The Ottoman Empire: a Historical Encyclopedia [2 Volumes]

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The Ottoman Empire: a Historical Encyclopedia [2 Volumes] Page 88

by Kia, Mehrdad;


  Young Turks, 2:55–61

  Red apple (Kizil Elma), 2:105

  Red Heads. See Qizilbash (Kizilbaş)

  Reformers. See Rebels, Reformers, and Revolutionaries

  Reisülkütāb (chief scribe), 1:104

  Religious communities

  Albania, 1:201–202

  Armenians, 1:204–208

  Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal) (1881–1938), reforms of, 1:116

  Bektaşi (Bektashi) Order, 2:1–4

  Bosnia, 1:208–209

  Bulgarian Orthodox Church, 1:211–213

  Congress of Berlin (1878), 2:68–69

  Crimean War (1853–1856) and, 1:19

  decline of Ottoman power, 1:xlvi–xlvii

  devșirme (devshirme) and, 1:117–119

  Halveti Order, 2:13–15

  holy war (gazā), 1:xxiv

  introduction, 1:xviii

  Jews, 1:214–219

  Kurds, 1:219–221

  Mehmed II, reconstruction of Istanbul, 2:106–107

  millets, 1:xviii

  Serbian Orthodox Church, 1:226–228

  Sufi orders, 2:24–29

  Tanzimat (reorganization), 1:159

  Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), 1:32, 121; 2:136

  Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (Kuchuk Kaynarja) (1774), 1:36, 224

  Treaty of Lausanne (1923), 1:116

  Treaty of Passarowitz (1718), 1:44–45

  Wahhabism, 2:44–46

  Young Turks and, 2:56–57

  Republic of Turkey

  Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal) (1881–1938), 1:111–117

  establishment of, 1:li

  Kurds, 1:219–221

  Treaty of Lausanne (1923), 1:37–38

  Treaty of Sèvres (1920), 1:48–49

  Revolutionaries. See Rebels, Reformers, and Revolutionaries

  Rhodes, Treaty of Lausanne (1923), 1:116

  Ridaniya, Battle of (1517), 1:47–48

  Romania

  “A European Account of the Ottoman-Russian War of 1768–1774,” 2:194–199

  Congress of Berlin (1878), 1:xlv, 17–18, 188; 2:69

  Moldavia, 1:221–226

  Treaty of San Stefano (1878), 1:148; 2:68

  Wallachia, 1:228–232

  Romiote Jews, 1:214–219

  Royal valet (çohadar ağa), 1:152

  Ruling class, askeri, 1:xvii

  Rumeli Hissar (European Fortress), 2:105–106

  Rumi, 2:16–20

  Rusçuk Committee, 1:58; 2:140–141, 156

  Russia

  “A European Account of the Ottoman-Russian War of 1768–1774,” 2:194–199

  Ahmed III (1673–1736) (r. 1703–1730), 2:78–79, 80–81

  Armenia and, 1:206

  Balkans intervention (1876–1877), 1:xliii–xliv

  Bulgaria and, 1:212–213

  Congress of Berlin (1878), 1:xliv–xlv; 2:68–69

  Crete uprising (1866), 2:63–64

  Crimean War (1853–1856) and Treaty of Paris (1856), 1:xlii–xliii, 18–21, 160; 2:73

  decline of Ottoman power, 1:xxxiv–xxxvi, xxxvii–xxxviii

  Greek War of Independence (1821–1832), 1:25–27

  Mahmud I (1696–1754) (r. 1730–1754), 2:96

  Mahmud II (1784–1839) (r. 1808–1839), 2:97–101

  Mehmed IV (1642–1693) (r. 1648–1687), 2:162

  Moldavia and, 1:223–225

  Mustafa II (1664–1703) (r. 1695–1703), 2:136–137

  Nader Shah Afshar (1688–1747), 1:141–142

  “Ottoman Terms of Peace Accepted by Russia at Pruth (July 10/21, 1711),” 2:192–194

  Süleyman II (1642–1691) (r. 1687–1691), 2:162–163

  Three Emperors’ Alliance, 1:209–210

  Treaty of Adrianople (1829), 1:1–3

  Treaty of Hünkār Iskelesi (1833), 1:27–28

  Treaty of Jassy (1792), 1:28–30; 2:153–154

  Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), 1:30–33, 121

  Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (Kuchuk Kaynarja) (1774), 1:34–36, 224; 2:199–200

  Treaty of Paris (1856), 2:73

  Treaty of San Stefano (1878), 1:148; 2:68

  Wallachia and, 1:230–232

  World War I, 1:xlvix–l

  See also Soviet Union

  Russo-Ottoman War (1768–1774), 2:66, 138

  “A European Account of the Ottoman-Russian War of 1768–1774,” 2:194–199

  Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (Kuchuk Kaynarja) (1774), 1:34–36, 224; 2:199–200

  Russo-Ottoman War (1787–1792), 1:28–30; 2:153–154

  Russo-Ottoman War (1828–1829), 2:98–99

  Congress of Berlin (1878), 1:16–18

  Treaty of Adrianople (1829), 1:1–3

  Saadabad (Place of Joy), 1:52, 80; 2:79–80

  Sabaheddin Bey, 2:57

  Sadr-i azam (Vizier-i azam) (Grand vizier), role of, 1:103, 107

  Safavid Dynasty, 1:154–158

  Abbas I, Shah of Iran (1571–1629), 1:97–103

  Ahmed I (1590–1617) (r. 1603–1617), 2:74–76

  Armenia and, 1:204–205

  Battle of Chaldiran (1514), 1:14–16

  Bayezid II (1447–1512) (r. 1481–1512), 2:86–87

  collapse of, 1:xxxvi–xxxvii, 52–53; 2:80–81

  decline of Ottoman power, 1:xxxi–xxxii

  Ismail I, Shah of Iran (1487–1524), 1:126–129, 154–158

  Kurds and, 1:220

  Murad III (1546–1595) (r. 1574–1595), 2:126–127

  Murad IV (1612–1640) (r. 1623–1640), 2:128–129, 130–131

  Osman II (r. 1618–1622), 2:133–134

  Selim I (1465–1520) (r. 1512–1520), 2:150

  Süleyman I (1494–1566) (r. 1520–1566), 2:157, 159–160

  Treaty of Amasya (1555), 1:3–4

  “Treaty of Peace and Frontiers: The Ottoman Empire and Persia (May 17, 1639),” 2:181–183

  Treaty of Qasr-i Shirin (Kasr-i Sirin) (1639), 1:45–46

  Saffiye Sultan, 2:109–110

  Salafiyya movement

  Abduh, Muhammad (1849–1905), 2:34–35

  Sancāk bey, 1:xxiii, 109

  Sancakbeyi, 1:108–110

  Sancāks (sanjāks), 1:xxiii, 108–110

  San Stefano, Treaty of (1878), 1:148, 201–202, 212–213, 225; 2:68

  Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of, 2:46

  Ibn Saud Family, 2:46–47

  Scholars. See Historians, writers, poets, and scholars

  School, Palace, 1:150

  Scribes, 1:104

  Secularism

  Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal) (1881–1938), reforms of, 1:116

  Seğban-i Cedid, 1:58

  Şehzade (Shehzade) mosque (1543–1548), 1:192

  Selamlik, 1:151

  Selim I (1465–1520) (r. 1512–1520), 2:150

  Battle of Chaldiran (1514), 1:14–16

  Battle of Marj Dabiq (Mercidabik) (1516), 1:40–41

  Battle of Ridaniya (1517), 1:47–48

  expansion of Ottoman State, 1:xxvii–xxviii

  Selim II (1524–1574) (r. 1566–1574), 2:150–153

  Sinan (1489–1588), architecture of, 1:191–192

  Selim III (1761–1808) (r. 1789–1807), 2:153–157

  “Çelebi Effendi’s Defense of Sultan Selim III’s Nizam-i Jadid (Nizam-i Cedid),” 2:200–204

  Nizam-i Cedid (Nizam-i Jedid), 1:145–147

  revolt against, 1:xxxviii–xxxix, 57–58; 2:139–140

  Sistova, Treaty of (1791), 1:49–50

  Selimiye Mosque (Selimiye Camii), 1:192; 2:152

  Seljuk dynasty, origins of Ottoman Empire, 1:xxiv

  Sephardic Jews, 1:214–219

  Serbia

  Balkan Wars (1912, 1913), 1:10–12

  Battle of Kosovo (1389), 1:33–34

  Congress of Berlin (1878), 1:xlv, 188; 2:69

  Karadjordje (Kara George) (1762–1817), 2:47–49

  Mahmud II (1784–1839) (r. 1808–1839), 2:97–101

  Mehmed II (1432–1481) (r. 1444–1446, 1451–1481), 2
:107

  Murad I (1326–1389) (r. 1362–1389), 2:120–121

  Murad II (1404–1451) (r. 1421–1444, 1446–1451), 2:122–123

  Mustafa II (1664–1703) (r. 1695–1703), 2:136

  Orhan Gāzi (1281–1362), 2:142–143

  Pan-Slavic movement, 2:64

  Süleyman I (1494–1566) (r. 1520–1566), 2:157, 158

  Süleyman II (1642–1691) (r. 1687–1691), 2:162–163

  Treaty of Adrianople (1829), 1:1–3

  Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), 1:31–32

  Treaty of Passarowitz (1718), 1:44–45; 2:79

  Treaty of San Stefano (1878), 1:148; 2:68

  Treaty of Sistova (1791), 1:49–50

  Serbian Orthodox Church, 1:226–228

  şeriat (Islamic law), 1:xviii

  Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1926–1927), 1:135, 136

  Sèvres, Treaty of (1920), 1:48–49, 113, 114, 221; 2:118–119

  Şeyh Bedreddin, 2:28, 103

  şeyhulislam (sheikh al-Islam), 1:xviii

  Shams-e Tabrizi, 2:17–18, 19

  Sheikh Abdul Qadir Gilani (Jilani) (1077/1078–1166), 2:15

  Sheikh al-Islam (şeyhulislam), 1:xviii

  Shia Islam

  Bektaşi (Bektashi) Order, 2:1–4

  Fuzuli (1480–1555/1556), 1:178–179

  Ismail I, Shah of Iran (1487–1524), 1:127–129

  Qizilbash (Kizilbaş), 1:97–98

  Safavid Dynasty, 1:14–15, 154–158

  Selim I (1465–1520) (r. 1512–1520), 2:150

  Sufi orders, 2:26

  “Treaty of Peace and Frontiers: The Ottoman Empire and Persia (May 17, 1639),” 2:181–183

  Treaty of Qasr-i Shirin (Kasr-i Sirin) (1639), 1:45–46

  Silahdar ağa (sword keeper), 1:152

  Silver coinage (akçe, akche), 1:xxx, 108

  Sinan (1489–1588), 1:191–193; 2:152, 160

  Sipāhi, 1:xxiii, 108–109

  administration, central, 1:103–104

  “Çelebi Effendi’s Defense of Sultan Selim III’s Nizam-i Jadid (Nizam-i Cedid),” 2:200–204

  Nizam-i Cedid (Nizam-i Jedid), 1:57, 58, 145–147; 2:139–140, 153, 154–156

  See also Military

  Sir katibi (personal secretary), 1:152

  Sistova, Treaty of (1791), 1:49–50

  Skanderbeg (Gjergj (George) Kastrioti, Iskender Bey) (1405–1468), 1:199–201; 2:49–51

  Slaves

  devșirme (devshirme), 1:xxi, 117–119

  eunuchs, 1:122–123

  food and dining, 2:5, 7–8, 10

  janissaries, 1:129–132

  as soldiers, 1:xxii

  Sobieski, Jan, 2:115

  Society of Friends (Philiki Hetairia), 1:24–27, 63–64; 2:98

  Sofra, 2:12

  Sofu Mehmed Pasha, 2:112

  Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (Mehmed Pasha Sokolović), 1:227; 2:125–126, 151

  Soldiers. See Janissaries; Military

  Soviet Union

  Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal) (1881–1938), 1:113–114

  See also Russia

  Spain

  Battle of Lepanto (1571), 1:39

  Hayreddin Pasha (Barbarossa) (d. 1546), 1:65–67; 2:158–159

  North Africa, perceived threat to, 1:65–66

  rising power of (1479), 1:65–66

  Sephardic Jews, 1:214, 215–216

  Stefano, Treaty of (1878), 1:xliv

  Stephen the Great (r. 1457–1504), 1:222

  St. Sophia (Aya Sofya, Hagia Sophia), 2:106

  Subāşi (subāshi), 1:109

  Sublime Porte, 1:103

  Sufi Islam

  Bektaşi (Bektashi) Order, 2:1–4

  Halveti Order, 2:13–15

  Kadiris, 2:15–16

  Mevlana Celaledin Rumi and the Mevlevi Order (Mevlevi Order of Dervishes), 2:16–20

  Nakshbandi Order (Naqshbandiyyeh), 2:20–21

  Safaviyya, 1:154

  Sufi Orders, 2:24–29

  Süleyman Ağa, 2:112–113

  Süleyman I (the Magnificent) (1494–1566) (r. 1520–1566), 2:157–161

  Battle of Mohács (1526), 1:42–44

  expansion of Ottoman State, 1:xxviii

  Ibrahim Pasha (of Parga) (Pargali Ibrahim Pasha) (1493–1536), 1:83–84

  Safavid Dynasty and, 1:155–156

  Sinan (1489–1588), architecture of, 1:191–192

  Treaty of Amasya (1555), 1:3–4

  Süleyman II (1642–1691) (r. 1687–1691), 2:161–163

  Süleymaniye mosque complex (1550–1557), 1:192; 2:160

  Süleyman Kānuni (Lawgiver). See Süleyman I (the Magnificent) (1494–1566) (r. 1520–1566)

  Sultana Hafise, 2:188–192

  Sultan Ahmed Mosque, 2:76

  Sultans

  administration, central, 1:103–107

  decline of Ottoman power, 1:xxix–xxxii

  gāzi, 1:123–124

  harems, 1:125–126

  janissaries and, 1:130–131

  palace life, 1:xx–xxii

  roles of, 1:xix–xx

  throne, succession of, 1:xix

  titles used by, 1:xix

  Sultans of the Ottoman Empire

  Abdülaziz (1830–1876) (r. 1861–1876), 2:63–65

  Abdülhamid I (1725–1789) (r. 1774–1789), 2:65–67

  Abdülhamid II (1842–1918) (r. 1876–1909), 2:67–71

  Abdülmecid (Abdülmejid) (1823–1861) (r. 1839–1861), 2:71–74

  Ahmed I (1590–1617) (r. 1603–1617), 2:74–77

  Ahmed II (1643–1695), 2:77

  Ahmed III (1673–1736) (r. 1703–1730), 2:78–82

  Bayezid I (1360–1403) (r. 1389–1402), 2:82–84

  Bayezid II (1447–1512) (r. 1481–1512), 2:84–87

  Cem Sultan (Jem Sultan) (1459–1495), 2:87–89

  chronological list of, 2:237

  Ibrahim (1615–1648), 2:89–91

  Kösem Sultan (ca. 1589–1651), 2:92–94

  Mahmud I (1696–1754) (r. 1730–1754), 2:94–97

  Mahmud II (1784–1839) (r. 1808–1839), 2:97–101

  Mehmed I (1381–1421) (r. 1413–1421), 2:102–103

  Mehmed II (1432–1481) (r. 1444–1446, 1451–1481), 2:104–109

  Mehmed III (1566–1603) (r. 1595–1603), 2:109–111

  Mehmed IV (1642–1693) (r. 1648–1687), 2:112–116

  Mehmed VI (Mehmed Vahideddin) (1861–1926), 2:117–119

  Mehmed V Reşad (Reshad) (1844–1918) (r. 1909–1918), 2:116–117

  Murad I (1326–1389) (r. 1362–1389), 2:120–121

  Murad II (1404–1451) (r. 1421–1444, 1446–1451), 2:121–125

  Murad III (1546–1595) (r. 1574–1595), 2:125–128

  Murad IV (1612–1640) (r. 1623–1640), 2:128–132

  Murad V (1840–1904), 2:132–133

  Mustafa I (1591–1639) (r. 1617–1618, 1622–1623), 2:133–135

  Mustafa II (1664–1703) (r. 1695–1703), 2:135–138

  Mustafa III (1717–1774), 2:138–139

  Mustafa IV (1779–1808), 2:139–141

  Orhan Gāzi (1281–1362), 2:141–145

  Osman I (1258–1326) (r. 1290–1326), 2:146–147

  Osman II (1604–1622) (r. 1618–1622), 2:147–149

  Osman III (1699–1757), 2:149

  Selim I (1465–1520) (r. 1512–1520), 2:150

  Selim II (1524–1574) (r. 1566–1574), 2:150–153

  Selim III (1761–1808) (r. 1789–1807), 2:153–157

  Süleyman I (the Magnificent) (1494–1566) (r. 1520–1566), 2:157–161

  Süleyman II (1642–1691) (r. 1687–1691), 2:161–163

  sultans and poetry, 2:160

  See also specific sultan name entries for additional mentions

  Sunni Islam

  Kemal Pāşāzāde (Kemal Pāshāzāde) (1468–1536), 1:185–186

  Mamluks, 1:40

  Sufi orders and, 2:26

  “Treaty of Peace and Frontiers: The Ottoman Empire and Persia (May 17, 1639),” 2:181–183


  Treaty of Qasr-i Shirin (Kasr-i Sirin) (1639), 1:45–46

  Sword fief (kiliç zeāmat), 1:108–109

  Sword keeper (silahdar ağa), 1:152

  Sykes, Mark, 1:xlvix, 7, 50–51; 2:43

  Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916), primary document, 2:224–225

  Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916), 1:xlvix, 50–51; 2:43

  primary document, 2:224–225

  Syria

  Arab Revolt (1916–1918), 1:6–8

  Battle of Marj Dabiq (Mercidabik) (1516), 1:40–41

  Battle of Ridaniya (1517), 1:47–48

  France and, 1:114

  Kurds, 1:219–221

  Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916), 1:50–51; 2:224–225

  Treaty of Sèvres (1920), 1:48–49; 2:119

  Uzun Hassan (1423–1478), 1:165–167

  Syrian Orthodox Christians, millets, 1:xviii

  Tafna, Treaty of (1837), 2:32

  Tahmasp I (r. 1524–1576), 1:3–4; 2:95–96

  Nader Shah Afshar (1688–1747), battles with, 1:142–143

  Süleyman I (1494–1566) (r. 1520–1566), battles with, 2:159–160

  Tahmasp II, 1:141

  Talat Pasha (1874–1921), 1:95–96

  Young Turks, 2:55, 60–61

  Tall Hassan (Hassan Beyk, Uzun Hassan), 1:12–14, 165–167; 2:107–108

  Tamerlane, 1:162–165

  Tanzimat (reorganization), 1:xli–xliii, 158–161

  Abdülaziz, 2:63

  Abdülhamid II (1842–1918) (r. 1876–1909), 1:xlv–xlvi; 2:69–71

  Abdülmecid (Abdülmejid) (1823–1861) (r. 1839–1861), 2:71–74

  Āli Pasha, Mehmed Emin (1815–1871), 1:59–62

  Fuad Pasha (Keçecizade Mehmed) (1815–1869), 1:73–75

  Midhat Pasha (1822–1884), 1:91–93

  Mustafa Reșid Pasha (Mustafa Reshid Pasha) (1800–1858), 1:93–94

  “Noble Rescript of Gülhane (1839),” primary document, 2:209–212

  Tasvir-i Efkār (Representation of Opinions), 2:51–53

  Tarhoncu (Tarhonju) Ahmed Pasha, 2:112–113

  Tasvir-i Efkār (Representation of Opinions), 2:51–53

  Tawfiq (Tewfik), Khedive, 2:54–55

  Taxes

  administration, provincial, 1:108–110

  on Christians and Jews (cizye), 1:xviii

  land ownership and administration, 1:xxii–xxiii

  Mehmed IV (1642–1693) (r. 1648–1687), 2:112–113

  muhtasib and ihtisab, 1:138–140

  “Noble Rescript of Gülhane (1839),” primary document, 2:209–212

  Ottoman Constitution (December 1876), primary document, 2:212–219

  Selim III (1761–1808) (r. 1789–1807), reforms of, 2:154–155

  Tanzimat (reorganization), 1:xli–xliii, 159; 2:72–73

  “The Young Turk Revolution: The Second (1909) Constitution of the Ottoman Empire, Selected Articles,” 2:220–222

  timārs, 1:xxiii

  Tchiraks, 1:139

  Tekke (monastery), 2:2, 26–27

 

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