155 The vagina damage in rodents with spiny penises is mentioned in Van der Schoot et al. (1992).
156 The experiments on spine removal in marmosets are in Dixson (1991).
156 The paper on the genetics of human penis spinelessness is McLean et al. (2011).
156 Kingsley’s lab Web site on which he reports on the papules vs. spines issue is kingsley.stanford.edu/SpinesVsPapules.html.
Chapter 8: Sexual Ambivalence
158 The lecture by Joris Koene that I describe took place in Leiden on November 23, 2010.
158 The mating behavior of Deroceras praecox is described in Reise (2007) and Hutchinson and Reise (2009).
158 The “condom” that some snails use to prevent self-fertilization is described in Bojat et al. (2001).
159 The taxonomic paper on Deroceras praecox is Wiktor (1966).
160 The deposition of secretions by the penial gland is described (for a different Deroceras species) in Benke et al. (2010).
161 The interview with Joris Koene is constructed from two separate visits to his lab: once in 2008, and the second time on April 11, 2013.
161 The role of Bateman’s principle in hermaphrodites is actually a more complex matter; see, for example, Leonard (2005).
162 The theory on why hermaphrodites would be better at sexual manipulation than organisms with separate sexes is in Koene (2005) and Michiels and Koene (2006).
163 Penis fencing in flatworms is described in Michiels and Newman (1998).
163 General information on love darts in snails is, for example, in Koene and Schulenburg (2005), Davison et al. (2005), Schilthuizen (2005), and Koene et al. (2013), in earthworms in Koene et al. (2002, 2005), and in sea slugs in Lange et al. (2012).
163 The quotes are from Jones (1841: 399).
164 The papers on the true function of the love dart in Cornu aspersum are Koene and Chase (1998a, b) and Chase and Blanchard (2006).
166 The sexual arms race between dart evolution and countermeasures in the female genitalia is in Koene and Schulenburg (2005).
168 This and the previous section were read and approved by Joris Koene.
168 The quote on slugs and rats is by Anthony Cook and was uttered during his lecture at the World Congress of Malacology in Siena, Italy, in 1992.
169 The interviews with Martin Haase were on December 17–19, 2012.
169 The work on Aeolidiella is described in Haase and Karlsson (2000, 2004) and Karlsson and Haase (2002). I wrote about this work earlier (Schilthuizen, 2001).
170 The sea slug with disposable penis is in Sekizawa et al. (2013) and Milius (2013).
171 The Deroceras that amputates its own penis is mentioned in Leonard (2006).
171 A summary of penis-biting behavior in slugs is in Reise and Hutchinson (2002). Penis chewing in banana slugs is in Leonard et al. (2002).
171 The piece on Limax is based on Lister (1678: 129–30), Redi (1684), Gerhardt (1933), and Glaubrecht and Zorn (2012), and material on the Web sites www.naturamediterraneo.com and www.wirbellose.at.
177 Some general articles on coiling direction in snails are Gittenberger (1988) and Schilthuizen and Davison (2005).
177 The experiment by Meisenheimer is in Meisenheimer (1912).
178 Our work on Amphidromus of the island of Kapas is described in, for example, Schilthuizen et al. (2005, 2007, 2009, 2012). It involved many collaborators, and I mention only one of them (Paul Craze) in the text, but in addition Lilian Wan, Sylvia Looijestijn, Sigrid Hendrikse, Kees Koops, Bronwen Scott, Annadel Cabanban, Martin Haase, Rachel Esner, and Angela Schmitz-Ornés have all helped, most of them in the field.
Afterplay
183 Waage’s memory of the press coverage of his Science paper is in an e-mail correspondence I had with him on March 14, 2013.
183 The original CNS story leading to “Duckpenisgate” is at http://cnsnews.com/news/article/384949-federal-study-looks-plasticity-duck-penis-length. Carl Zimmer wrote about it on his blog The Loom at http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/03/25/ducks-meet-the-culture-wars/. Patricia Brennan responded in an April 2, 2013, post in Slate, www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2013/04/duck_penis_controversy_nsf_is_right_to_fund_basic_research_that_con servatives.html.
184 Eberhard’s paper on artificial insemination is Eberhard (1991).
184 A thoughtful essay on the evolution of human sexual behavior is Hrdy (1997).
185 The castration of an alpha male in Burgers’ Zoo in Arnhem, the Netherlands, is described in De Waal (1986).
185 Facebook’s removal of Scientific American’s post is mentioned on April 10, 2013, at slantist.com/facebook-censors-scientific-american/.
185 The controversy over CFC versus SAC is played out in, for example, Cordero and Eberhard (2003), Chapman et al. (2003), and Eberhard (2004a, b; 2010b). The Eberhard quotations are from an e-mail correspondence I had with him on April 25, 2013.
186 The quote is from Gowaty (1997: 353).
188 The work on speciation in seed beetles is in Brown and Eady (2001), Rönn et al. (2007), and Hotzy and Arnqvist (2009); more about the role of male-female coevolution in the splitting of species is in my book Frogs, Flies, and Dandelions (Schilthuizen, 2000).
188 The role of homosexual behavior in genital evolution in chimpanzees and bonobos is in Hrdy (1997). See also Bagemihl (2000) and Scharf & Martin (2013).
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