Bennigsen, E. “Contribution à l’étude du commerce des fourrures russes. La route de la Volga avant l’invasion mongole et le royaume des Bulghars.” Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique 19 (1978): 385–99.
Erdal, M. Die Sprache der wolgabolgarischen Inschriften. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1993.
Hakimzjanov, F. S. “New Volga Bulgarian Inscriptions.” Acta Orientalia 40, no. 1 (1986): 173–77.
Hrbek, I. “Bulghār.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed. Leiden: Brill, 1986, 1:1304–08.
Khalikov, A. H., and J. G. Muhametshin. “Unpublished Volga Bulgarian Inscriptions.” Acta Orientalia 31, no. 1 (1977): 107–25.
Mako, G. “The Islamization of the Volga Bulghars: A Question Reconsidered.” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 18 (2011): 199–223.
Noonan, Thomas S. “Volga Bulghāria’s Tenth-Century Trade with Sāmānid Central Asia.” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 11 (2000–2001): 140–218.
Smirnov, A. P. Volzhskie Bulgary. Moscow: Izdatelstvo Gosudarstvennogo istoricheskogo muzeĭà, 1951.
Vladimirov, G. “Histoire et culture de la Bulgarie de Volga (traits spécifiques).” Bulgarian Historical Review/Revue Bulgare d’Histoire 34, nos. 3–4 (2006): 3–24.
Zimonyi, I. The Origins of the Volga Bulghars. Szeged: Attila József University, 1990.
———. “Volga Bulghars and Islam.” In Bamberger Zentralasienstudien, edited by Ingeborg Baldauf and Michael Friederich, 235–40. Berlin: Schwarz, 1994.
The Rūsiyyah/Rūs
The identity of the people called al-Rūsiyyah or al-Rūs in Arabic writings has long been debated, not least with regard to the Slavic state that emerged in the course of the fourth/tenth century. In Ibn Faḍlān’s account, the Rūs are traders who set up camp in or near Bulghār territory, and he gives us a unique eyewitness description of their community that has inspired several studies.
Danylenko, A. “The Name ‘Rus’’: In Search of a New Dimension.” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 52 (2004): 1–32.
Duczko, W. Viking Rus: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe. Leiden: Brill, 2004.
*Franklin, S., and J. Shepard. The Emergence of Rus, 750–1200. London and New York: Longman, 1996.
Golden, P. B. “The Question of the Rus’ Qaǧanate.” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 2 (1982): 77–97 [reprinted as Article V in his Nomads and Their Neighbours].
———. “Rūs.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed. Leiden: Brill, 1995, 8:618–29.
Hraundal, Th. J. The Rūs in Arabic Sources: Cultural Contacts and Identity. PhD diss., University of Bergen, 2013.
Montgomery, J. E. “Ibn Faḍlān and the Rūsiyyah.” Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies 3 (2000): 1–25.
*———. “Arabic Sources on the Vikings.” In The Viking World, edited by S. Brink and N. Price, 550–61. Oxford and New York: Routledge, 2008.
———. “Vikings and Rus in Arabic Sources.” In Living Islamic History, edited by Y. Suleiman, 151–65. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010.
Noonan, Thomas S. “When Did Rūs/Rus’ Merchants First Visit Khazaria and Baghdad?” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 7 (1987–91): 213–19.
A large part of Ibn Faḍlān’s description of the Rūs describes an intriguing, if violent, funerary ceremony:
Lewicki, T. “Les rites funéraires païens des Slavs occidentaux et des anciens russes d’après les relations—remontant surtout aux IX-Xe siècles—des voyageurs et des écrivains arabes.” Folia Orientalia 5 (1963): 1–74.
Price, N. “Passing into Poetry: Viking Age Mortuary Drama and the Origins of Norse Mythology.” Medieval Archaeology 54 (2010): 123–57.
Sass, T., and M. L. Warmind. “Mission Saqaliba.” Chaos 11 (1989): 31–49.
Schjødt, J. P. “Ibn Faḍlān’s Account of a Rus Funeral: To What Degree Does It Reflect Nordic Myths?” In Reflections on Old Norse Myths, edited by P. Hermann, J. P. Schjødt, and R. T. Kristensen, 133–48. Turnhout: Brepols, 2007.
*Taylor, T. The Buried Soul: How Humans Invented Death. London: Beacon Press, 2002 [the relevant sections are pp. 86–112 and 170–93].
The Khazars
The empire of the Khazar khāqān emerged in the early first/seventh century and remained the most important entity on the Eurasian steppe for many centuries. Occasional allies of Byzantium, the Khazars fought off Muslim advances via the Caucasus in the first/seventh and second/eighth centuries, subsequently maintaining a more peaceful relationship with the caliphate, conducted mainly through trade. The Arabic sources state that, at some point, the elite surrounding the house of the khāqān converted to Judaism.
Barthold, W., and P. B. Golden. “Khazar.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed. Leiden: Brill, 1997, 2:1172–81.
*Brook, Kevin A. The Jews of Khazaria. Northvale, NJ: Aronson, 1999.
———. “Khazar-Byzantine Relations.” In The Turks. Vol. 1, Early Ages, edited by Hasan Celâl Güzel, C. Cem Oğuz, and Osman Karatay, 509–14. Ankara: Yeni Türkiye, 2002.
Czeglédy, K. “Khazar Raids in Transcaucasia in AD 762–764.” Acta Orientalia 11, no. 1 (1960): 75–88.
———. “Notes on Some Problems of the Early Khazar History.” In Trudy Dvadtsat’ pyatogo Mezhdunarodnogo Kongressa Vostokovedov, Moskva 1960, edited by B. G. Gafurov, vol. 3, 336–38. Moscow: Izdatelstvo Vostochnoi Literatury, 1963.
*Dunlop, D. M. The History of the Jewish Khazars. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1954.
Flyorova, V. E. Obrazy i siuzhety mifologii Khazarii [The Images and Topics of Khazarian Mythology]. Jerusalem: Gesharim and Moscow: Mosty Kulʹtury: Evreĭskiĭ universitet v Moskve, 2001.
Golden, Peter B. Khazar Studies: An Historico-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazars. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1980.
———. “Khazaria and Judaism.” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 3 (1983): 127–56 [reprinted as Article III in his Nomads and their Neighbours].
———. “Some Notes on the Comitatus in Medieval Eurasia with Special Reference to the Khazars.” Histoire Russe 28, no. 1 (2001), 153–70.
———. Nomads and Their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs. Aldershot: Variorum, 2003.
———. “Irano-Turcica: The Khazar Sacral Kingship Revisited.” Acta Orientalia 60, no. 2 (2007): 161–94 [reprinted as Article X in his Turks and Khazars].
———. Turks and Khazars: Origins, Institutions, and Interactions in Pre-Mongol Eurasia. Aldershot: Variorum, 2010.
Klyashtorny, S. G. “About One Khazar Title in Ibn Faḍlān.” Manuscripta Orientalia 3, no. 3 (1997): 22–23.
Mako, G. “The Possible Reasons for the Arab-Khazar Wars.” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 17 (2010): 45–57.
Mason, R. A. E. “The Religious Beliefs of the Khazars.” Ukrainian Quarterly 51, no. 4 (1995): 383–415.
Naimushin, B. “Khazarskii kaganat i vostochnaia Evropa: Stolkovenia mezhdu ‘kochevnikami stepei’ i ‘kochevnikami rek’” [The Khazar Kaghanate and Eastern Europe: Collision between the “Nomads of the Steppe” and the “Nomads of the Rivers”]. In Bâlgari i Xazari: Prez Rannoto Srednovekovie, edited by Tsvetelin Stepanov, 142–58. Sofia: TANGRA, 2003.
Noonan, T. S. “What Does Historical Numismatics Suggest about the History of Khazaria in the Ninth Century?” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 3 (1983): 265–81.
———. “Why Dirhams First Reached Russia: The Role of Arab-Khazar Relations in the Development of the Earliest Islamic Trade with Eastern Europe.” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 4 (1984): 151–282 [reprinted as Article II in his The Islamic World].
———. “Khazaria as an Intermediary between Islam and Eastern Europe in the Second Half of the Ninth Century: The Numismatic Perspective.” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 5 (1985): 179–204.
———. “Byzantium and the Khazars: A Special Relationship?” In Byzantine Diplomacy: Papers from the Twenty-Fourth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Cambridge, March 1990, edited by J. Shepard and S. Franklin, 109–32. Aldershot: V
ariorum, 1992.
———. “The Khazar Economy.” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9 (1995–97): 253–318.
———. “The Khazar-Byzantine World of the Crimea in the Early Middle Ages: The Religious Dimension.” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 10 (1999): 207–30.
———. “Nomads and Sedentarists in a Multi-Ethnic Empire: The Role of the Khazars in the Khazar Khaganate.” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 15 (2006–7): 107–24.
Olsson, J. “Coup d’état, Coronation and Conversion: Some Reflections on the Adoption of Judaism by the Khazar Khaganate.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 23, no. 4 (2013): 495–526.
Pletneva, S. Ocherki Khazarskoĭ arkheologii [Essays on Khazar Archaeology]. Jerusalem: Gesharim and Moscow: Mosty Kulʹtury, 1999. [A collection of Pletneva’s important contributions to Khazar archaeology, with an afterword in English by Vladimir Petrukhin.]
Polgár, S. “A Contribution to the History of the Khazar Military Organization: The Strengthening of the Camp.” Acta Orientalia 58, no. 2 (2005): 197–204.
Romashov, S. A. “Istoricheskaya geografia khazarskogo kaganata (V-XIII vv) [The Historical Geography of the Khazar Kaghanate (5th-13th c.)].” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 11 (2000–1): 219–338.
Shapira, D. “Two Names of the First Khazar Jewish Beg.” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 10 (1999): 231–41.
Shepard, J. “The Khazars’ Formal Adoption of Judaism and Byzantium’s Northern Policy.” Oxford Slavonic Papers 31 (1998): 11–34.
Togan, A. Zeki Velidi. “Völkerschaften des Chazarenreiches im neunten Jahrhundert.” In Texts and Studies on the Historical Geography and Topography of Northern and Eastern Europe, edited by Fuat Sezgin, with M. Amawi, C. Ehrig-Eggert, and E. Neubauer, vol. 3, 302–38. Frankfurt am Main: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 1994.
Zadeh, M. S. “Khazars in Islamic Sources.” Amu Darya 4, no. 6 (2000): 273–96.
Zuckermann, C. “On the Origin of the Khazar Diarchy and the Circumstances of Khazaria’s Conversion to Judaism.” In The Turks. Vol. 1, Early Ages, edited by H. Celâl Güzel, C. Cem Oğuz, and O. Karatay, 516–23. Ankara: Yeni Türkiye, 2002.
INDEX
The index that appeared in the print version of this title was intentionally removed from the eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Abbasids
Abbasid caliph
ʿAbdallāh ibn Bāshtū al-Khazarī
Abū Bakr
Abū Ṭāhir Sulaymān
Adhl
adultery
Āfr*n
Afshīn, Muḥammad ibn Abī l-Sāj al
Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī
Aḥmad ibn Faḍlān ibn al-ʿAbbās ibn Rāshid ibn Ḥammād
Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal
Aḥmad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārazmī
Akhtī
Alexander the Great
ʿAlī al-Riḍā, mausoleum of, in Mashhad
ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib
Almish Son of Shilkī. See al-Ḥasan Son of Yilṭawār
Amu Darya. See Jayḥūn
Āmul
Angel of Death
Arabs
Arboreal Mansion
Ardkwā
Ardn
Armenia
Arthakhushmīthan
Askil
Atrak Son of al-Qaṭaghān
Azerbaijan
Azkhn
Baghdad. See also Madīnat al-Salām; City of Peace
Bājāʿ
Bajanāk
bāk
bakand
Banderas, Antonio
Baranjār, al
Barbahāri, al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī Khalaf al
Bārs al-Ṣaqlābī
Bāshghird
Baykand
Bāynāj
Bghndī
Bīr tankrī
Black Stone
Blṭwār. See Yilṭawār Bnāsnh
Bukhara
Bulghār. See also Ṣaqālibah, King of
burial
Byzantines
camels
Caine, Michael
capital punishment
Carnehan, Peachey
Caspian Sea
Christians
City of Peace. See also Baghdad; Madīnat al-Salām
Coetzee, J.M.
Columbus, Christopher
Commander of the Faithful
Connery, Sean
cotton
Crichton, Michael
criminals, punishment of
dāʿī
Dāmghān, al
Dampier, William
dānaq
Dār al-Bābūnj
Daskarah, al
Daylam, Daylamites
Dhu l-Qaʿdah
dinar
dirham
Dom Manuel of Portugal
Drahot, Daniel
Egypt
elephants
eunuchs
Faḍl ibn Mūsā al-Naṣrānī, al
Falūs
farsakh
Faṭimids
fish
fort
funerary practices and rituals. See also burial
fur and fur trade
Frye, Richard N.
Garden, The
Gate of the Turks
ghiṭrīfī dirham
Ghuzziyyah
giant
Gifts (official)
Gog and Magog
gold
Golden, Peter B.
Greeks
Ḥallāj, Abū Mughīth al-Ḥusayn ibn Manṣūr al
Hamadhān
Ḥamdanids
Ḥāmid ibn al-ʿAbbās
Ḥammawayh Kūsā
Ḥanbalism, Ḥanbalites
hanging
Harlan, Josiah
Hārūn al-Rashīd
Ḥasan ibn al-Qāsim, al
Ḥasan Son of Yilṭawār, al. See also Bulghār, King of, and Ṣaqālibah, King of
honey, honey-wine
horses
Ḥulwān
Huston, John
Ibn Faḍlān, Aḥmad. See Aḥmad ibn Faḍlān
Ibn al-Furāt
Ibn Qārin
idolaters
inheritance laws
instructors
intercourse, illicit
Iran
iron
Islam
Ismāʿīl ibn Aḥmad
Itil
Jaʿfar
Jākhā
Jākhsh
Jām
Jāwashīghar
Jāwshīn
Jāwshīr
Jāwshīz
Jayhānī, al
Jayḥūn
Jaykh
Jesus
Jews
Jīt
Jrmsān
jurists
Jurjān
Jurjāniyyah, al
Kaaba
Kama
Karakum desert
Kardaliyyah, al
khadhanj
khadhank
khalanj
khāqān
Khāqān Bih
Khaz
Khazars
Khazars, land of the
Khljh
Khurasan
Khuwār al-Rayy
Khwārazm
khwārazm-shāh
Kījlū
Kipling, R.
Knāl
kūdharkīn
Kundur Khāqān
lightning
Līlī ibn Nuʿmān
Lunde, Paul
Macintyre, B.
Madīnat al-Salām. See also Baghdad and City of Peace
Majūs. See also Zoroastrians
Man Who Would Be King, The
manslaughter
al-Manṣūr
market
marriage customs
Marw
Marwazī,
al
Mashhad manuscript
medication
merchants
Miskawayh
Mongols
mosque
Muḥammad, Prophet
Muḥammad ibn ʿIrāq. See also khwārazm-shāh
Muḥammad ibn Sulaymān
Muharram, al
Muktafī, al
mules
munāẓarah
Muqtadir, al. See also Commander of the Faithful
muṣādarah
musayyabī dinar
musk
Nadhīr al-Ḥaramī
Nahrawān
Naṣr ibn Aḥmad
New Voyage Round the World
Nishapur
Onyx (Yemeni)
Oxus. See Jayḥūn
pearls
pederasty
pepper
Phallus-worship
Polo, Marco
prayer, call to; prayer times
prostration (among Bulghārs)
prostration (among Khazars)
prostration (among Ghuzziyah)
Qarākhazar
Qarmaṭians
Qaṭaghān, al-. See Atrak Son of al-Qaṭaghān
Qirmīsīn
Qurʾan
Qushmahān
Rāḍī, al
Rafts (of camel-skin)
raṭl
Rayy
rhinoceros
rice
Rørik’s Hill-fort
Rūsiyyah/Rūs; King of; Rūs deities
Safar
Ṣaffarids
Samanids
samarqandī dirham
Ṣaqālibah; King of
Sarakhs
Sarakhs-Baykand (military district)
Sarkel on the Don
Saul (Bulghār convert to Islam)
Sāwah
Sawsan al-Rassī
Shaʿbān
Shawwal
Shiʿah
Shiraz
silk
silver
Simnān
Sind
Sīstān
slaves
Smwr
Stone, Caroline
Sūḥ
sujū
Ṣuʿlūk
Suwāz
synagogue
Syria
Ṭabarī, Muḥammad ibn Jarīr al
Ṭabaristān
ṭāgh
Ṭāhir ibn ʿAlī
Tailor (of the King of the Bulghārs)
Takīn al-Turkī
ṭanbur
Ṭarkhān
ṭāzijah
tent.See also yurt
Mission to the Volga Page 17
