This consideration, then, makes it right for us to proceed to lay hold of him and set him down as the counterpart of the painter, for he resembles him in that his creations are inferior in respect of reality, and the fact that his appeal is to the inferior part of the soul and not to the best part is another point of resemblance. And so we may at last say that we should be justified in not admitting him into a well-ordered state, because he stimulates and fosters this element in the soul, and by strengthening it tends to destroy the rational part, just as when in a state one puts bad men in power and turns the city over to them and ruins the better sort. Precisely in the same manner we shall say that the mimetic poet sets up in each individual soul a vicious constitution by fashioning phantoms far removed from reality, and by currying favor with the senseless element that cannot distinguish the greater from the less, but calls the same thing now one, now the other.
By all means.
But we have not yet brought our chief accusation against it. Its power to corrupt, with rare exceptions, even the better sort is surely the chief cause for alarm.
513. See, for example, Hegel, Wissenschaft der Logik, I, Die objective Logik, Werke, III, pp. 147-73; J.A., IV, pp. 157-83; Science of Logic, pp. 137-56.
514. For continuation of the paragraph, see Supplement, p. 635 (Pap. V B 150:19).
515. Nicolai Edinger Balle, Lærebog i den Evangelisk-christlige Religion indrettet til Brug i de danske Skoler (Copenhagen: 1824; ASKB 183), VIII, 1, pp. 110-11.
516. See, for example, Postscript, KW XII (SV VII 114, 171, 195, 246); JP II 1142, 1402; IV 4937; V 5792, 5961 (Pap. X4 A 114, 494, 290; VI B 18; VII1 A 221).
517. See Acts 10:34.
518. See Matthew 11:12.
519. Because the main characters in ‘”Guilty?/‘Not Guilty?’” are anonymous, Frater Taciturnus uses the Latin quidam and quaedam in referring to them. In Postscript, KW XIII (SV VII 247-49), Johannes Climacus regards Quidam as a name, and therefore the initial letter is capitalized. The same form is used in the present volume.
520. Cf. Holberg, Erasmus Montanus, I, 4, Danske Skue-Plads, V, no pagination; Campbell and Schenck, p. 126.
521. With reference to the following sentence, see Supplement, p. 635 (Pap. V B 148:9).
522. In Greek mythology, Io, not Leto (Roman Latona), was changed by Zeus into a heifer to protect her against the wrath of Hera, and, tormented by a gadfly sent by Hera, Io wandered over the earth. In later versions, the wanderings of Leto (in the same triangular relation to Zeus and Hera) were linked to Hera’s jealousy. See Nitsch, I, pp. 34-35.
523. With reference to the following two sentences, see Supplement, p. 635 (Pap. V B 150:20).
524. See II Samuel 11.
525. Börne, “Hamlet, von Shakspeare,” Schriften, II, p. 197 (ed. tr.): ”Hamlet is a Christian tragedy.”
526. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 635 (Pap. V B 148:16).
527. See Deuteronomy 32:35; Romans 12:19; Hebrews 10:30.
528. With reference to the following two sentences, see Supplement, pp. 635-36 (Pap. V B 150:21).
529. See Heinrich Theodor Rötscher, Cyclus dramatischer Charaktere, II of Die Kunst der dramatischen Darstellung, I-II (Berlin: 1841-44; ASKB 1391), II1, p. 99.
530. See Supplement, p. 636 (Pap. VI B 8:19).
531. With reference to the section heading, see Supplement, p. 636 (Pap. V B 149:3). With reference to the section heading and the following eleven paragraphs, see Supplement, pp. 636-37 (Pap. V B 148:37,38).
532. See Tacitus, Annals, I, 1; Cajus Cornelius Tacitus, I-III, tr. Jacob Baden (Copenhagen: 1773-97; ASKB 1286-88), III, p. 541; Des C. Cornelius Tacitus sämmtliche Werke, I-III, tr. Johann Samuel Müllern (Hamburg: 1765-66; ASKB 1283-85), III, pp. 604-05; Tacitus: The Historical Works, Germania and Agricola, I-II, tr. Arthur Murphy (Everyman, New York: Dutton, 1907), II, p. 317.
533. With reference to the following fourteen paragraphs, see Supplement, p. 638 (Pap. V B 148:35).
534. See Böprne, ”Das Bild,” Schriften, II, pp. 132-68, part of a controversy between Börne and the Tübinger Literaturblatt over Ernst v. Houwald’s tragedy Das Bild.
535. Lucinde (Stuttgart: 1835), p. 27 (die Gesundheit allein liebenswürdig ıst); Friedrich Schlegel’s Lucinde and the Fragments, tr. Peter Firchow (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1971), p. 57. See Irony, KW II (SV XIII 357-70), a discussion of Friedrich Schlegel’s Lucinde.
536. See Matthew 11:5.
537. See Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach, Das Wesen des Christenthums (Leipzig: 1843; ASKB 488), pp. 90-92; The Essence of Christianity, tr. George Eliot (New York: Harper, 1957), pp. 61-63.
538. Ibid., p. 425 fn.
539. See Aristotle, Poetics, 1449 b; Bekker, II, p. 1449; Curtius, p. 12; Works, II, p. 2320. See also 1452 b-1453 a; Bekker, II, pp. 1452-53; Curtius, pp. 25-26; Works, II, p. 2325:
We assume that, for the finest form of tragedy, the plot must be not simple but complex; and further, that it must imitate actions arousing fear and pity, since that is the distinctive function of this kind of imitation. It follows, therefore, that there are three forms of plot to be avoided. A good man must not be seen passing from good fortune to bad, or a bad man from bad fortune to good. The first situation is not fear-inspiring or piteous, but simply odious to us. The second is the most untragic that can be; it has no one of the requisites of tragedy; it does not appeal either to the human feeling in us, or to our pity, or to our fears. Nor, on the other hand, should an extremely bad man be seen falling from good fortune into bad. Such a story may arouse the human feeling in us, but it will not move us to either pity or fear; pity is occasioned by undeserved misfortune, and fear by that of one like ourselves; so that there will be nothing either piteous or fear-inspiring in the situation. There remains, then, the intermediate kind of personage, a man not preeminently virtuous and just, whose misfortune, however, is brought upon him not by vice and depravity but by some fault, of the number of those in the enjoyment of great reputation and prosperity; e.g. Oedipus, Thyestes, and the men of note of similar families.
540. A reference to Christian Roat, a daring tightrope walker from Holland, who twice attempted the ascent to one of the tower windows of Copenhagen’s Rosenborg Castle (June 6 and 12, 1827). Because of friction of the rope against the stonework, the rope broke the second time and Roat was fatally injured. See Eiler Nystrøm, Offentlige Forlystelser i Frederik Den Sjettes Tid, I-II (Copenhagen: 1910-13), II, pp. 133-36.
541. A compaction of ”Das Bild,” Schriften, II, pp. 143-48.
542. Cf. Mark 2:17.
543. The main character in a Holberg play of the same name. See Danske Skue-Plads, I, no pagination.
544. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, pp. 638-42 (Pap. VI B 10-11).
545. With reference to the heading and the following thirteen paragraphs, see Supplement, pp. 642-43 (Pap. V B 149:4).
546. The title of a play by Terence. See Schmieder, pp. 212-306; Guldberg, II, pp. 269-393; Loeb, I, pp. 113-229.
547. See Holberg, Den politiske Kandestøber, II, 1 (Gert Bundtmager speaking), Danske Skue-Plads, I, no pagination; The Political Tinker, Campbell and Schenck, p. 63.
548. Vielgeschrey, the main character in Holberg’s Den Stundesløse. See I, 6, Danske Skue-Plads, V, no pagination; The Fussy Man, Four Plays, p. 11.
549. Presumably Balthasar, although he is not a young man, in Der Alte vom Berge (1828). See Ludwig Tieck’sgesammelte Novellen, I-XII (Berlin: 1852-54), VIII, pp. 208-13.
550. See I Thessalonians 5:16.
551. Presumably an allusion to Hans Adolph Brorson, ”Jeg gaaer i Fare, hvor jeg gaaer.” See Psalmer og aandelige Sange, ed. Jens Albrecht Leonhard Holm (Copenhagen: 1838; ASKB 200), 168, pp. 513-14.
552. See, for example, Plato, Apology, 19 d-20 a; Opera, VIII, pp. 104-05; Dialogues, p. 6 (Socrates speaking):
The fact is that there is nothing in any of these charges, and if you have heard anyone say that I try to educate people a
nd charge a fee, there is no truth in that either. I wish that there were, because I think that it is a fine thing if a man is qualified to teach, as in the case of Gorgias of Leontini and Prodicus of Ceos and Hippias of Elis. Each one of these is perfectly capable of going into any city and actually persuading the young men to leave the company of their fellow citizens, with any of whom they can associate for nothing, and attach themselves to him, and pay money for the privilege, and be grateful into the bargain.
553. See Holberg, Diderich Menschen-Skræk, 20, Danske Skue-Plads, IV, no pagination; Diderich the Terrible, Seven One-Act Plays, pp. 103-32.
554. For continuation of the paragraph, see Supplement, p. 643 (Pap. V B 150:23).
555. See p. 53 and note 144.
556. A version of the terminology used in presenting a doctoral dissertation.
557. With reference to the heading and the following ten paragraphs, see Supplement, pp. 643-44 (Pap. V B 148:39).
558. See Horace, Epistles, I, 6, 1-11; Opera, p. 561; Loeb, p. 287:
“Marvel at nothing [Nil admirari]” —that is perhaps the one and only thing, Numicius, that can make a man happy and keep him so. Yon sun, the stars and seasons that pass in fixed courses—some can gaze upon these with no strain of fear: what think you of the gifts of earth, or what of the sea’s, which makes rich far distant Arabs and Indians—what of the shows, the plaudits and the favours of the friendly Roman—in what wise, with what feelings and eyes think you they should be viewed?
And he who fears their opposites “marvels” in much the same way as the man who desires: in either case ‘tis the excitement that annoys, the moment some unexpected appearance startles either.
559. Horace, Epistles, I, 1, 61; Opera, p. 542; Loeb, pp. 254-55.
560. The source has not been located.
561. See J. G. Fichte, Die Bestimmung des Menschen (Berlin: 1838; ASKB 500), p. 202; Johann Gottlieb Fichte’s sämmtliche Werke, I-VIII (Berlin: 1845-46; ASKB 492-99), II, p. 311; The Vocation of Man, The Popular Works of Johann Gottlieb Fichte, I-II, tr. William Smith (London: 1889), I, pp. 470-71: “My mind is for ever closed against embarrassment and perplexity, against uncertainty, doubt, and anxiety;—my heart against grief, repentance, and desire. There is but one thing that I may know,—namely, what I ought to do; and this I always know infallibly.”
562. See Exodus 20:5.
563. Cf. Horace, Satires, I, 1, 69-70; Opera, p. 361; Loeb, pp. 8-11. Cf. II Samuel 12:7.
564. With reference to the remainder of the sentence, see Supplement, p. 644 (Pap. V B 150:24).
565. See Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher, Über die Religion. Reden an die Gebildeten unter ihren Verächtern (Berlin: 1843; ASKB 271), p. 77; On Religion: Addresses in Response to Its Cultured Critics, tr. Terrence N. Tice (Richmond, Va.: Knox, 1969), p. 112:
Indeed, if you yourselves are still capable of being seized with reverence before the great powers of nature, tell me: Does this depend on your own security or on your lack of it? Are you prepared to mock and laugh at the thunder when you stand under the protection of your lightening rods? Well then, is what is protective and sustaining in nature any more or less an object of worship than this is?
566. Plutarch recounts (”Marcellus,” 19, Lives) that when a soldier commanded Archimedes to come to Marcellus, Archimedes said he wanted to finish working on some geometrical figures, whereupon the soldier killed him. See Tetens, III, pp. 183-84; Loeb, V, pp. 486-87.
567. See Livy, History, II, 32; T. Livii Patavini historiarum libri, I-V, ed. August G. Ernesti (Leipzig: 1801-04; ASKB 1251-55 [ed. stereo., n.d.]), I, pp. 105-06; Livy, I-XIV, tr. B. O. Foster et al. (Loeb, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965-84), I, pp. 323-25:
There was a great panic in the City [Rome], and mutual apprehension caused the suspension of all activities. The plebeians, having been abandoned by their friends, feared violence at the hands of the senators; the senators feared the plebeians who were left behind in Rome, being uncertain whether they had rather they stayed or went. Besides, how long would the seceding multitude continue peaceable? What would happen next if some foreign war should break out in the interim? Assuredly no hope was left save in harmony amongst the citizens, and this they concluded they must restore to the state by fair means or foul. They therefore decided to send as an ambassador to the commons Agrippa Menenius, an eloquent man and dear to the plebeians as being one of themselves by birth. On being admitted to the camp he is said merely to have related the following apologue, in the quaint and uncouth style of that age: In the days when man’s members did not all agree amongst themselves, as is now the case, but had each its own ideas and a voice of its own, the other parts thought it unfair that they should have the worry and the trouble and the labour of providing everything for the belly, while the belly remained quietly in their midst with nothing to do but to enjoy the good things which they bestowed upon it; they therefore conspired together that the hands should carry no food to the mouth, nor the mouth accept anything that was given it, nor the teeth grind up what they received. While they sought in this angry spirit to starve the belly into submission, the members themselves and the whole body were reduced to the utmost weakness. Hence it had become clear that even the belly had no idle task to perform, and was no more nourished than it nourished the rest, by giving out to all parts of the body that by which we live and thrive, when it has been divided equally amongst the veins and is enriched with digested food—that is, the blood. Drawing a parallel from this to show how like was the internal dissension of the bodily members to the anger of the plebs against the Fathers, he prevailed upon the minds of his hearers.
568. Cf. J. L. Heiberg, De Danske i Paris, II, 4, Skuespil, V, p. 77.
569. With reference to the following seven paragraphs, see Supplement, pp. 644-45 (Pap. V B 97:23, 148:36).
570. Presumably Thrasymachus; see Book I of Plato’s Republic.
571. For continuation of the sentence, see Supplement, p. 645 (Pap. V B 150:25).
572. With reference to the remainder of the sentence, see Supplement, p. 645 (Pap. V B 150:26).
573. See W. Hauff, ”Die Geschichte von Kalif Storch,” Wilhelm Hauff’s Sämmtliche Werke, I-X (Stuttgart: 1840), V, pp. 14-28.
574. A ballad about Queen Dagmar and King Valdemar II, ”Dronning Dag-mars Død.” See Abrahamson, Nyerup, and Rahbek, II, pp. 87-94.
575. See Genesis 41:1-4,17-21,26-31.
576. Cf. Matthew 11:11.
577. With reference to the remainder of the paragraph, see Supplement, p. 646 (Pap. VI B 8:20).
578. In 1840, greater Copenhagen had a population of about 123,000.
579. See Börne, Aus meinem Tagebuche, XII, Schriften, VIII, p. 96.
580. Dansk Ordbog udgiven under Videnskabernes Selskabs Bestyrelse, I-VIII (Copenhagen: 1793-1905).
581. For continuation of the paragraph, see Supplement, p. 646 (Pap. V B 150:27).
582. See Steen Steensen Blicher, ”Fløitetoner elskovsømme, bløde,” Trækfuglen (Randers: 1838; ASKB 1525), 11, pp. 23-24.
583. A German word with a Danish ending.
584. See Matthew 12:30.
585. See Baggesen, ”Min Gienganger-Spøg, eller den søde Kniv,” Værker, VI, p. 135.
586. See Suetonius, “Vespasian,” 20; Caji Suetonii Tranquilli Tolv første Romerske Keiseres Levnetsbeskrivelse, I-II, tr. Jacob Baden (Copenhagen: 1802-03; ASKB 1281), II, p. 211; Suetonius, I-II, tr. J. C. Rolfe (Loeb, New York: Macmillan, 1914), II, pp. 312-13.
587. See Supplement, p. 646 (Pap. VI B 8:21).
588. Customary closing words in Latin orations: Dixi et liberavi cor meum (I have spoken and delivered my heart).
SUPPLEMENT
1. See Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette, Lærebog i den christelige Sædelære, tr. Carl Emil Scharling (Copenhagen: 1835; ASKB 871), p. 139.
2. See pp. 199-200.
3. See p. 325.
4. God. Guil. Leibnitii opera philosophica . . ., I-II, ed. Johann Eduard Erdmann (Berlin: 1840; ASKB 620), wi
th continuous pagination.
5. See p. 220.
6. See p. 283.
7. See pp. 283-84.
8. See pp. 16-19.
9. Jacob M. Mini’s café on Kongens Nytorv 3.
10. See p. 287.
11. Regine Olsen (1822-1904). See Historical Introduction, pp. xiv-xv.
12. See pp. 185-397.
13. Kierkegaard’s father, Michael Pedersen Kierkegaard (Dec. 12, 1756-Aug. 9, 1838).
14. Cf. p. 285.
15. See p. 233.
16. See pp. 360-63. Note the intended attribution to Nicolaus Notabene, the pseudonymous author of Prefaces, KW IX (SV V 1-71).
17. See Supplement, p. 509 (Pap. IV A 132); JP V 5564 (Pap. III A 245). This projected writing was not completed. Kierkegaard, however, without appointment as “Street Commissioner,” was Copenhagen’s foremost peripatetic and street observer and conversationalist. See, for example, Andrew Hamilton, Sixteen Months in the Danish Isles, I-II (London: 1852), II, p. 269: “The fact is he walks about town all day, and generally in some person’s company ... . When walking he is very communicative.”
18. Cf. pp. 262-63.
19. Two pages of the journal are missing, and the remainder of the entry given here is crossed out.
20. See pp. 70-71.
21. See p. 69.
22. See p. 70.
23. See pp. 66-67.
24. See p. 280.
25. See p. 7. The title of Plato’s Symposium in Latin is Convivium (Banquet).
26. See p. 16.
27. See pp. 17-18.
28. All the speeches are on love. See especially pp. 31-47, the Young Man’s speech.
29. See p. 20.
30. See pp. 43-45.
31. See p. 126.
32. See pp. 31-32.
33. See pp. 27-30.
34. See Visebog indeholdende udvalgte danske Selskabssange, ed. Andreas Seidelin (Copenhagen: 1814; ASKB 1483), pp. 203-04.
35. See Supplement, p. 501 (Pap. II A 485).
36. See Either/Or, I, p. 25, KW III (SV I 5). Cf. Johann von Breitenfels, ”Vorrede,” Satyrische und ernsthafte Schriften von Dr. Jonathan Swift, I-VIII (Hamburg, Leipzig, Zurich: 1756-66; ASKB 1899-1906), I, no pagination.
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