çift (chift): The basic unit of landholding.
çohādār āğā (chohādār āghā): The royal valet.
darülfünun: The house of sciences; university.
darülharb: The domain of war; lands ruled by non-Muslim rulers.
darülislam: The domain of Islam.
defterdār: Treasurer; minister of finance.
derebey: Autonomous local leader, especially in Ottoman Anatolia.
dervish (derviş): Member of a mystic fraternity; a wandering mystic or holy man.
devșirme (devshirme): A system of levy of Christian youths to recruit Ottoman administrators and soldiers.
divān: Council of state.
divān-i hümāyun: The imperial council; chief deliberative body of government.
emir (amir): Prince; chief.
enderun: The inner section of the palace; inner service.
esnāf: Craftsmen; shopkeepers; small traders organized in guilds.
eyālet: An Ottoman province.
fermān: An imperial edict.
fetvā: A legal opinion made by a recognized religious authority such as a şeyhülislam or a mufti, declaring the legality of an action under Islamic law.
gazā: Holy war in the name of Islam.
gāzi: A fighter who fights infidels in the name of Islam.
grand vizier: The chief minister.
Hadith: Sayings attributed to Muhammad, the prophet of Islam.
hajj: Pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca.
hān: A ruler, especially among the early Turks.
Hanafi: One of the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence.
Hanbali: One of the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence.
hammām: A Turkish bath.
harem: The secluded quarter where women’s apartments are located.
hatt-i hümayun: A decree of the sultan; imperial edict.
hazine: The treasury.
hospodar: The title of the Greek Phanariote rulers of the Romanian-populated principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia.
Hüdāvendigār: Lord or emperor; title of the Ottoman sultan Murad I.
hütbe: The Friday sermon in which the sultan’s name was mentioned.
iç oğlān (ich oghlān): A young slave of the sultan who received his education at the palace.
ihtisāb: The body of laws regulating fair trade and public morals.
ijmā: Consensus of the learned men of Islam.
ijtihad: The right of doctrinal interpretation in Islam.
iktā: Land held in exchange for military service under the Seljuks.
Il Khanids: The Mongol dynasty that ruled Iran and parts of Anatolia and the Arab Middle East from 1260 to 1335.
ilmiye: The class of Muslim jurists, scholars, and teachers.
iltizām: A tax farm.
imam: In Shia Islam, a leader descended from Ali, who acts as the leader of the community; in Sunni Islam, it refers to a prayer leader.
janissary (yeni cheri): A member of the sultan’s infantry corps recruited from young Christian boys who had been selected through devșirme (devshirme).
jihād: Holy war to defend or expand the rule of Islam.
kādi: A Muslim judge.
kādiasker: The chief Islamic judge.
kafes: The cage or the apartment in the imperial palace where a prince was secluded.
kānun: Imperial/secular/administrative law.
kānunnāme: Code of laws.
kāpi: Gate or porte, a reference to the Ottoman government.
kāpi kullāri: Slaves of the Porte or sultan, who served as soldiers and administrators.
kapudān: A captain at sea.
kapudān-i deryā: A grand admiral.
kul: A slave.
Mamluks: Military slaves, especially in Egypt, and the name of the dynasty that ruled Egypt and Syria from 1257 to 1517.
Mazhab (Arabic: Madhhab): One of the legal schools in Islam.
medrese: An Islamic school.
millet: A state-recognized religious community.
milli misak: National pact.
miri: Lands owned by the sultan and the Ottoman government.
mufti: A Muslim jurist and theologian who made legal decisions and interpreted the Islamic law.
mülk: Private property.
nişānci (nishānji): The official in the imperial council who controlled the tuğra or the official seal of the Ottoman state and drew up and certified all official letters and decrees.
Nizam-i Cedid (Nizam-i Jedid): New Order or modern European-style reforms, including a new army introduced by Selim III.
Osmānli: Ottoman.
pādişāh (padishāh): Sovereign; ruler; king; emperor.
pasha: The highest title in the Ottoman governmental and military hierarchy.
pashalik: A region or a province ruled by a pasha.
pir: The spiritual head and leader of a mystical or dervish order.
Qizilbash (Kizilbaș): Literally “Red Heads,” a reference to Shia Muslim tribal groups who supported the Safavid dynasty in Iran.
Quran (Koran) The holy book of Islam.
reāyā: Literally flock, the sultan’s tax-paying subjects.
Rum: Rome or Roman (Byzantine); Greek.
sadrazam: A grand vizier.
Safavids: The ruling dynasty of Iran from 1501 to 1722.
sancāk (sanjāk): Literally banner, but it generally referred to a subdivision of a province in early Ottoman times, later a subprovince.
sancāk bey (sanjāk bey): Governor of a sancāk/sanjāk.
sekbāns: “Keepers of hounds” or salaried soldiers trained in using firearms and serving an Ottoman governor.
Seljuks: A Turkish dynasty that ruled Iran, as well as present-day Iraq and Syria during the second half of the 11th and much of the 12th centuries. The Seljuks of Anatolia, a branch of the Seljuks of Iran, ruled from the late 11th century to 1302.
Shafii: One of the four recognized schools of jurisprudence in Sunni Islam.
sharia: Islamic law.
Shia (Shi’ites): Muslims who believe in following the guidance of divinely chosen imams; the minority in Islam.
silāhdār: Weapons-bearer.
silāhdār āğā (silāhdār āghā): Guardian of the sultan’s arms.
sipāhi: Cavalryman, a cavalryman holding a timār.
sir kātibi: The sultan’s personal secretary.
subāşi (subāshi): The police chief.
sufi: A mystic.
sultan: Ruler, emperor.
Sunnah: The practice of the Prophet Muhammad, taken as a religious and legal model.
Sunni: Muslims who believe in following the consensus (ijma) of the community of believers as expressed by the ulema; the majority in Islam.
şeriat (sheriat): Islamic law (Arabic: sharia).
şeyh (sheikh): Elder; leader and spiritual guide of a mystic fraternity.
şeyhülislam: Chief mufti of the Ottoman Empire; head of the religious establishment. In original Arabic, the title is transliterated as sheikh al-Islam.
Tanzimāt: “Reorganization”; the period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that began in 1839.
tekke: A dervish lodge.
timār: Literally “care, attention”; miri land or a military fief held in exchange for military service.
tüccar (tüjjar): Large-scale merchants.
tuğrā (tughrā): A monogram used by Ottoman sultans to confirm the legality of a document.
ulema: Learned men of religion; Muslim theologians/jurists who act as the experts and doctors of the Islamic law.
vakif: A tax-exempt pious foundation.
vālide sultan: Mother of the reigning sultan.
vilāyet: A province in later Ottoman times.
vizier: A minister of state.
voivode: A war leader or war lord; title of the rulers of the Romanian-populated principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia.
yeni çeri (yeni cheri): “New soldier”; a member of the elite janissary corps.
z�
�viye: A hospice run and managed by dervishes for travelers.
zeāmet: A military fief worth 20,000 akçes (akches) per year or more.
zimmi: Christians and Jews.
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