50.Dorothy Bryant, The Kin of Ata are Waiting for You (1971, Berkeley: Moon Books, 1976), originally titled The Comforter, p. 159.
51.DuPlessis, p. 113.
52.Lucio P. Ruotolo, The Interrupted Moment: A View of Virginia Woolf’s Novels (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986), p. 16.
53.Midgley, Animals and Why They Matter, p. 27.
54.Dale Spender points out that “98 per cent of interruptions in mixed sex conversation were made by males.” She continues, “Interruption is a mechanism by which (a) males can prevent females from talking, and (b) they can gain the floor for themselves; it is therefore a mechanism by which they engineer female silence.” If women are not supposed to interrupt men in public, yet the presence of a vegetarian, especially at dinners, will call attention to the vegetarian and cause an interruption or disruption, then women have found a way of dislodging the conversation without being seen as verbally aggressive. Dale Spender, Man Made Language (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980), pp. 43–44.
55.In a similar vein, Lucio P. Ruotolo argues that finding meaning in interruption is important when considering the novels of Virginia Woolf. Ruotolo argues for the creative, positive nature of interruption because of the new direction it provokes, the new space it creates. “Those who allow the often-random intrusion of others to reshape their lives emerge at times heroically. Those who voice distaste for interruption fall back, invariably it seems, into self-supporting insularity.” The Interrupted Moment, p. 2.
56.War images in this sentence remind us that the patterns of war have been adopted in the style and content of discourse.
57.Isadora Duncan, My Life (New York: Liveright, 1927, 1955), p. 309.
58.Emarel Freshel and others ascribe to Shaw a poem entitled “Living Graves,” which begins:
We are the living graves of murdered beasts,
Slaughtered to satisfy our appetites.
As Janet Barkas reports: “It continues in a similarly violent vein to condemn animal slaughter as well as war. However, there are no references to this work in any of Shaw’s manuscripts, notebooks, correspondence, or diaries. That it was created by Shaw as an adventure in rhyming is possible but improbable.” Janet Barkas, The Vegetable Passion: A History of the Vegetarian State of Mind (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1975) p. 89.
59.Mary McCarthy, Birds of America (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1965, New York: New American Library, 1972), p. 166. Further quotations are from pp. 171, 172, 183.
60.Colegate, The Shooting Party, p. 92.
61.Spender, Man Made Language, pp. 82–83.
62.Mary Daly, Beyond God the Father: Toward a Philosophy of Women’s Liberation (Boston: Beacon Press, 1973), p. 56.
63.See DuPlessis, p. 115.
64.DuPlessis, p. 107.
65.Jean Bethke Elshtain makes an observation about this fact as she concludes her preface to Women and War. “In thinking and sometimes dreaming about war over the past few years; in reading war stories and watching war movies; in composing portions of chapters on walks as well as on my word processor, I have gained a heightened awareness of the fleeting preciousness of life, including the lives we humans share with the other creatures with whom we have yet to learn to live in decency.” Jean Bethke Elshtain, Women and War (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1987), p. xiv.
Epigraphs to part 3: Ruth Bordin, Frances Willard: A Biography (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1986), p. 122. Fran Winant, “Eat Rice Have Faith in Women,” in Winant, DyAe TacAef: Poems and Songs (New York: Violet Press, 1980).
Chapter 8
1.Beverly Harrison, “The Power of Anger in the Work of Love: Christian Ethics for Women and Other Strangers,” in Making the Connections: Essays in Feminist Social Ethics, ed. Carol S. Robb (Boston: Beacon Press, 1985), p. 13.
2.Vegetarian Magazine 14, no. 5 (January 1911), p. 156.
3.Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, ed. Charles W. Hagelman, Jr. (1792, New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1967), p. 42.
4.T. L. Cleave, G. D. Campbell, and N. S. Painter, Diabetes, Coronary Thrombosis, and the Saccharine Disease 2nd ed. (Bristol, England: John Wright & Sons, 1969), p. 11.
5.Nancy Makepeace Tanner, On Becoming Human: A Model of the Transition from Ape to Human and the Reconstruction of Early Human Social Life (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 187.
6.Jane Brody’s Nutrition Book (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1981), p. 436.
7.Cleave et al., p. 11.
8.The health information in this paragraph is taken from chapter 3, “The World’s Healthiest Diet,” in Virginia and Mark Messina’s The Vegetarian Way (New York: Crown, 1996). They provide a wealth of medical citations for anyone who wishes to access the research material directly. This research does not speak directly to the debate about anatomy; some people conclude that the protective benefits of a complete vegetarian diet confirm the anatomical arguments.
9.Sarah N. Cleghorn, Threescore: The Autobiography of Sarah N. Cleghorn (New York: H. Smith and R. Haas, 1936, reprint New York: Arno Press, 1980), p. 172.
10.Agnes Ryan, “The Cancer Bogy,” pp. 6, 79. Letters and manuscripts of Agnes Ryan referred to in this chapter are all located in the Agnes Ryan Collection, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College.
11.“The Cancer Bogy,” pp. 107, 108.
12.Anna Kingsford, The Perfect Way in Diet (London: Kegan Paul, 1892), p. 90.
13.Agnes Ryan to Alice Park, January 6, 1936, Box 5, file no. 62. Park sent her Kingsford’s The Perfect Way in Diet and Maitland’s two volume biography.
14.Edward Maitland, Anna Kingsford: Her Life, Letters, Diary and Work vol. 2 (London: Redway, 1896), pp. 223–24.
15.Maria Loomis, The Communitist 1, no. 22 (April 9, 1845), p. 87.
16.Henry Salt, The Logic of Vegetarianism (London: Ideal Publishing, 1899), p. 106.
17.See Rynn Berry Jr.’s interview with Malcolm Muggeridge in The Vegetarians (Brookline, Mass: Autumn Press, 1979). “You see, my father was an early Fabian, and those people tended to be vegetarian.” p. 93.
18.Colin Spencer accepts the claim that Hitler was a vegetarian (The Heretic’s Feast: A History of Vegetarianism [Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 1996], pp. 304–9). However Roberta Kalechofsky and Rynn Berry provide compelling evidence that Hitler’s “vegetarianism” was similar to that of many omnivores today who call themselves vegetarians although they have only eliminated “red meat” from their diet. Hitler continued to eat squab, sausage, and liver dumplings. Hitler’s “vegetarianism” was part of a Nazi public-relations campaign to portray him as ascetic and “pure.” But when Hitler came to power, vegetarian societies were declared illegal. (See Roberta Kalechofsky, “Hitler’s Vegetarianism,”
19.See Robert Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1988), p. 228.
20.Bernard Shaw, Complete Plays with Prefaces: Vol. 1 (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1962), p. 455.
21.Pat Parker, “To a Vegetarian Friend,” Womanslaughter (Oakland, CA: Diana Press, 1978), p. 14.
22.See Mary Keyes Burgess, Soul to Soul: A Soul Food Vegetarian Cookbook (Santa Barbara, CA: Woodbridge Publishing Co., 1976) and Dick Gregory’s Natural Diet for Folks Who Eat: Cookin’ with Mother Nature, ed. James R. Mc-Graw with Alvenia M. Fulton (New York: Harper & Row), 1973.
23.Reported in The Vegetarian Magazine 10, no. 11 (March 1907), p. 16.
24.Keith E. Melder, “Abigail Kelley Foster,” Notable American Women 1607–1950, vol. 1, ed. Edwar
d T. James and Janet James (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971), p. 649.
25.Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, “Sex as Symbol in Victorian Purity: An Ethno-historical Analysis of Jacksonian America,” Turning Points: Historical and Sociological Essays on the Family, ed. John Demos and Sarane Spence Boocock, American Journal of Sociology 84, Supplement (1978) (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1978), p. S213.
26.Porphyry on Abstinence from Animal Food, ed. Esmé Wynne-Tyson, trans. Thomas Taylor (n.p.: Centaur Press, 1965; Barnes & Noble), p. 53.
27.Sylvester Graham, Lecture to Young Men on Chastity 3rd ed. (Boston, 1834, 1837), pp. 152–53, 47. See also R. T. Trail, Home Treatment for Sexual Abuses. A Practical Treatise (New York: Fowlers and Wells, 1853). It was not solely the vegetarians who considered meat a stimulant; the orthodox did as well. As James Whorton reports: “This stimulating power of flesh was regarded by physicians as both its contribution and its danger to health: a certain degree of stimulation was required.” (James Whorton, Crusaders for fitness: the history of American health reformers [Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982], p. 78.)
28.Smith-Rosenberg, pp. S222–3.
29.Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The Democratic Experience (New York: Random House, 1973), p. 5.
30.Frances Trollope, Domestic Manners of the Americans (1832, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1949), p. 297.
31.Richard Osborn Cummings, The American and His Food: A History of Food Habits in the United States 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1941), p. 15.
32.Maria Loomis, The Communitist 2, no. 29 (March 5, 1846), p. 115.
33.Sam Bowers Hilliard, Hog Meat and Hoecake: Food Supply in the Old South, 1840–1860 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1972), p. 42.
34.“The phrase ‘we eat meat three times a day’ was repeated in ‘American Letter’ after ‘American Letter,’ that crossed the Atlantic.” Ray Allen Billington, Land of Savagery, Land of Promise: The European Image of the American Frontier (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1981), p. 233.
35.Gerda Lerner, The Grimké Sisters from South Carolina: Pioneers for Woman’s Rights and Abolition (New York: Schocken Books, 1971), p. 253.
36.Lerner, p. 253.
37.Catherine Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe, The American Woman’s Home or Principles of Domestic Science (New York: J. B. Ford and Co., 1869; reprint New York: Arno Press and The New York Times, 1971), pp. 132–33.
38.F. Gale, American Vegetarian and Health Journal 3, no. 5 (May 1853), p. 100.
39.Carolyn Steedman, “Landscape for a Good Woman,” in Truth, Dare or Promise: Girls Growing Up in the Fifties, ed. Liz Heron (London: Virago Press, 1985), p. 115. See also Lerner, p. 253.
40.Thomas L. Nichols and Mary Gove Nichols, Marriage: Its History, Character and Results: Its Sanctities and Its Profanities; Its Science and Its Facts (New York: T. L. Nichols, 1854), pp. 212, 214.
41.Alice Stockham, Tokology: A Book for Every Woman (New York: Fenno and Co., 1911).
42.Letter no. 151. “Systematic Preparation,” in Maternity: Letters from Working-Women, ed. Margaret Llewelyn Davies (London: G. Bell and Sons, 1915, reprint, New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1978), p. 178.
43.Vegetarian and moral reformer Lucinda Chandler held a moderate free-love position. See as well Susan Cayleff’s discussion of the beliefs of Dr. Trail in Wash and Be Healed: The Water-Cure Movement and Women’s Health (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987), pp. 56–58.
44.In fact, historian Stephen Nissenbaum in Sex, Diet and Debility in Jacksonian America: Sylvester Graham and Health Reform (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980) argues that Graham’s theories are quite similar to those of free-love advocate Percy Shelley. “Like Graham, Shelley was profoundly suspicious of the emergent capitalist order and the threat it posed to traditional social values. Like Graham, too, he associated the new order with physical as well as moral decay. Finally, both Shelley and Graham attributed both types of decay to the introduction of animal food into the human diet.” p. 48.
45.Cayleff, Wash and Be Healed, p. 119.
46.Brody, p. 400.
47.Thomas Tryon, The way to health, long life and happiness (London, 1683), p. 396.
48.Mary Gove Nichols, Mary Lyndon or, Revelations of a Life: An Autobiography (New York: Stringer and Townsend, 1855), p. 180.
49.Josiah Oldfield, “The Dangers of Meat Eating,” Westminster Review 166, no. 2 (August 1906), p. 195.
50.Elaine Showalter, The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830–1980 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1985), p. 129.
51.Joan Jacobs Brumberg, “Chlorotic Girls, 1870–1920: A Historical Perspective on Female Adolescence,” in Women and Health in America, ed. Judith Walzer Leavitt (Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), pp. 186–95. Blumberg continues her exploration of girls with a disease that involves the avoidance of foods, as well as their specific dislike of meat in Fasting Girls: The Emergence of Anorexia Nervosa as a Modern Disease (Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1988).
52.Brumberg, “Chlorotic Girls,” p. 191.
53.Brumberg, Fasting Girls, p. 176. Her essay on chlorotic girls includes a paraphrase of this sentence, p. 191. Blumberg’s source is Vern Bullough and Martha Voght, “Women, Menstruation, and Nineteenth-Century Medicine,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 47 (1973), pp. 66–82.
54.The fact that Fasting Girls basically rehashes the same material on meat eating that “Chlorotic Girls” contained suggests that Blumberg failed to explore other sources with alternative viewpoints on meat eating. To ascertain the girls’ point of view, one might wish to ignore the medical analysis and determine the cultural context. One glaring problem with Brumberg’s interpretation of why girls would not want to eat meat involves comparative studies. She observes that the “last decades of the nineteenth century may be an important transitional period in the history of nutrition throughout the Western world” (“Chlorotic Girls,” p. 195) and cites a study that in France “animal proteins accounted for only about 25 percent of the total protein intake until after 1880–90.” But we know that meat consumption in the United States was at least twice that of European countries. One cannot generalize nutritional studies based on European experience to the United States. Blumberg in general appears unreceptive to vegetarianism (in a footnote she associates being a picky eater, a vegetarian, and the romance of undereating when discussing Byron and Shelley, Fasting Girls, p. 329, n. 60). Her opinions on meat eating demonstrate the ways in which even a careful scholar mutes that which the dominant viewpoint cannot incorporate.
55.Fasting Girls, p. 177.
56.Lady Walb. Paget, “Vegetable Diet,” Popular Science Monthly 44 (1893), p. 94.
57.Fasting Girls, p. 177. That part of the quotation in brackets is in the 1906 article but was excluded from Fasting Girls.
58.“The Antagonism Between Sentiment and Physiology in Diet,” Current Literature 42 (Feb. 1907), p. 222, responding to an article by Josiah Oldfield in Chamber’s Journal.
59.As early as 1863, Dr. Edward Smith discusses the aversion of many children to fat on meat and makes recommendations for overcoming the refusal to eat this meat. Thus this aversion was not limited to chlorotic or anorexic girls. See Edward Smith, M.D., Practical Dietary for Families, Schools, and the Labouring Classes (London: Walton and Maberly, 1864), pp. 135–36.
60.Denise Riley, “Waiting,” in Heron, p. 244.
61.Jessie Bernard, The Female World (New York: The Free Press, 1981), p. 381.
62.Caroline Walker Bynum, Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987), pp. xiv, 298.
63.Brumberg, Fasting Girls, p. 178.
64.Inez Haynes Irwin, “The Making of a Militant,” in These Modern Women: Autobiographical Essays from the Twenties, ed. Elaine Showalter (Old Westbury, NY: The Feminist Press, 1978), pp. 39, 40.
65.Ba
rbara Seaman and Gideon Seaman, M.D., Women and the Crisis in Sex Hormones (New York: Rawson Associates Publishers, Inc., 1977), p. 142.
Chapter 9
Epigraphs: Agnes Ryan, note to herself. All quotations of Agnes Ryan are from manuscripts and letters found in the Agnes Ryan Collection, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College. Alice Walker, “Am I Blue?” Ms. July 1986, p. 30. Fran Winant, “Eat Rice Have Faith in Women,” in Winant, Dyke Jacket: Poems and Songs (New York: Violet Press, 1980).
1.“Astell abstained from meat frequently—certainly more often than her fellow Londoners,” according to her biographer Ruth Perry in The Celebrated Mary Astell: An Early English Feminist (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1986), p. 286.
2.Sarah Scott, A Description of Millenium Hall (London, 1762; New York and London: Garland Publishing Inc., 1974), p. 20.
3.Isobel Rae, The Strange Story of Dr. James Barry: Army Surgeon, Inspector-General of Hospitals, Discovered on death to be a Woman (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1958), p. 93.
4.“Her personal needs had never been extravagant and were modest during her declining years. She no longer traveled, spent most of her time in her house, her garden or in solitary walks in the woods, and ate her frugal vegetarian meals alone in her room.” H. F. Peters, My Sister, My Spouse: A Biography of Lou Andreas-Salome (New York: Norton & Co., 1962), p. 296.
5.Flora T. Neff, Letter to the Editor, The Vegetarian Magazine 10, no. 12 (April 1907), pp. 16–17.
6.Shafts 1, no. 3 (November 19, 1892).
7.Brigid Brophy, “Women,” Don’t Never Forget: Collected Views and Reviews (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966), p. 38.
8.Susan B. Anthony and Ida Husted Harper, ed. The History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. 4, 1883–1900 (Indianapolis: The Hollenbeck Press, 1902, New York: Arno Press and the New York Times, 1969), p. 245.
9.Margaret Mead, Blackberry Winter: My Earlier Years (New York: William Morrow & Co., New York: Touchstone Books, 1972), p. 25.
10.Shafts 1, no. 3 (November 19,1892), p. 41. It is worth noting that Annie Besant, whose husband beat her, went on to become an ardent anti-vivisectionist and vegetarian.
The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory (Bloomsbury Revelations) Page 33
