“One of the central reasons for creating Hizbullah was to challenge the Zionist program in the region. Hizbullah still preserves this principle, and when an Egyptian journalist visited me after the liberation and asked me if the destruction of Israel and the liberation of Palestine and Jerusalem were Hizbullah’s goal, I replied: ‘That is the principal objective of Hizbullah, and it is no less sacred than our [ultimate] goal.’” —Sheikh Hassan Nasrallah in May 200035
“All spears should be directed at the Jews, at the enemies of Allah, the nation that was cursed in Allah’s book. Allah has described them as apes and pigs, the calf-worshipers, idol-worshipers. . . . Whoever can fight them with his weapons, should go out [to the battle]. . . . Nothing will deter [the Jews] except for us voluntarily detonating ourselves in their midst. . . . We blow them up in Hadera, we blow them up in Tel Aviv and in Netanya, and in this way, Allah establishes us as rulers over these gangs of vagabonds.” —Palestinian Sheikh Ibrahim Madhi, Sheik ’Ijlin Mosque in Gaza on August 3, 200136
“Have no mercy on the Jews, no matter where they are, in any country. Fight them, wherever you are. Wherever you meet them, kill them. Wherever you are, kill those Jews and those Americans who are like them—and those who stand by them—they are all in one trench, against the Arabs and the Muslims—because they established Israel here, in the beating heart of the Arab world, in Palestine.” —Dr. Ahmad Abu Halabiya preaching at a mosque in Gaza on October 13, 200037
Israel, however, is not the ultimate objective. In the eyes of most top Radical leaders, the Jewish state is the “Little Satan.” The United States is considered the “Great Satan” and thus the most desired target.
“God willing, with the force of God behind it, we shall soon experience a world without the United States and Zionism.” —Mahmoud Ahmadinejad on October 26, 200538
“Today, the time for the fall of the satanic power of the United States has come, and the countdown to the annihilation of the emperor of power and wealth has started.” —Mahmoud Ahmadinejad on June 2, 2008, marking the nineteenth anniversary of the death of Ayatollah Khomeini39
“Get ready for a world minus the U.S.” —Mahmoud Ahmadinejad on June 4, 200840
“The judgment to kill and fight Americans and their allies, whether civilian or military, is an obligation for every Muslim who is able to do so—in any country. In the name of Allah, we call upon every Muslim who believes in God and asks for forgiveness, to abide by God’s order by killing Americans and stealing their money anywhere, anytime, and whenever possible.” —Osama bin Laden on February 2, 199841
“We now predict a black day for America—and the end of the United States as the United States, God willing.” —Osama bin Laden interview with ABC News in May 199842
“We call on the Muslim nation . . . to prepare for the Jihad imposed by Allah and terrorize the enemy by preparing the force necessary. This should include a nuclear force.” —Osama bin Laden on May 14, 199843
“Let the entire world hear me. Our hostility to the Great Satan [America] is absolute. . . . I conclude my speech with the slogan that will continue to reverberate on all occasions so that nobody will think that we have weakened. Regardless of how the world has changed after 11 September, Death to America will remain our reverberating and powerful slogan. Death to America.” —Hezbollah leader Sheikh Hassan Nasrallah on September 27, 200244
“Allah willing, America will soon be annihilated, just like the USSR was annihilated. We are convinced of this. . . . Allah willing, we will reach America. The men of this nation will reach America.” —Muhammad Taher Al-Farouq, leader of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, in a Web posting on December 3, 200745
“Allah will drown the little Pharaoh, the dwarf, the Pharaoh of all times, of our time, the American president. Allah will drown America in our seas, in our skies, in our land. . . . America will be destroyed.” —Sheikh Ibrahim Mudeiris, a leading Palestinian cleric in Gaza, on March 21, 200346
“Allah, destroy the U.S., its helpers and its agents.” —Sheikh Ikrimeh Sabri, the Islamic Mufti (leader) of Jerusalem and the Palestinian Territories, on August 24, 200147
Note carefully the language of the leading Radicals. At this point in the Revolution—post-1979, and post–9/11—the jihadists do not simply seek to frighten or terrorize the American people; they seek to utterly destroy them. They do not simply seek to repudiate or humiliate; they seek to annihilate.
How would such Radicals accomplish their mission? Both Iran’s Shia leaders and al Qaeda’s Sunni leaders are explicit: they will use any means necessary, including weapons of mass destruction and particularly nuclear weapons, should they become available.
In his manifesto published in 2001, Knights under the Prophet’s Banner, Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden’s top deputy, made al Qaeda’s strategy crystal clear: “Cause the greatest damage and inflict maximum casualties on the opponent, no matter how much time and effort these operations take, because this is the language understood by the West.”48
In June 2002, Suleiman Abu Ghaith, a Kuwaiti-born spokesman for al Qaeda, went even further when he openly declared, “Al-Qa’ida has the right to kill four million Americans—two million of them children—and to exile twice as many and wound and cripple hundreds of thousands. Furthermore, it is our right to fight them with chemical and biological weapons.”49
Even a cursory study of the statements made by leading Radicals leaves no doubt as to their motive. This, in turn, raises serious doubts about the knowledge, wisdom, and judgment of U.S. and foreign leaders, academics, and journalists who say such extremists pose no serious threat to Western security and that radicalized countries such as Iran should be permitted to acquire even one operational nuclear bomb or warhead, much less several or more. The risks are simply too great, the stakes too high.
The Roots of Their Rage
What accounts for such genocidal anger and ambition? What drives the Radicals to such ends, and what are the roots of such rage?
The answer, at its core, lies in the deep-seated feeling of shame, humiliation, failure, and impotence in the modern world that many Muslims feel today.
Once, the Islamic peoples were understandably considered the greatest military and economic powers on the planet. Muslim militaries and merchants spanned the globe and dominated nearly everywhere they went, from North Africa and Spain in the West to India, China, and ultimately Indonesia—today the most populous Muslim country in the world—in the East. Muslim armies and preachers penetrated deep into Africa in the south and far into Russia in the north. It was Muslims who controlled the great trading routes of gold and silver and silk and slaves from Asia to Europe. It was Muslims who brought India’s system of mathematics to Europe. It was Muslims who led the world in science and medicine and architecture and music and literature and poetry for a thousand years or more.
Today, Islamic journalists, academics, and politicians themselves say that the Muslim world is best known for tyranny, abject poverty of all but the elite, rampant corruption, violence, and terrorism. Despite the discovery of oil and fantastic wealth in Islamic territories, despite the rise of nationalism and the creation of nation-states after the departure of colonial Britain and France from the Middle East and North Africa, despite the widespread introduction of elementary and secondary schools and at least a basic education for hundreds of millions of children, the Islamic world at the dawn of the twenty-first century is mired in hopelessness and despair. The Muslim powers are not winning wars. The Muslim peoples are not making medical breakthroughs. They are not creating dramatic new technologies. Indeed, many Muslims note that their governments are barely able to feed their people or provide them with enough meaningful jobs.
“What is wrong with us? How did it all come to this?”
Such is the lament you hear in conversations among Muslims in the Middle East, in Europe, and throughout North America. It is the angst that comes across in innumerable speeches and books and blogs and e-mails that Muslims aut
hor these days.
Bernard Lewis, the noted Princeton University scholar on Islamic and Middle East history, has written two insightful and provocative books on this very subject.50 In them, he makes the fascinating and quite compelling case that it was actually the early successes of the Muslims that planted the seeds of their own decline. When Islam was powerful and dominated the epicenter of the earth, travel through Muslim territories was treacherous and thus enormously costly for European traders. So the Europeans became determined to find a way to circumvent the Islamic world altogether. Hoping to find a way around the Horn of Africa and on to India and East Asia, they began exploring sea routes that could take them south from England, France, Spain, and Portugal along the African coastlines.
Such long and arduous naval voyages required more of the Europeans—more education, more technology, more risk-taking. They required building better ships, creating more accurate maps, and developing navigational skills. They required crafting more precise weather instruments and developing a deeper understanding of meteorology. To protect their men and ships from pirates, bandits, and competing colonialists, the Europeans had to develop better weapons and war-fighting techniques and technologies as well.
There were many mistakes and failures, to be sure. But the Europeans proved persistent and resilient. Through long periods of trial and error, they developed an educational and technological infrastructure at home that enabled them to master the perilous seas and find their way east by sailing south. Eventually, Eastern wealth, spices, and other treasures returned to European nations via increasingly advanced shipping companies and navies.
The more European Christians worked to circumvent Middle Eastern Muslims, the more knowledge and experience was gained. They learned about gunpowder and explosives from the Chinese. They discovered medicines and herbal remedies throughout the Orient. They came back with new ideas and a thirst for further insights.
Success bred success. Innovation led to more innovation, and this spirit of exploration blazed across Europe, leading men like Christopher Columbus to sail west to get to the East. In time, wooden ships gave way to steel. Wind power gave way to steam. Steam propulsion gave way to engines using fossil fuels. The Wright brothers discovered flight. Then came jumbo jets and fighter jets. Oil- and gas-powered engines gave way to nuclear-powered submarines and aircraft carriers. Then came space travel. The Russians put a man in orbit. The Americans landed a man on the moon.
By the dawn of the third millennium, global travel was possible in a way never before known in human history. Knowledge was increasing exponentially. It all seemed to fulfill the words of the Hebrew prophet Daniel when he wrote that in the end of time, “many will go back and forth, and knowledge will increase” (Daniel 12:4).
The Islamic world was being left behind. Yet, for the better part of three hundred years, Muslims had no idea. They perceived themselves as the masters of the universe and Europeans as infidels and barbarians. They had little interest in noticing, examining, or caring about the tremendous advances in science and engineering that Western Christians were making. But eventually the invention and rapid spread of radio and television and global communications made it increasingly clear even to the uneducated masses within the Muslim world how enormous the gaps were between their world and the West.
And so a despondent cry has been rising from deep inside the Muslim world for the better part of a century, certainly ever since the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the end of the Islamic caliphate in Istanbul, Turkey, in 1924.51 This collective groaning intensified after the Arabs were defeated by Israel in 1948, 1956, 1967, and again in 1973. It seemed to reach a crescendo during the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979. It dramatically worsened in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, and now it has reached a deafening roar.
In an essay entitled “Islamic Failure,” which he wrote for a British intellectual journal in February 2002, Pervez Amir Al Hoodbhoy—a leading Pakistani scientist and a professor of physics in Islamabad—decried the fact that “you will seldom see a Muslim name as you flip through scientific journals and, if you do, the chances are that this person lives in the West.” Noting that “today’s sorry situation contrasts starkly with the Islam of yesterday,” Al Hoodbhoy pointed out that “between the ninth and thirteenth centuries—the golden age of Islam—the only people doing decent work in science, philosophy, or medicine were Muslims.” But by the thirteenth century, “Islam choked,” and “the rest of the world moved on.” The Renaissance, Al Hoodbhoy observed, “brought an explosion of scientific inquiry in the West,” and the Islamic world was left behind. “For Muslims, it is time to stop wallowing in self-pity: Muslims are not helpless victims of conspiracies hatched by an all-powerful malicious West. The fact is that the decline of Islamic greatness took place long before the age of mercantile imperialism. The causes were essentially internal. Therefore, Muslims must be introspective and ask, ‘What went wrong?’”52
In a series of essays he wrote for an Arabic-language Web site in June 2003, Al-Afif al-Akhdar, a Tunisian Muslim journalist now living in exile in Paris, asked, “Why is it that the Arab world is so wealthy in natural resources and poor in human resources? Why does human knowledge elsewhere steadily grow while in the Arab world what expands instead is illiteracy, ideological fear, and mental paralysis? Why do expressions of tolerance, moderation, rationalism, compromise, and negotiation horrify us, but [when we hear] fervent cries for vengeance, we all dance the war dance? . . . Why do other people love life, while we love death and violence, slaughter and suicide, and call it heroism and martyrdom?”53
In an article entitled “What’s Wrong with the Arab World?” published in The Arab American News in January 2008, author Jamal Bittar wrote emotionally about “the deterioration of the political, social, and economic order in most countries in the Arab world” and the “self-made Arab failures” that were destroying the dreams and aspirations of millions. “Every regime in the Arab world has proved a failure,” he concluded. “Not one has been able to provide its people with realistic hopes for a free and prosperous future. The regimes have found no way to respond to their people’s frustration other than by a combination of internal oppression and propaganda to generate rage against external enemies. . . . What are the Arab leaders doing?”54
And it is not just reporters and academics who are asking these questions. Major political leaders in the region are asking as well. Consider, for example, the words of Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf, delivered in a stunningly frank address to senior Muslim officials from Muslim-majority countries at a conference on science and technology held in Islamabad in February 2002, not long after the 9/11 attacks: “Today we are the poorest, the most illiterate, the most backward, the most unhealthy, the most unenlightened, the most deprived, and the weakest of all the human race,” Musharraf said.55
He noted that the collective gross national product of all Muslim countries stood at just $1.2 trillion, compared to Germany, whose GNP alone was $2.5 trillion at the time, and Japan, whose GNP was then $5.5 trillion. Why? One reason he cited was that “none of the Muslim countries had ever paid any [serious] attention to educational and scientific development.”56
This was not a “Johnny-come-lately” revelation for Musharraf in hopes of placating the West with moderate language in the wake of al Qaeda’s devastating attack on the U.S. This had been a theme of the Pakistani leader since he came to power in 1999. Indeed, in one of his first addresses to the 170 million Muslims in his country on October 17, 1999, Musharraf did not mince words:
Fifty-two years ago, we started with a beacon of hope, and today that beacon is no more and we stand in darkness. There is despondency and hopelessness surrounding us with no light visible anywhere around. The slide down has been gradual but has rapidly accelerated in the last many years. Today, we have reached a state where our economy has crumbled, our credibility is lost, state institutions lie demolished, provincial disharmony has caused cracks in the federation. . . . In sum
, we have lost our honor, our dignity, our respect in the comity of nations. Is this the democracy [our leaders] had envisaged? Is this the way to enter the new millennium?57
“The Setback”
Then came the rebirth of the State of Israel in 1948.
Three hundred million Muslims in the Middle East expected the Arab armies of Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Iraq to strangle the newborn Jewish state in its crib. But when the relatively tiny Israeli army defeated the combined Arab armies, the growing sense of failure and humiliation Muslims were feeling only intensified. The 1956 showdown between Israel and Egypt, in which Israel not only survived but prevailed, further exacerbated Muslim shame and their sense of military impotence.
Then in June 1967 came a stunning and cataclysmic defeat for the Muslims known throughout the Arabic-speaking world as an-Naksah, “The Setback.” In just six days, the Israelis more than tripled their land, regained the strategic Jordan Valley, gained the strategic Golan Heights, and reunified Jerusalem—without direct help from the Americans, the British, the French, or any other ally. How was this possible? the Islamic world wanted to know. How could Muslims lose to the “infidels”? The pain in the region was palpable, and the soul-searching accelerated.
For men like Yasser Arafat, the largely secular nationalist leader of the newly created (in 1964) Palestine Liberation Organization, the lesson of the Six-Day War was simple: Don’t trust the Arab dictators; rather, take measures into your own hands. Use guerrilla terrorist tactics to make the Jews suffer, fear, die, and eventually flee. For many Arab Muslims also caught up in the spirit of nationalism that spread around the globe in the latter half of the twentieth century, this was a compelling and intoxicating diagnosis and prognosis. Arabs were failing, went the argument, because they were essentially outsourcing their own security. But the Arab dictators were betrayers. The only way to win was to sign up for the PLO’s revolution and get into the fight oneself.
Inside the Revolution Page 5
