Bāki (Bāqi) (1526–1600), 1:176; 2:160
Balaclava, Battle of (1854), 1:19
Balfour, Arthur James, 1:xlvix, 8, 9–10; 2:226
Balfour Declaration (1917), 1:8, 9–10
primary document, 2:226
Balim Sultan, 2:1
Balkan League, 1:10–12, 202–203
Balkans
Abdülhamid II (1842–1918) (r. 1876–1909), 2:70
“A European Account of the Ottoman-Russian War of 1768–1774,” 2:194–199
Albania and Albanians, 1:199–203
Bosnia and Bosnians, 1:208–211
Bulgarians and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, 1:211–213
collapse of the Ottoman Empire, 1:xlviii
Congress of Berlin (1878), 1:xliv–xlv, 16–18; 2:68–69
Crimean War (1853–1856) and Treaty of Paris (1856), 1:18–21
Eugene of Savoy (1663–1736), 1:119–121
founders of Ottoman State, 1:xxv
Greek War of Independence (1821–1832), 1:25–27
Mahmud II (1784–1839) (r. 1808–1839), 2:97–101
Mehmed II (1432–1481) (r. 1444–1446, 1451–1481), 2:107
Murad I (1326–1389) (r. 1362–1389), 2:120–121
nationalism, rise of, 1:xxxix
Russian intervention (1876–1877), 1:xliii–xliv
Treaty of San Stefano (1878), 1:148
Young Turks and, 2:58–59
Balkan Wars (1912, 1913), 1:10–12
Banat of Temeşvár
Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), 1:32, 121; 2:136
Treaty of Passarowitz (1718), 1:44–45; 2:79
Barbaros Hayreddin Pasha (d. 1546), 1:45–46, 64–68, 103–104; 2:157, 158–159
Basarab I (r. 1330–1352), 1:228
Başkent (Bashkent), Battle of (1473), 1:12–14, 166; 2:108
Basra, 1:134
Bathhouses, primary document, 2:235–236
Battles and Treaties
Adrianople, Treaty of (1829), 1:1–3
Amasya, Treaty of (1555), 1:3–4; 2:160
Ankara, Battle of (1402), 1:5–6, 162–165
Arab Revolt (1916–1918), 1:6–8
Armistice of Mudanya (1922), 1:115; 2:119
Balaclava, Battle of (1854), 1:19
Balkan Wars (1912, 1913), 1:10–12
Başkent (Bashkent), Battle of (1473), 1:12–14, 166; 2:108
Bucharest, Treaty of (1774), 1:224
Chaldiran, Battle of (1514), 1:14–16; 2:150
Congress of Berlin (1878), 1:16–18
Constantinople, Treaty of (1913), 1:11; 2:59
Crimean War (1853–1856) and Treaty of Paris (1856), 1:18–21, 160, 225; 2:73
Edirne, Treaty of (1444), 2:124
Edirne, Treaty of (1829), 1:26–27, 224–225, 231
Erzurum, Treaty of (1823), 1:21
Erzurum, Treaty of (1847), 1:21–22
Gallipoli, 1:22–24
Greek War of Independence (1821–1832), 1:24–27
Gümrü, Treaty of (1920), 1:113
Hünkār Iskelesi, Treaty of (1833), 1:27–28; 2:99
Jassy, Treaty of (1792), 1:28–30; 2:153–154
Karlowitz, Treaty of (1699), 1:30–33, 121; 2:136
Kosovo, Battle of (1389), 1:33–34; 2:120–121
Küçük Kaynarca (Kuchuk Kaynarja), Treaty of (1774), 1:34–36, 224, 230–231; 2:66, 199–200
Kütahya, Treaty of (1833), 2:99
Lausanne, Treaty of (1923), 1:37–38, 115–116, 221
Lepanto, Battle of (1571), 1:38–40
London, Treaty of (1913), 1:11
Marj Dabiq (Mercidabik), Battle of (1516), 1:40–41
Mezőkeresztes, Battle of (1596), 1:41–42
Mohács, Battle of (1526), 1:42–44; 2:158
Navarino, Battle of (1827), 1:2, 26
Passarowitz, Treaty of (1718), 1:44–45, 51; 2:79
Preveza, Battle of (1538), 1:45–46, 67
Qasr-i Shirin (Kasr-i Sirin), Treaty of (1639), 1:45–46; 2:131, 181–183
Ridaniya, Battle of (1517), 1:47–48
San Stefano, Treaty of (1878), 1:148, 201–202, 212–213, 225; 2:68
Sèvres, Treaty of (1920), 1:48–49, 113, 114, 221; 2:118–119
Sistova, Treaty of (1791), 1:49–50
Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916), 1:50–51
Tafna, Treaty of (1837), 2:32
Tulip Period (ca. 1718-ca. 1730), 1:51–53
Zenta, Battle of (1697), 1:120–121
Zsitvatorok, Treaty of (1606), 2:74
Bayazid-i Bastami (804–874), 2:26
Bayezid I (1360–1403) (r. 1389–1402), 2:82–84
Ankara, Battle of (1402), 1:5–6
expansion of Ottoman State, 1:xxv–xxvi
Ottoman expansion, 1:199
Bayezid II (1447–1512) (r. 1481–1512), 2:84–87
expansion of Ottoman State, 1:xxvii
Gedik Ahmed Pasha (d. 1482), 1:79
Bayrakdar (Alemdar) Mustafa Pasha (1765–1808), 1:57–59
Bazaars, 2:231–232
Bedestands, 2:231–232
Bektaşi (Bektashi) Order, 2:1–4
Berlin, Congress of (1878), 1:xliv–xlv, 16–18, 188, 202, 210, 213, 225; 2:68–69
Beylerbey, 1:xxiii, 109
Beylerbeyi, 1:108–110
Beylerbeyliks, 1:108–110
Beys and Pashas
Abbas Hilmi (1874–1944), 1:55–56
Ahmed Cevdet Pasha (Ahmed Jevdet Pasha) (1823–1895), 1:170–172
Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (1845–1936), 1:56–57
Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1823–1891), 1:172–173
Alemdar Mustafa Pasha (1765–1808), 1:57–59
Āli Pasha, Mehmed Emin (1815–1871), 1:59–62
Ali Pasha of Janina (Tepedelenli Ali Pasha), 1:62–64
Amcazade (Amjazade) Hüseyin Pasha, 1:xxxiv
Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal) (1881–1938), 1:111–117
Barbaros Hayreddin Pasha (d. 1546), 1:64–68
Cemal Pasha (Jemal Pasha) (1872–1922), 1:68–70
Enver Pasha (1881–1922), 1:70–73
Fuad Pasha (Keçecizade Mehmed) (1815–1869), 1:73–75
Gāzi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (1839–1919), 1:75–77
Gāzi Osman Pasha (1832–1900), 1:77–78
Gedik Ahmed Pasha (d. 1482), 1:78–80
Ibrahim Pasha (Nevşehirli Damad Ibrahim Pasha) (1662–1730), 1:xxxvi–xxxvii, 80–82
Ibrahim Pasha (of Parga) (Pargali Ibrahim Pasha) (1493–1536), 1:82–84
Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, 1:xxxii–xxxiii, 84–85
Köprülüzade Fazil Ahmed Pasha (d. 1676), 1:xxxii–xxxiii, 85–87
Mehmed Ali (Muhammad Ali) (1769–1849), 1:1, 87–89
Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha (d. 1683), 1:xxxiii, 89–90
Midhat Pasha (1822–1884), 1:91–93
Mustafa Reşid Pasha (Mustafa Reshid Pasha) (1800–1858), 1:93–94
Skanderbeg (Gjergj (George) Kastrioti, Iskender Bey) (1405–1468), 2:49–51
Talat Pasha (1874–1921), 1:95–96
Ziya Pasha (Abdülhamid Ziya) (1825/1826 or 1829/1830–1880), 1:195–197
Birun, 1:149
Bismark, Otto von, 1:16–18
Black eunuchs, 1:122–123
Black George (Karadjordje / Kara George) (1762–1817), 2:47–49, 97–98
Black Sea
Congress of Berlin (1878), 1:xlv
Treaty of Adrianople (1829), 1:1–3
Treaty of Hünkār Iskelesi (1833), 1:28
Treaty of Jassy (1792), 1:29
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (Kuchuk Kaynarja) (1774), 1:34–36
Treaty of Paris (1856), 1:19–20
Blue Mosque, 2:76
Bogdan III (r. 1504–1517), 1:222–223
Bon, Ottaviano
“A Description of Topkapi Palace,” 2:165–170
“Of the Audience and Entertainment Given to Ambassadors,” 2:170–172
“Of the Persons Which Live in the Seraglio; and Chiefly of the Women, and Virgins,” 2:172–1
79
Börklüce Mustafa, 2:28
Bosnia and Bosnians, 1:208–211
Congress of Berlin (1878), 1:210
Islam, expansion in, 2:107
Mehmed II (1432–1481) (r. 1444–1446, 1451–1481), 2:107
Süleyman II (1642–1691) (r. 1687–1691), 2:162–163
Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), 1:31–32
Treaty of Sistova (1791), 1:49–50
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Congress of Berlin (1878), 1:17–18
Pan-Slavic movement, 2:64
Britain. See Great Britain
Bucharest, Treaty of (1774), 1:224
Bulgaria
Alemdar Mustafa Pasha (1765–1808), 1:57–59
Balkan Wars (1912, 1913), 1:10–12
Congress of Berlin (1878), 1:xliv–xlv, 17–18, 188; 2:68–69
Süleyman II (1642–1691) (r. 1687–1691), 2:162–163
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (Kuchuk Kaynarja) (1774), 1:34–36
Treaty of San Stefano (1878), 1:148, 212–213; 2:68
Treaty of Sistova (1791), 1:49–50
Bulgarians and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, 1:211–213
Bursa
Orhan Gāzi (1281–1362), 2:141–142
Osman I (1258–1326) (r. 1290–1326), 2:147
Calvary
administration, central, 1:103–104
sipāhi, 1:108–109
Campaign chamber, palace, 1:xxii, 152
Çandarli Halil (Chandarli Halil), 2:105, 106, 121, 124
Cantacuzenus, 1:22–23; 2:142–143
Catherine the Great (r. 1762–1796), 2:66
“A European Account of the Ottoman-Russian War of 1768–1774,” 2:194–199
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (Kuchuk Kaynarja) (1774), 1:34–36
Caucasus
“A European Account of the Ottoman-Russian War of 1768–1774,” 2:194–199
Ahmed I (1590–1617) (r. 1603–1617), 2:74–76
Ahmed III (1673–1736) (r. 1703–1730), 2:80–81
Bayezid I (1360–1403) (r. 1389–1402), 2:83
Congress of Berlin (1878), 1:17–18
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (Kuchuk Kaynarja) (1774), 1:35–36
“Treaty of Peace and Frontiers: The Ottoman Empire and Persia (May 17, 1639),” 2:181–183
Treaty of San Stefano (1878), 1:148; 2:68
Uzun Hassan (1423–1478), 1:165–167
Cāvuş bāşi, 1:104
Celāli (jelāli) revolts
Abaza Hassan Pasha, 1:85
Armenian and Kurdish populations, 1:205, 220
Habsburgs and, 2:111
introduction, 1:xxxii
Mehmed IV (1642–1693) (r. 1648–1687), 2:111–114
Safavids and, 1:101, 157; 2:74, 75
Çelebi, Evliya (Evliya Chelebi), 1:177–178, 2:4
Cemal Pasha (Jemal Pasha) (1872–1922), 1:68–70
Young Turks, 2:55, 60–61
Cem Sultan (Jem Sultan) (1459–1495), 2:84–86, 87–89
Chağatai khanate, 1:162–163
Chaldiran, Battle of (1514), 1:14–16; 2:150
Chamber of petitions (arz odasi), 1:150
Charshees, 2:231–232
Chief of chancellery, 1:103
Chief of the Gate of Felicity (kāpi ağasi), 1:122
Chief scribe (Reisülkütāb), 1:104
Christians
Armenians, 1:204–208
Battle of Kosovo (1389), 1:33–34
Battle of Lepanto (1571), 1:38–40
Bayezid I (1360–1403) (r. 1389–1402), battles with, 2:82–83
Bektaşi (Bektashi) Order, 2:2
Bosnia, 1:208–209
Bulgarian Orthodox Church, 1:211–213
Congress of Berlin (1878), 1:210; 2:68–69
Crimean War (1853–1856), 1:xlii, 19
decline of Ottoman power and, 1:xlvi
devșirme (devshirme), 1:xvii, xxi, 117–119
expansion of Ottoman State, 1:xxv–xxvi
Greek Orthodox Christians, 1:xviii, 204, 223; 2:106
janissaries, 1:129–132
Mehmed II (1432–1481) (r. 1444–1446, 1451–1481), battles with, 2:107
Mehmed IV (1642–1693) (r. 1648–1687), battles with, 2:162
millets, 1:xviii
Murad I (1326–1389) (r. 1362–1389), battles with, 2:120–121
Murad II (1404–1451) (r. 1421–1444, 1446–1451), battles with, 2:123–124
Serbian Orthodox Church, 1:226–228
Sufi orders and, 2:26
Treaty of Passarowitz (1718), 1:44–45
See also Holy League
Church-lands, 1:110
Cilicia, 1:114
Cinci Hoca (Jinji Hodja), 2:91, 92
Civil and judicial areas, 1:108–110
See also Administration, Central; Administration, Provincial
Cizye (jtzye), 1:xviii
Class system, 1:xvii
Clerks, 1:104
Coffee and coffeehouses, 1:181–182; 2:27
Çohadar ağa (royal valet), 1:152
Commander (āghā, āğā), 1:103–104
Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), 1:xlvii–li; 2:55–61
Adivar, Halide Edib (Halide Edib) (1883–1964), 1:169–170
Ahmed Riza (1859–1930), 2:40–41
Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal) (1881–1938), 1:111
Cemal Pasha (Jemal Pasha) (1872–1922), 1:68–70
Enver Pasha (1881–1922), 1:70–73
Gökalp, Ziya (1876–1924), 1:179–180
Mehmed V Reşad (Reshad) (1844–1918) (r. 1909–1918), 2:116–117
Talat Pasha (1874–1921), 1:95–96
“The Young Turk Revolution: The Second (1909) Constitution of the Ottoman Empire, Selected Articles,” 2:220–222
“Three Currents of Thought by Ziya Gökalp,” primary document, 2:226–231
Concert of Europe, 1:60–61, 160; 2:73
Treaty of Paris (1856), 1:20
Concubines, 1:125–126
Congress of Berlin (1878), 1:xliv–xlv, 16–18, 188, 202, 210, 213, 225; 2:68–69
Constantinople, strategic value of, 2:104–105
Constantinople, Treaty of (1913), 1:11; 2:59
Constitution, Ottoman, 1:xliii–xlvii, 147–149, 212
primary document, 2:212–219
“The Young Turk Revolution: The Second (1909) Constitution of the Ottoman Empire, Selected Articles,” 2:220–222
Convents (tekkes), 2:2
Cooking, food and dining, 2:4–13
Cos, Treaty of Lausanne (1923), 1:116
Craftsmen, trade guilds, 1:139
Crete
Abdülaziz (1830–1876) (r. 1861–1876), 2:63–64
Abdülhamid II (1842–1918) (r. 1876–1909), 2:70
Āli Pasha, Mehmed Emin (1815–1871), 1:61
Gāzi Osman Pasha (1832–1900), 1:77
Greek annexation of (1908), 2:57
Greek War of Independence (1821–1832), 1:1, 25
Hayreddin Pasha (Barbarossa) (d. 1546), 1:67
Ibrahim (1615–1648) (r. 1640–1648), 2:90
Köprülüzade Fazil Ahmed Pasha (d. 1676), 1:86; 2:114
Kösem Sultan (ca. 1589–1651), 2:90, 93
revolt on (1894), 2:70
Crimea
“A European Account of the Ottoman-Russian War of 1768–1774,” 2:194–199
decline of Ottoman power, 1:xxxviii
Jassy, Treaty of (1792), 1:29
Küçük Kaynarca (Kuchuk Kaynarja), Treaty of (1774), 1:34–36
Mehmed III (1566–1603) (r. 1595–1603) and, 2:110–111
Osman II (r. 1618–1622), 2:134
Treaty of Jassy (1792), 2:153–154
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (Kuchuk Kaynarja) (1774), 2:66
Crimean War (1853–1856) and Treaty of Paris (1856), 1:xlii–xliii, 18–21, 160, 225
Abdülmecid (Abdülmejid) (1823–1861) (r. 1839–1861), 2:73
Croatia
Battle of Mohács (1526), 1:42–43<
br />
Serbian Orthodox Church, 1:226–228
Süleyman II (1642–1691) (r. 1687–1691), battles with, 1:31; 2:162–163
Crops, provincial administration, 1:108–110
See also Administration, Provincial
Crown land (miri), 1:108, 110
Cuisine and culinary practices, 2:4–13
Culture, Popular
Bektaşi (Bektashi) Order, 2:1–4
coffee and coffeehouses, 1:181–182
food and dining, 2:4–13
Halveti Order, 2:13–15
Kadiris, 2:15–16
“Khān or Inns in the Late Ottoman Period,” primary document, 2:234–235
Mevlana Celaledin Rumi and the Mevlevi Order (Mevlevi Order of Dervishes), 2:16–20
Nakshbandi Order (Naqshbandiyyeh), 2:20–21
Nasreddin Hoca (Nasreddin Hodja), 2:21–24
Sufi orders, 2:24–29
sultans and poetry, 2:160
“Turkish Baths in the Late Ottoman Period,” primary document, 2:235–236
See also Historians, writers, poets, and scholars
Cultures and Peoples
Albania and Albanians, 1:199–203
Armenians, 1:204–208
Bosnia and Bosnians, 1:208–211
Bulgarians and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, 1:211–213
Evliya Çelebi (Evliya Chelebi) (1608/1609/1611–1682/1684), 1:177
Jews, 1:214–219
Kurds, 1:219–221
Moldavia, 1:221–226
religious communities (millets), 1:xviii
Serbian Orthodox Church, 1:226–228
“Three Currents of Thought by Ziya Gökalp,” primary document, 2:226–231
Wallachia, 1:228–232
See also Culture, Popular
CUP. See Committee of Union and Progress (CUP)
Cyprus
Battle of Lepanto (1571), 1:38–40
Congress of Berlin (1878), 1:xlv, 17–18; 2:69
Selim II (1524–1574) (r. 1566–1574), battles with, 2:151
Treaty of Lausanne (1923), 1:37–38, 116
Dalmatia, Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), 1:31–32, 121; 2:136
Danube
Crimean War (1853–1856) and Treaty of Paris (1856), 1:19–21
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (Kuchuk Kaynarja) (1774), 1:34–36
Dār al-harb (House of war), 1:123–124
Dār al-Islam (House of Islam), 1:123–124
Dardanelles
Arab Revolt (1916–1918), 1:6
Balkan Wars (1912, 1913), 1:11
Crimean War (1853–1856) and Treaty of Paris (1856), 1:19
Gallipoli, 1:22–23
Ibrahim (1615–1648) (r. 1640–1648), 2:90
Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (d. 1661), expulsion of Venetians, 1:84
Kösem Sultan (ca. 1589–1651), 2:90, 93
Treaty of Sèvres (1920), 1:48; 2:119
Venetian siege of (1650), 2:112
Venetian siege of (1656), 2:113
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