prevention of sperm dumping and embryo abortion, 144
semen components producing, 140–44
sensory courtship, 144
Mautz, Brian, 53, 185
Medical Hypotheses journal, 184
Meisenheimer, Johannes, 177
mice
dry copulation, 66–67
embryo abortion, 87, 144
seminal proteins, 144
Millar, Ramsay, 79
mirror-image genitals, 39, 176–82, 181
miscarriage, 87–88, 144
Mitsumoto, Hiroyuki, 40–41
Moeliker, Kees, 125–26
monkeys
clitoris, 76
color vision, 53
embryo abortion, 87–88
female orgasm, 79–80
matched shapes of penis and vagina, 37
penile spines, 156
sensory drive, 54
Morris, Desmond, 76
Morrow, Ted, 153–54
mutation hypothesis of sexual reproduction, 12
Nahum, Gerard, 133–34
Naked Ape, The (Morris), 76
natural selection
in evolution of primary sexual organs, 17–18, 43
limitation on sexual selection, 104–7
prerequisite conditions, 16
versus sexual selection, 16–17, 92–93
Nature journal, 37, 126, 152–53
nematode worm sperm dumping, 63–64
Nessler, Stefan, 137–39
nudibranchs
penis detachment, 170–71
sperm sucking, 169–70, 175–76
O’Connell, Helen, 75
organelles, 13–14
orgasm, female
debate concerning function of, 75–76, 80–81
evolutionary by-product hypothesis, 81
in nonhuman mammals, 76, 77–78
partner’s attractiveness and, 80
paucity of research on, 81–82
signs of, 77–78
upsuck hypothesis of sperm retention, 61, 78–80
oxytocin, 77
paper nautilus autonomous hectocotylus, 23
parameres, structure and use of, 55–56
parasite hypothesis of sexual reproduction, 11–12
Parker, Geoff, 84–85, 112
Partridge, Linda, 149
Pearson, Alan, 42
peat fossils, 97–98
pedipalps, structure and function of, 20
penile flagella, 121–23, 124
penile spines
diversity and widespread occurrence of, 30, 151, 151–52, 155
female adaptation to, 188
human evolutionary loss of, 154, 156
in lock-and-key mating system, 40–41
sensory function, 156
transfer of semen into female’s blood, 153–56
penis. See genitalia; internal courtship; specific penile features; specific types of animals
Perreau, Michel, 96
Peschke, Klaus, 121–23
Peyer, Bernhard, 173
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society journal, 98
Physiology and Behavior journal, 156
Pitnick, Scott, 153–54
Ploog, Detlev, 53–54
PLOS Genetics journal, 144
PLOS ONE journal, 127–28
poeciliid fish positive allometry of penis, 104–5
poison arrow frog sexual selection, 50
Polak, Michal, 154
Pomiankowski, Andrew, 90–93
primary sexual characteristics, 14–18, 43
primates
clitoris, 74–75, 75, 76, 77, 188–89
color vision, 53
embryo abortion, 87–88
female orgasm, 75–76, 77, 78, 79–80
free-swimming sperm in female body cavity, 133–34
genital thrusting, 57
homosexuality, 188–89
manipulative seminal proteins, 147–48
matched shapes of penis and vagina, 37
mating plugs, 141, 143–44
negative allometry of penis, 102
penile spines, 151, 155–56
sensory drive, 54, 80
sperm scooping, 116–17
vaginal sense organs, 58
viability of ejaculated sperm in vagina, 82, 116
Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 128, 167
proteins, seminal. See seminal proteins
pseudoscorpion exchange of DNA, 10
Puts, David, 80
Racovitza, Émile, 29
Ramos, Margarita, 107
rare-male effect, 93–95
rat urethrogenital reflex, 77
Redi, Francesco, 172, 174
Red Queen hypothesis, 11–12
Reise, Heike, 159
reproduction versus sex, 9, 10–11
Roberts, Elia, 87–88
Rodriguez, Rafael Lucas, 103
rove beetle sexually antagonistic coevolution, 120–23, 124
Schilthuizen, Menno, 176–82
Schmitt, Michael, 150–52
Schneider, Jutta, 137–39
Science journal, 2, 109, 112
scientific research. See genitalia research
secondary sexual characteristics, 2, 14–15, 17–18
Sedgwick, Adam, 24
seed beetles
manipulative seminal proteins, 149–50, 154
penile spines, 152–54
potential speciation events, 188
sexually antagonistic coevolution, 149–50, 188
Selfish Gene, The (Dawkins), 3
semen, production and ejaculation of, 142
seminal proteins
direct transfer into female’s blood, 153–56
manipulative effects on female, 146–50
multitude of, 145–46
synthesis of mating plugs, 141–44
sensory drive
female sensory receptors, 58
genital thrusting and movement, 57–58, 62, 63, 67
male structures for, 54–58, 156
mating plugs for, 144
rare-male effect, 93–94
stridulation, 42, 55, 56
visual stimulation, 49, 51–54, 52, 80, 93–94
sex
biological definition, 9
cell organelles and, 13–14
genetic benefits of sex versus cloning, 11–12
versus reproduction, 9, 10–11
variety of methods for exchange of DNA, 9–10, 18–19
sexual characteristics, primary and secondary, 2, 14–18, 43
sexually antagonistic coevolution. See also cryptic female choice; sperm competition; specific genital features; specific sexual behaviors
as agent of genital evolution, 114–15, 185–86
cheap sperm/expensive egg principle, 115
evolution of measures and countermeasures, 113–16, 121–23, 131–33
potential speciation events, 188
sexual selection. See also genital evolution; sexually antagonistic coevolution
basic principle and process, 16–17, 46
cheap sperm/expensive egg principle, 47–48
in determination of body shape, 182
dynamic nature of, 92–95
in evolution of secondary sexual characteristics, 2, 18, 42–43, 44
Fisherian versus Good-Gener debate, 49–51
among hermaphrodites, 161, 182
lek paradox, 92–93
limitation by natural selection, 104–7
male bullying of rivals or wooing of females,
48–49
Sexual Selection and Animal Genitalia (Eberhard), 4–5, 39–40
Shah, Jyoti, 102–3
sheet web spider dry copulation, 67–70, 69
sierra dome spider dry copulation, 68–70, 69
simultaneous hermaphrodites. See hermaphrodites
Singh, Rama, 146
Siva-Jothy, Mike, 131–32, 152–53
slugs
dart shooting, 163–66, 165, 167
mating and mutual insemination, 158–60, 159
penial complex, 159–60
penis detachment, 170–71
penis length, 171–75, 174
sexually antagonistic coevolution, 167–68, 175–76
sperm sucking, 170
snails
dart shooting, 163–67, 165
genital diversity, 161–62
mirror-image coiling, 177–82, 181
sexually antagonistic coevolution, 167–68
sperm storage, 83
snakes
dual penises, 152
female sperm storage, 83
penile spines, 151
spermatophores, structure and function of, 21, 22
sperm competition
bullying of rivals or wooing of females, 48–49
egg-mimicking penis shape, 113–14
forced copulation, 126
among hermaphrodites, 161, 163, 171
manipulative seminal proteins, 146–50, 153–56
mating plugs, 136–45, 138
penile spines, 112, 151, 153–56
reproductive selfishness of individual, 3
sperm displacement, 121–22
sperm flushing, 118, 119–20
sperm scooping, 2, 110–12, 111, 116–18, 171
traumatic insemination, 128–34, 130
sperm dumping
female collaboration in sperm scooping, 62, 119–20, 187
female orgasm and upsuck hypothesis, 61, 78–80
flowback in humans, 59–61, 78
forceful sperm ejection, 63–64
prevention by mating plugs, 144
sperm flushing and displacement, 118, 119–22
sperm plugs. See mating plugs
sperm scooping
female collaboration in, 62, 119–20, 187
by hermaphrodites, 171
paternity by proxy, 118
penile structures and scooping behaviors, 2, 110–12, 111, 116–18
sperm storage
selective sperm use, 84–87, 86
structures for, 83–84
viability of sperm inside female, 82–83
sperm whale penis length, 1
spiders
copulatory courtship, 67–71, 69
female reproductive maze, 71, 72
mating plugs, 136–40, 138, 144–45
orifices for egg output and sperm input, 135–36
pedipalp structure and function, 20
self-semi-emasculation, 105–7, 106, 139
sperm dumping, 61–62
traumatic insemination, 128–30, 130
spines, penile. See penile spines
squid spermatophores, 20–23, 22
squirrel mating plugs, 145
stag beetle negative allometry of penis, 101–2, 102
stalk-eyed fly sexual selection, 90–93
stridulation, copulatory, 55, 56
Stutt, Alastair, 131–32
substitute genitalia, 19–26, 26, 132
Sutton, Stephen, 91
Symons, Donald, 80
Tait, Noel, 25–26
Tatsuta, Haruki, 101–2
Tidarren spiders
half-eunuch behavior, 105–7, 106
pedipalp mating plugs, 139–40
tiger slugs (Limax) penis length, 171–75, 174
Tinklepaugh, Otto L., 141
traumatic insemination, 128–34, 130, 163
Troisi, Alfonso, 79–80
turtle female sperm storage, 83
two-stage coitus, 66–73, 69
Uhl, Gabriele, 136–39
upsuck hypothesis, 79–80
vagina. See genitalia; specific types of animals
vaginal plugs. See mating plugs
VanDemark, Noland, 77–78
van Helsdingen, Peter, 67–68
van Leeuwenhoek, Antoni, 19
velvet worm substitute genitalia, 24–26, 26
vole embryo abortion, 87
Waage, Jonathan, 2–3, 109–13, 183
Ward, Paul, 85–86
wasp spider mating plug, 137–39, 138
Watson, Paul, 68–70
Welling, Lisa, 80
West-Eberhard, Mary Jane, 57
Wiktor, Andrzej, 159
Williams, George C., 3
Woodall, Peter, 32–34
worms
dart shooting, 164
hermaphroditic nature, 158
penis fencing, 163
sperm dumping, 63–64
substitute genitalia, 24–26, 26
zebra finch sensory drive, 51–53, 52
zebra sperm dumping, 62–63
Zoomorphology journal, 21
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