenbury, 229.
38. Kügler, 447.
39. Tempelhof, IV, 166–167.
40. Thadden, 420–422.
41. Carlyle, VII, 274.
42. Thadden, 422–425.
43. Easum, 131.
44. Duffy, By Force of Arms, 260; Helden Geschichte, VI, 298–308.
45. Easum, 147–148.
46. Martin Guddat, Kürassiere, Dragoner, Husaren: Die Kavallerie Friedrichs des Groβen (Hamburg: E. S. Mittler & Sohn, 1989), 34–35.
47. Retzow, II, 260. Retzow never betrays more than little sympathy for the Prussian king no matter the occasion.
48. Duffy, By Force of Arms, 258.
49. Easum, 147.
50. Maslovski, III, 223–227.
51. Duffy, Russia’s Military Way, 114.
52. Duffy, Fortress in the Age of Vauban, 125.
53. Thadden, 415–417; Jomini, Traité, III, 271–273.
54. Tempelhof, IV, 81–84; Malleson, 134; Krsowitz, I, 237–240; Bernhardi, II, 66–69; Helden Geschichte, VI, 284–298.
55. Die Kriege, Part 3, XII, 167–173; Guddat, Grenadiere, Musketiere, 25–26.
56. “It will enfilade any approach to the citadel on that front” (Horace St. Paul, 1760, 71). Which thus constituted an integral part of the Glatz fortress. (For a biography of Quadt, see König, III, 251–252.)
57. Die Kriege, Part 3, XII, 168–169.
58. The latter spent much time over a number of years in trying to rebuild Glatz for the Prussian service.
59. Duffy, Army of Frederick the Great: Second Edition, 86.
60. Entick, IV, 386; Malleson, 133.
61. Arneth, VI, 122–124.
62. Schaefer, Zweyte Band, 37–38.
63. Horace St. Paul, 1760, 73.
64. Jany, II, 560.
65. Duffy, Science of
Fortress Warfare, 33. Whether or not the improvements were needed.
66. Easum, 135–136.
67. This at a time when the Prussian field armies were suffering a serious shortage of men.
68. Die Kriege, Part 3, XII, 173–180. Horace St. Paul’s 1760 stated there were some 6,000 Austrian P.O.W.s at Breslau at the time of the siege (75).
69. Maslovski, III, 208–210.
70. The Russian commander must have feared that the Austrians would let his army carry much of the burden of the war again, much as in 1759.
71. Tempelhof, IV, 85–100.
72. Arneth, VI, 123–125; Jomini, Traité, III, 274–280.
73. Complete History of the Present War, 516–517; Malleson, 135.
74. Which the combination of a dark night and the shelling must have accentuated.
75. An outright falsehood. These pieces were actually far from the field.
76. Cogniazzo, III, 168–171. This episode probably has a simple explanation. Dresden, conveniently, was in Austrian hands at the time, unlike the Silesian capital.
77. Horace St. Paul, 1760, 76. Fortunately for the Prussian general and his cause, the situation never came to that during the campaign.
78. Duffy, By Force of Arms, 246.
79. Entick, IV, 390–393.
80. Retzow, II, 230.
81. Entick, IV, 392.
82. Easum, 134–136.
83. Schmitt, II, 63–66.
84. Interestingly, this German national in the Russian service had once applied to join the Prussian army. Eerily, in circumstances similar to Laudon, he, too, had been snubbed outright by the Prussian King (MacDonogh, 298). For a biography of Thadden see König, IV, 81–85.
85. Entick, IV, 392–394.
86. Easum, 136.
87. Sulicki, 304–312. This commander very shortly was posted to the command of Prince Henry over in Silesia.
88. Who could not have been in the best frame of mind.
89. Sulicki, 324.
90. Tempelhof, IV, 172–176. For a biography of General Linden, see König, II, 417. For a biography of the young Stutterheim, see König, IV, 60–61.
91. Jany, II, 569; Reihe von Vorlesungen, IV, 167–188.
92. Rödenbeck, II, 30–36.
93. Complete History of the Present War puts Prussian losses at less than 500 all told (535). Horace St. Paul, 1760, mentions 1200 prisoners besides the killed/wounded (126–127).
94. Schaefer, Zweiter Band, 65; Dobson, 135–136; Jomini, Traité, III, 330–334; Waddington, IV, 111–114.
95. Tempelhof, IV, 188–190; Helden Geschichte, VI, 339–352.
96. Helden Geschichte, VI, 436–460.
97. Hülsen was independent-minded enough to be assigned a column at the coming Battle of Torgau.
98. Tempelhof, IV, 242–255.
99. Jany, II, 570. A biography of Grohlman is in König, II, 75–76. For a biography on Karl Ludwig von Normann, see König, III, 108.
100. Schaefer, Zweiter Band, 68–69; Helden Geschichte, VI, 480–488.
101. Dorn, Infantry Regiments, 144.
102. Duffy, By Force of Arms, 279.
103. Tempelhof, IV, 280–281.
104. Die Kriege, Part 3, XIII: Torgau, 160–184.
105. Entick, IV, 419.
106. Helden Geschichte, VI, 487.
107. Duffy, By Force of Arms, 281.
Chapter 43
1. Tempelhof, IV, 193–231; Jomini, Traité, III, 281–292.
2. A terrible irony of this whole situation remained that, while a number of influential people in both the Austrian and the Russian camps eagerly looked forward to uniting their main armies in order to, hopefully, deal a decisive blow to Frederick, neither commander seemed particularly anxious themselves to perform such a juncture.
3. Duffy, By Force of Arms, 260.
4. Jany, II, 568–570.
5. Duffy, By Force of Arms, 263.
6. Archenholtz, II, 78.
7. Tempelhof, IV, 193–231.
8. Apparently, the “entire Russian fleet” (Anderson, 230).
9. Tempelhof, IV, 259–262.
10. Die Kriege, Part 3, XIII: 143–151; Preussische-Swedischen Kriege, 1757–1762, 107–118.
11. Die Kriege, Part 3, XIII, 140–144; Naumann, II, 615–639.
12. Archenholtz, II, 115–116.
13. Sulicki, 318–319. For a biography of Froideville, see König, I, 435–437; Pauli, III, 113–142.
14. Dorn, Cavalry Regiments, 138.
15. Sulicki, 314–315; Dobson, 139.
16. Maslovski, III, 260–262; Waddington, IV, 106. Russian losses amounted to some 500 men, while the bluecoats had 22 killed and 47 wounded during the course of the siege.
17. Or rather fled might be better used in this context.
18. Die Kriege, Part 3, XIII, 286–292; Jomini, Traité, III, 309–323; Waddington, IV, 112–132; Dobson, 139.
19. Tempelhof, IV, 256–265.
20. Sulicki, 351–370; Waddington, IV, 75–109.
21. Eberhard Kessel Das Ende des Siebenjährigen Krieges 1760–1763: Teilband 1: Torgau und Bunzelwitz, Teilband 2: Schweidnitz und Freiberg Compiled by Thomas Linder (Paderborn, Munich, Vienna, Zurich: Ferdinand Schöningh, 2007), 67–74.
22. Still the Commandant of Berlin.
23. Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 130.
24. Sulicki, 345–351.
25. Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 131; Bernhardi, II, 149–158.
26. In fact, the King had complained openly about General Lacy’s lack of manners (Horace St. Paul, 1760, 132).
27. Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 132.
28. Entick, IV, 410–411.
29. Franz A. Szabo, The Seven Years’ War in Europe 1756–1763 (New York: Pearson Longman, 2008), 336–337.
30. Duffy, By Force of Arms, 270.
31. Archenholtz, II, 98–100. The Fourth Estate sure got a raw deal on this occasion.
32. Ibid., 268.
33. Entick, IV, 411–412.
Chapter 44
1. Decker, 248–260; Tempelhof, IV, 291–318; Jomini, II, 258–276; Arneth, VI, 177–180; Bernhardi, II, 178–206; Retzow, II, 276–307; Johann Christian August Burger, Vorgänge in und um Torgau während des Siebenjährigen Krieges, namentlich die Schlacht bei Süptitz am 3. November 1760 (Torgau: 1860), 88–103; Reihe von Vorlesungen, IV, 188–240; Helden Geschichte, VI, 352–424; Barchmin, 55–77; Decker, 143–145.
2. Kessel, 23–42.
3. Some sources put the Austrian total at 53,000 men (Dorn and Engelmann, Die Schlachten, 142; Kessel, 21).
4. Frederick II, Seven Years War, II, 141–142; Kessel, 23–24.
5. Blumenthal, II, 503–504; Jomini, Traité, III, 346–367.
6. On the other hand, Blumenthal states that Frederick was hesitant about launching an attack “for the first time.” Ziethen stiffened his monarch’s faltering resolve, according to this version, by saying “It is our business to triumph over adversity” (Blumenthal, II, 490). This put paid to any hesitation on the king’s part.
7. Schaefer, Zweiter Band, 92–95.
8. Duffy, A Military Life, 211. Moreover, “the orders he gave to that general [Ziethen] were of a most secret nature” (Blumenthal, II, 490).
9. This was a trait that seemed to appear all too often among Prussian general officers, especially when a great deal of their marching and battles was in country that should have been familiar to them.
10. Kessel, 23.
11. Easum, 152.
12. Horace St. Paul, 1760, 158.
13. Cogniazzo, III, 28.
14. St. Ignon, while in cptivity, evidently informed the Prussians of his displeasure with the person of Ried (Horace St. Paul, 1760, 143).
15. Showalter, 286.
16. Waldenau would be killed as Ziethen made his first attack.
17. Showalter, 287.
18. Dupuy, 141. The king himself claims 400 Austrian guns; probably exaggerating for effect (Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 1
45). On the other hand, Entick said Daun “had 200 guns (Entick, IV, 422; Complete History of the Present War, 540. [Kessel states the Austrians had 275 pieces of ordnance, while their opponents had 309 total guns] Kessel, 21).
19. To use, in some cases, a loose definition of the term.
20. Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 144.
21. Archenholtz, II, 110. A biography of Ramin is in König, III, 259–261.
22. Archenholtz, II, 110–111; Carlyle, VII, 313. For a biography of this Count Anhalt, see König, I, 59–61.
23. Dorn and Engelmann, Die Schlachten, 147.
24. Dorn, Infantry Regiments, 76.
25. Duffy, A Military Life, 213–214.
26. Entick, IV, 424.
27. Berenhorst, II, 22.
28. Duffy, Army of Maria Theresa, 200.
29. Kessel, 34–42.
30. Blumenthal, II, 494–495.
31. Archenholtz, II, 112–113.
32. Blumenthal, II, 495–497.
33. Fraser, 444.
34. Blumenthal, II, 493.
35. Dorn, Cavalry Regiments, 62. For a biography of Queiss, see König, III, 253–254; for Dalwigg’s, see König, I, 337–342.
36. The 1st Austrian, which was already all but eliminated, the 7th Infantry, the 26th and the 42nd. For a biography of Finckenstein, see König, I, 420–422. For Colonel Bülow, see König, I, 288–289.
37. Showalter, 291–292. For a biography of General Wilhelm, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt, see König, I, 208–209.
38. Frederick II, Seven Years’ War, II, 148.
39. Dorn, Infantry Regiments, 24. For a biography of Zeuner, see König, IV, 308–309.
40. Blumenthal, II, 499–500; Bürger, 95–97.
41. Blumenthal, II, 499–502.
42. Archenholtz, II, 110; Venöhr, 302.
43. Complete History of the Present War, 541.
Chapter 45
1. Kessel, 43–56.
2. Duffy, By Force of Arms, 300.
3. Duffy, A Military Life, 217.
4. One has to wonder what the monarch was thinking about then.
5. However, this is probably a fabrication. On the other hand, the same source says the King wept bitterly after the failure of this second assault (Warnery, 439).
6. MacDonogh, 301.