Young Turks, 2:55–61
Red apple (Kizil Elma), 2:105
Red Heads. See Qizilbash (Kizilbaş)
Reformers. See Rebels, Reformers, and Revolutionaries
Reisülkütāb (chief scribe), 1:104
Religious communities
Albania, 1:201–202
Armenians, 1:204–208
Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal) (1881–1938), reforms of, 1:116
Bektaşi (Bektashi) Order, 2:1–4
Bosnia, 1:208–209
Bulgarian Orthodox Church, 1:211–213
Congress of Berlin (1878), 2:68–69
Crimean War (1853–1856) and, 1:19
decline of Ottoman power, 1:xlvi–xlvii
devșirme (devshirme) and, 1:117–119
Halveti Order, 2:13–15
holy war (gazā), 1:xxiv
introduction, 1:xviii
Jews, 1:214–219
Kurds, 1:219–221
Mehmed II, reconstruction of Istanbul, 2:106–107
millets, 1:xviii
Serbian Orthodox Church, 1:226–228
Sufi orders, 2:24–29
Tanzimat (reorganization), 1:159
Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), 1:32, 121; 2:136
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (Kuchuk Kaynarja) (1774), 1:36, 224
Treaty of Lausanne (1923), 1:116
Treaty of Passarowitz (1718), 1:44–45
Wahhabism, 2:44–46
Young Turks and, 2:56–57
Republic of Turkey
Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal) (1881–1938), 1:111–117
establishment of, 1:li
Kurds, 1:219–221
Treaty of Lausanne (1923), 1:37–38
Treaty of Sèvres (1920), 1:48–49
Revolutionaries. See Rebels, Reformers, and Revolutionaries
Rhodes, Treaty of Lausanne (1923), 1:116
Ridaniya, Battle of (1517), 1:47–48
Romania
“A European Account of the Ottoman-Russian War of 1768–1774,” 2:194–199
Congress of Berlin (1878), 1:xlv, 17–18, 188; 2:69
Moldavia, 1:221–226
Treaty of San Stefano (1878), 1:148; 2:68
Wallachia, 1:228–232
Romiote Jews, 1:214–219
Royal valet (çohadar ağa), 1:152
Ruling class, askeri, 1:xvii
Rumeli Hissar (European Fortress), 2:105–106
Rumi, 2:16–20
Rusçuk Committee, 1:58; 2:140–141, 156
Russia
“A European Account of the Ottoman-Russian War of 1768–1774,” 2:194–199
Ahmed III (1673–1736) (r. 1703–1730), 2:78–79, 80–81
Armenia and, 1:206
Balkans intervention (1876–1877), 1:xliii–xliv
Bulgaria and, 1:212–213
Congress of Berlin (1878), 1:xliv–xlv; 2:68–69
Crete uprising (1866), 2:63–64
Crimean War (1853–1856) and Treaty of Paris (1856), 1:xlii–xliii, 18–21, 160; 2:73
decline of Ottoman power, 1:xxxiv–xxxvi, xxxvii–xxxviii
Greek War of Independence (1821–1832), 1:25–27
Mahmud I (1696–1754) (r. 1730–1754), 2:96
Mahmud II (1784–1839) (r. 1808–1839), 2:97–101
Mehmed IV (1642–1693) (r. 1648–1687), 2:162
Moldavia and, 1:223–225
Mustafa II (1664–1703) (r. 1695–1703), 2:136–137
Nader Shah Afshar (1688–1747), 1:141–142
“Ottoman Terms of Peace Accepted by Russia at Pruth (July 10/21, 1711),” 2:192–194
Süleyman II (1642–1691) (r. 1687–1691), 2:162–163
Three Emperors’ Alliance, 1:209–210
Treaty of Adrianople (1829), 1:1–3
Treaty of Hünkār Iskelesi (1833), 1:27–28
Treaty of Jassy (1792), 1:28–30; 2:153–154
Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), 1:30–33, 121
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (Kuchuk Kaynarja) (1774), 1:34–36, 224; 2:199–200
Treaty of Paris (1856), 2:73
Treaty of San Stefano (1878), 1:148; 2:68
Wallachia and, 1:230–232
World War I, 1:xlvix–l
See also Soviet Union
Russo-Ottoman War (1768–1774), 2:66, 138
“A European Account of the Ottoman-Russian War of 1768–1774,” 2:194–199
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (Kuchuk Kaynarja) (1774), 1:34–36, 224; 2:199–200
Russo-Ottoman War (1787–1792), 1:28–30; 2:153–154
Russo-Ottoman War (1828–1829), 2:98–99
Congress of Berlin (1878), 1:16–18
Treaty of Adrianople (1829), 1:1–3
Saadabad (Place of Joy), 1:52, 80; 2:79–80
Sabaheddin Bey, 2:57
Sadr-i azam (Vizier-i azam) (Grand vizier), role of, 1:103, 107
Safavid Dynasty, 1:154–158
Abbas I, Shah of Iran (1571–1629), 1:97–103
Ahmed I (1590–1617) (r. 1603–1617), 2:74–76
Armenia and, 1:204–205
Battle of Chaldiran (1514), 1:14–16
Bayezid II (1447–1512) (r. 1481–1512), 2:86–87
collapse of, 1:xxxvi–xxxvii, 52–53; 2:80–81
decline of Ottoman power, 1:xxxi–xxxii
Ismail I, Shah of Iran (1487–1524), 1:126–129, 154–158
Kurds and, 1:220
Murad III (1546–1595) (r. 1574–1595), 2:126–127
Murad IV (1612–1640) (r. 1623–1640), 2:128–129, 130–131
Osman II (r. 1618–1622), 2:133–134
Selim I (1465–1520) (r. 1512–1520), 2:150
Süleyman I (1494–1566) (r. 1520–1566), 2:157, 159–160
Treaty of Amasya (1555), 1:3–4
“Treaty of Peace and Frontiers: The Ottoman Empire and Persia (May 17, 1639),” 2:181–183
Treaty of Qasr-i Shirin (Kasr-i Sirin) (1639), 1:45–46
Saffiye Sultan, 2:109–110
Salafiyya movement
Abduh, Muhammad (1849–1905), 2:34–35
Sancāk bey, 1:xxiii, 109
Sancakbeyi, 1:108–110
Sancāks (sanjāks), 1:xxiii, 108–110
San Stefano, Treaty of (1878), 1:148, 201–202, 212–213, 225; 2:68
Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of, 2:46
Ibn Saud Family, 2:46–47
Scholars. See Historians, writers, poets, and scholars
School, Palace, 1:150
Scribes, 1:104
Secularism
Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal) (1881–1938), reforms of, 1:116
Seğban-i Cedid, 1:58
Şehzade (Shehzade) mosque (1543–1548), 1:192
Selamlik, 1:151
Selim I (1465–1520) (r. 1512–1520), 2:150
Battle of Chaldiran (1514), 1:14–16
Battle of Marj Dabiq (Mercidabik) (1516), 1:40–41
Battle of Ridaniya (1517), 1:47–48
expansion of Ottoman State, 1:xxvii–xxviii
Selim II (1524–1574) (r. 1566–1574), 2:150–153
Sinan (1489–1588), architecture of, 1:191–192
Selim III (1761–1808) (r. 1789–1807), 2:153–157
“Çelebi Effendi’s Defense of Sultan Selim III’s Nizam-i Jadid (Nizam-i Cedid),” 2:200–204
Nizam-i Cedid (Nizam-i Jedid), 1:145–147
revolt against, 1:xxxviii–xxxix, 57–58; 2:139–140
Sistova, Treaty of (1791), 1:49–50
Selimiye Mosque (Selimiye Camii), 1:192; 2:152
Seljuk dynasty, origins of Ottoman Empire, 1:xxiv
Sephardic Jews, 1:214–219
Serbia
Balkan Wars (1912, 1913), 1:10–12
Battle of Kosovo (1389), 1:33–34
Congress of Berlin (1878), 1:xlv, 188; 2:69
Karadjordje (Kara George) (1762–1817), 2:47–49
Mahmud II (1784–1839) (r. 1808–1839), 2:97–101
Mehmed II (1432–1481) (r. 1444–1446, 1451–1481), 2
:107
Murad I (1326–1389) (r. 1362–1389), 2:120–121
Murad II (1404–1451) (r. 1421–1444, 1446–1451), 2:122–123
Mustafa II (1664–1703) (r. 1695–1703), 2:136
Orhan Gāzi (1281–1362), 2:142–143
Pan-Slavic movement, 2:64
Süleyman I (1494–1566) (r. 1520–1566), 2:157, 158
Süleyman II (1642–1691) (r. 1687–1691), 2:162–163
Treaty of Adrianople (1829), 1:1–3
Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), 1:31–32
Treaty of Passarowitz (1718), 1:44–45; 2:79
Treaty of San Stefano (1878), 1:148; 2:68
Treaty of Sistova (1791), 1:49–50
Serbian Orthodox Church, 1:226–228
şeriat (Islamic law), 1:xviii
Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1926–1927), 1:135, 136
Sèvres, Treaty of (1920), 1:48–49, 113, 114, 221; 2:118–119
Şeyh Bedreddin, 2:28, 103
şeyhulislam (sheikh al-Islam), 1:xviii
Shams-e Tabrizi, 2:17–18, 19
Sheikh Abdul Qadir Gilani (Jilani) (1077/1078–1166), 2:15
Sheikh al-Islam (şeyhulislam), 1:xviii
Shia Islam
Bektaşi (Bektashi) Order, 2:1–4
Fuzuli (1480–1555/1556), 1:178–179
Ismail I, Shah of Iran (1487–1524), 1:127–129
Qizilbash (Kizilbaş), 1:97–98
Safavid Dynasty, 1:14–15, 154–158
Selim I (1465–1520) (r. 1512–1520), 2:150
Sufi orders, 2:26
“Treaty of Peace and Frontiers: The Ottoman Empire and Persia (May 17, 1639),” 2:181–183
Treaty of Qasr-i Shirin (Kasr-i Sirin) (1639), 1:45–46
Silahdar ağa (sword keeper), 1:152
Silver coinage (akçe, akche), 1:xxx, 108
Sinan (1489–1588), 1:191–193; 2:152, 160
Sipāhi, 1:xxiii, 108–109
administration, central, 1:103–104
“Çelebi Effendi’s Defense of Sultan Selim III’s Nizam-i Jadid (Nizam-i Cedid),” 2:200–204
Nizam-i Cedid (Nizam-i Jedid), 1:57, 58, 145–147; 2:139–140, 153, 154–156
See also Military
Sir katibi (personal secretary), 1:152
Sistova, Treaty of (1791), 1:49–50
Skanderbeg (Gjergj (George) Kastrioti, Iskender Bey) (1405–1468), 1:199–201; 2:49–51
Slaves
devșirme (devshirme), 1:xxi, 117–119
eunuchs, 1:122–123
food and dining, 2:5, 7–8, 10
janissaries, 1:129–132
as soldiers, 1:xxii
Sobieski, Jan, 2:115
Society of Friends (Philiki Hetairia), 1:24–27, 63–64; 2:98
Sofra, 2:12
Sofu Mehmed Pasha, 2:112
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (Mehmed Pasha Sokolović), 1:227; 2:125–126, 151
Soldiers. See Janissaries; Military
Soviet Union
Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal) (1881–1938), 1:113–114
See also Russia
Spain
Battle of Lepanto (1571), 1:39
Hayreddin Pasha (Barbarossa) (d. 1546), 1:65–67; 2:158–159
North Africa, perceived threat to, 1:65–66
rising power of (1479), 1:65–66
Sephardic Jews, 1:214, 215–216
Stefano, Treaty of (1878), 1:xliv
Stephen the Great (r. 1457–1504), 1:222
St. Sophia (Aya Sofya, Hagia Sophia), 2:106
Subāşi (subāshi), 1:109
Sublime Porte, 1:103
Sufi Islam
Bektaşi (Bektashi) Order, 2:1–4
Halveti Order, 2:13–15
Kadiris, 2:15–16
Mevlana Celaledin Rumi and the Mevlevi Order (Mevlevi Order of Dervishes), 2:16–20
Nakshbandi Order (Naqshbandiyyeh), 2:20–21
Safaviyya, 1:154
Sufi Orders, 2:24–29
Süleyman Ağa, 2:112–113
Süleyman I (the Magnificent) (1494–1566) (r. 1520–1566), 2:157–161
Battle of Mohács (1526), 1:42–44
expansion of Ottoman State, 1:xxviii
Ibrahim Pasha (of Parga) (Pargali Ibrahim Pasha) (1493–1536), 1:83–84
Safavid Dynasty and, 1:155–156
Sinan (1489–1588), architecture of, 1:191–192
Treaty of Amasya (1555), 1:3–4
Süleyman II (1642–1691) (r. 1687–1691), 2:161–163
Süleymaniye mosque complex (1550–1557), 1:192; 2:160
Süleyman Kānuni (Lawgiver). See Süleyman I (the Magnificent) (1494–1566) (r. 1520–1566)
Sultana Hafise, 2:188–192
Sultan Ahmed Mosque, 2:76
Sultans
administration, central, 1:103–107
decline of Ottoman power, 1:xxix–xxxii
gāzi, 1:123–124
harems, 1:125–126
janissaries and, 1:130–131
palace life, 1:xx–xxii
roles of, 1:xix–xx
throne, succession of, 1:xix
titles used by, 1:xix
Sultans of the Ottoman Empire
Abdülaziz (1830–1876) (r. 1861–1876), 2:63–65
Abdülhamid I (1725–1789) (r. 1774–1789), 2:65–67
Abdülhamid II (1842–1918) (r. 1876–1909), 2:67–71
Abdülmecid (Abdülmejid) (1823–1861) (r. 1839–1861), 2:71–74
Ahmed I (1590–1617) (r. 1603–1617), 2:74–77
Ahmed II (1643–1695), 2:77
Ahmed III (1673–1736) (r. 1703–1730), 2:78–82
Bayezid I (1360–1403) (r. 1389–1402), 2:82–84
Bayezid II (1447–1512) (r. 1481–1512), 2:84–87
Cem Sultan (Jem Sultan) (1459–1495), 2:87–89
chronological list of, 2:237
Ibrahim (1615–1648), 2:89–91
Kösem Sultan (ca. 1589–1651), 2:92–94
Mahmud I (1696–1754) (r. 1730–1754), 2:94–97
Mahmud II (1784–1839) (r. 1808–1839), 2:97–101
Mehmed I (1381–1421) (r. 1413–1421), 2:102–103
Mehmed II (1432–1481) (r. 1444–1446, 1451–1481), 2:104–109
Mehmed III (1566–1603) (r. 1595–1603), 2:109–111
Mehmed IV (1642–1693) (r. 1648–1687), 2:112–116
Mehmed VI (Mehmed Vahideddin) (1861–1926), 2:117–119
Mehmed V Reşad (Reshad) (1844–1918) (r. 1909–1918), 2:116–117
Murad I (1326–1389) (r. 1362–1389), 2:120–121
Murad II (1404–1451) (r. 1421–1444, 1446–1451), 2:121–125
Murad III (1546–1595) (r. 1574–1595), 2:125–128
Murad IV (1612–1640) (r. 1623–1640), 2:128–132
Murad V (1840–1904), 2:132–133
Mustafa I (1591–1639) (r. 1617–1618, 1622–1623), 2:133–135
Mustafa II (1664–1703) (r. 1695–1703), 2:135–138
Mustafa III (1717–1774), 2:138–139
Mustafa IV (1779–1808), 2:139–141
Orhan Gāzi (1281–1362), 2:141–145
Osman I (1258–1326) (r. 1290–1326), 2:146–147
Osman II (1604–1622) (r. 1618–1622), 2:147–149
Osman III (1699–1757), 2:149
Selim I (1465–1520) (r. 1512–1520), 2:150
Selim II (1524–1574) (r. 1566–1574), 2:150–153
Selim III (1761–1808) (r. 1789–1807), 2:153–157
Süleyman I (the Magnificent) (1494–1566) (r. 1520–1566), 2:157–161
Süleyman II (1642–1691) (r. 1687–1691), 2:161–163
sultans and poetry, 2:160
See also specific sultan name entries for additional mentions
Sunni Islam
Kemal Pāşāzāde (Kemal Pāshāzāde) (1468–1536), 1:185–186
Mamluks, 1:40
Sufi orders and, 2:26
“Treaty of Peace and Frontiers: The Ottoman Empire and Persia (May 17, 1639),” 2:181–183
Treaty of Qasr-i Shirin (Kasr-i Sirin) (1639), 1:45–46
Sword fief (kiliç zeāmat), 1:108–109
Sword keeper (silahdar ağa), 1:152
Sykes, Mark, 1:xlvix, 7, 50–51; 2:43
Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916), primary document, 2:224–225
Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916), 1:xlvix, 50–51; 2:43
primary document, 2:224–225
Syria
Arab Revolt (1916–1918), 1:6–8
Battle of Marj Dabiq (Mercidabik) (1516), 1:40–41
Battle of Ridaniya (1517), 1:47–48
France and, 1:114
Kurds, 1:219–221
Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916), 1:50–51; 2:224–225
Treaty of Sèvres (1920), 1:48–49; 2:119
Uzun Hassan (1423–1478), 1:165–167
Syrian Orthodox Christians, millets, 1:xviii
Tafna, Treaty of (1837), 2:32
Tahmasp I (r. 1524–1576), 1:3–4; 2:95–96
Nader Shah Afshar (1688–1747), battles with, 1:142–143
Süleyman I (1494–1566) (r. 1520–1566), battles with, 2:159–160
Tahmasp II, 1:141
Talat Pasha (1874–1921), 1:95–96
Young Turks, 2:55, 60–61
Tall Hassan (Hassan Beyk, Uzun Hassan), 1:12–14, 165–167; 2:107–108
Tamerlane, 1:162–165
Tanzimat (reorganization), 1:xli–xliii, 158–161
Abdülaziz, 2:63
Abdülhamid II (1842–1918) (r. 1876–1909), 1:xlv–xlvi; 2:69–71
Abdülmecid (Abdülmejid) (1823–1861) (r. 1839–1861), 2:71–74
Āli Pasha, Mehmed Emin (1815–1871), 1:59–62
Fuad Pasha (Keçecizade Mehmed) (1815–1869), 1:73–75
Midhat Pasha (1822–1884), 1:91–93
Mustafa Reșid Pasha (Mustafa Reshid Pasha) (1800–1858), 1:93–94
“Noble Rescript of Gülhane (1839),” primary document, 2:209–212
Tasvir-i Efkār (Representation of Opinions), 2:51–53
Tarhoncu (Tarhonju) Ahmed Pasha, 2:112–113
Tasvir-i Efkār (Representation of Opinions), 2:51–53
Tawfiq (Tewfik), Khedive, 2:54–55
Taxes
administration, provincial, 1:108–110
on Christians and Jews (cizye), 1:xviii
land ownership and administration, 1:xxii–xxiii
Mehmed IV (1642–1693) (r. 1648–1687), 2:112–113
muhtasib and ihtisab, 1:138–140
“Noble Rescript of Gülhane (1839),” primary document, 2:209–212
Ottoman Constitution (December 1876), primary document, 2:212–219
Selim III (1761–1808) (r. 1789–1807), reforms of, 2:154–155
Tanzimat (reorganization), 1:xli–xliii, 159; 2:72–73
“The Young Turk Revolution: The Second (1909) Constitution of the Ottoman Empire, Selected Articles,” 2:220–222
timārs, 1:xxiii
Tchiraks, 1:139
Tekke (monastery), 2:2, 26–27
The Ottoman Empire: a Historical Encyclopedia [2 Volumes] Page 88