McDonald, Arthur B. 245
McNair, Ron 265
Melipona domestica 23
mesons 41
Messier 80 61, 61
microstate 181–2, 183
microwaves 235
Mie scattering 261
Mie, Gustav 261
Miller, Stanley 176, 177, 178, 179, 179, 196–7, 202
Milton, John: Paradise Lost 151
Mimas 56
Mitchell, Edgar 80
Monet, Claude: Coquelicots (Poppies) 80, 81, 127; Poppy Field (Giverny) 134, 134–5, 135
Moon 42; formation of 102–5; lunar eclipse and 258–9, 258–9, 260; tides on Earth and 116–17, 120, 121, 122, 122, 124, 124
morphology diagram 75, 75
motion 78–147; formation of Earth see Earth; inertia and 83, 88, 91, 93, 126; Newton’s laws of 51, 71, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 110, 117, 127, 136; reference frames and 88, 91, 109–10, 121, 124, 127, 129, 131, 134, 136, 143; seasons and orbit of Earth 92–101, 92, 94–5, 96, 97, 98–9, 100, 100–1, 101; spacetime and 47, 134–47; storms and orbit of Earth 106–15, 106–7, 108, 109, 110–11, 112–13, 114, 115, 124; Theory of Special Relativity and 30, 80, 88, 126–31, 134, 144; tides and orbit of Earth 116–25, 116, 117, 118–19, 120, 121, 122–3, 124, 125, 125
Mount Ijen volcano, Indonesia 154–5, 155, 156, 156–7
muon neutrino 40, 245
Mycoplasma 180
N
NASA 42, 108, 114, 152, 183, 202, 209, 224, 228, 237, 249, 265, 274
natural selection 22, 23, 24, 26–7, 62, 63, 67, 69, 169, 175, 183, 187, 195, 198, 237, 268
Neptune 209, 210
neutrino 40, 40, 229, 244–7
neutron 28, 35, 40, 41, 103, 155, 158, 171, 227, 229, 257, 271
New Horizons 95
Newton, Isaac 82, 84, 135, 138; absolute time and 126, 127, 135, 136; Law of Universal Gravitation 16, 47, 49, 51, 53–4, 56, 60, 71, 93, 95, 117, 121, 121, 124; Newton’s Constant 47, 109; Opticks 229; Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica 47, 51, 82, 83, 83, 93, 127, 161, 162; rainbow colours, discovers origin of 217, 220; three laws of motion 51, 71, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 93, 110, 117, 119, 121, 124, 127, 128–9, 131
Nobel Prize in Physics: 1909 237; 1921 129, 242; 1926 28; 1965 242; 1969 41; 2015 245, 247
nuclear box 30, 33
nuclear fusion 229, 244–5
nuclear physics 224–5, 226–9, 244–5
O
oceans: colour and 250–7, 250, 251, 252–3, 254, 255; symmetry in 72; tides 115, 116–25, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122–3, 124, 125
octopus, bilateral symmetry 72, 72
Olympus Mons 53, 53, 54–5, 56
Omega-minus 41
Oparin, Alexander: ‘The Origin of Life’ 175–6
Orwell, George: Politics and the English Language 37; ‘Some Thoughts on the Common Toad’ 104–5
oxidation reaction 188, 188–9, 189
oxygen 28, 30, 30, 31, 33, 35, 42, 67, 103, 151, 158, 171, 175, 183, 188, 189, 190, 195, 229, 254–5, 257, 260, 265, 266, 268, 274
P
P680 reaction centre 266, 268
P700 reaction centre 266, 268
Pais, Abraham 240
Pale Blue Dot 209, 209, 211, 213, 257, 275
Pallas (asteroid) 56
Papas of Alexandria 23
particle physics 35, 40, 41, 245 see also under individual area of particle physics
Pasteur, Louis 175–6, 176, 177
Pauli exclusion principle 30, 229
Penrose tiling 24
periodic table 155, 156, 158, 158
Perkins, George Henry 16
Perrin, Jean Baptiste 28
Phobetor 271
Phobos 50, 51, 51, 56, 57
photoelectric effect 242
photons 36, 37, 39, 40, 139, 186, 211, 241, 242, 254, 255, 257, 259, 260–1, 265, 266
photosynthesis 176, 186, 187, 190, 195, 198, 265, 265, 266, 267, 267, 268, 268, 269, 274
photosystem 1 265, 266, 266
photosystem 2 265, 266, 266
Pioneer 10 95, 97
Pioneer 11 95
pions 41
Planck, Max 47, 239, 240–1, 240, 242; Planck’s Constant 239–42, 242; Planck temperature 47
Planetary nebula 180, 181
planetesimals 49, 51
planets: discovery of new 271, 271; formation of 49, 50, 51, 51
plants, colour of 264–9, 264, 265, 266, 267
Plato 71, 163
Platonic solids 71
Poltergeist 271
Pomeranchuk, Isaak 35
Pomeron 35, 39
positron 229
Pouillet, Claude 224
Priestley, Joseph 28
proton 28, 30, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42, 155, 158, 190–1, 195, 197, 198, 227, 229, 235, 246, 257, 266
protoplanetary disc 49, 50, 61, 61
PSR B1257+12 B 271
Ptolemy 82, 82, 107, 213
pulsar 271
Pythagoras 71, 136, 147
Q
Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) 39
Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) 39, 242
quantum physics 28, 30, 33, 39, 47, 49, 54, 75, 91, 144, 158, 183, 229, 239, 240, 242, 243, 244, 255 see also under individual area of quantum physics
Quantum Universe, The (Cox & Forshaw) 30
quarks 37, 39, 40, 40, 41, 41, 155, 227, 229
R
radial symmetry 72, 73
radio transmission 237
radio waves 209, 235, 237
rainbows 91, 212–21, 216, 217, 218, 219, 259, 261, 275
Rayleigh scattering 260–1, 261
Rayleigh-Jeans law 239
Rayleigh, Lord (John William Strutt) 260
reanimation 162, 162, 163, 163, 167
red dwarf 271, 274
redox reactions 188, 190, 191, 195
reference frame 88, 91, 109–10, 121, 124, 127, 129, 131, 136, 143
relativity: Theory of General Relativity 47, 56, 88, 144, 168; Theory of Special Relativity 30, 80, 88, 126–31, 134, 144 see also Einstein, Albert
respiratory chain 190–1, 195, 198
Rho 41
Riccioli, Giovanni 107; Almagestum Novum (New Almagest) 107, 108, 109, 110, 111
Rosetta spacecraft 51
Royal Institution 131
Royal Society 109, 131
Rubens, Heinrich 239, 240
runaway accretion 49
Rutherford, Ernest 225
S
Sagan, Carl 209, 210, 211, 213
Saturn 97, 151, 173; Cassini spacecraft and 202–3; moons 202–3, 202, 203, 209, 220–1, 222, 222; Voyager missions and 202 209
scaling violation 39
Schrödinger, Erwin 30, 183
Schwinger, Julian 242
Scorpius, constellation of 61, 61
Scott, Sir Walter 167
Sea of Cortez 194–5, 195, 196
seasons 92–101, 92, 94–5, 96, 97, 98–9, 100, 100–1, 101
see-saw mechanism 246
Selene 103
Shelley, Mary: Frankenstein 160, 160, 167, 168, 179, 189
Sigmas 41
Sirius B 228, 228
sky, light and 258–61, 258–9, 260, 261, 262, 263, 263
Snell’s law/Snell-Descartes law 219
snowflake: structure of 16, 16, 17, 18–19, 19, 26, 28, 28, 41, 74, 75–7, 75, 76–7
Space Shuttle Atlantis 114, 224, 224
spacetime 47, 134–47
Special Relativity, Theory of 30, 80, 88, 126–31, 134, 144
Spherical Bastard 69
Spilker, Linda 203
spin, subatomic particles and 30
square-cube law 64
Standard model particles 246
Stokes, George Gabriel 221
storms 106–15, 106–7, 108, 109, 110–11, 112–13, 114, 115, 124
strange quark 41
strong nuclear force 35, 39, 40, 40, 41, 75, 109, 225, 229
Sun: age of 169, 224, 225; colour and 213: coronal mass ejec
tions/solar flares 226, 226–7; emission of light 224; formation of 49; nuclear physics of 226–7, 226–7, 228, 228, 229, 244–5; neutrino, solar 244–7; planets move in elliptical orbits around 16, 82, 82, 83, 83; solar constant 224; solar energy, harnessing the power of 225, 225; solar spectrum 242, 242; source of power output 224–5, 226–7; why does it shine? 222–3, 224–9, 224, 225
Suomi-NPP satellite 249
Super Moon, The 259
Super-Kamiokande Neutrino Detector, Japan 246, 246–7
‘super-multiplets’ 41, 41
surface-area-to-volume ratio 69
symmetry 14–77, 127–8; discs and 60–1; fundamental forces of nature and 34–41; honeycomb structure and 22–4, 22, 23, 26–7, 26, 27; shapes and sizes of life and 62–9; spherical nature of Earth and 42–61; snowflake structure and 16, 16, 17, 18–19, 19, 26, 28, 28, 41, 74, 75–7, 75, 76–7; symmetry and symmetry breaking in nature 70–2; water molecule and 28, 29, 30, 30, 31, 31, 33, 75, 76
synapse 166–7, 167
Szent-Gyorgi, Albert 189, 265
T
Tarragona Castells competition, Spain 43, 44–5, 46–7, 47, 51–2
Tasiilaq, Greenland 95–6, 98, 100–1, 101
tau neutrino 245
Tegetmeier, William Bernhardt 23
Thales of Miletus 37
Theia 103
Theodoric of Freiberg: De iride et radialibus impressionibus 214
thermodynamics 69, 179, 180–7, 181, 182, 191, 195
Thingvellir, Iceland 250, 251, 251, 252–3, 253
tides 116–25, 116, 117, 118–19, 120, 121, 122–3, 124, 125, 125
time 80–1, 126, 127, 135, 136; absolute time and 126, 127, 135, 136; inertia and 83, 88, 91, 93, 126; Newton’s laws of motion and 51, 71, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 110, 117, 127, 136; reference frames and 88, 91, 109–10, 121, 124, 127, 129, 131, 134, 136, 143; relativity and see relativity; time dilation 135, 136; spacetime 47, 134–47; ‘timelike separated’ events 143, 144, 147 see also motion
TIROS-3 satellite 108, 109
Titan 56, 57, 209, 220, 221–2, 221, 222
Tomonaga, Sin-Itiro 242
Torre degli Asinelli drop-experiment, Bologna, 109
tower, maximum height of 51–2
Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite 274
Triton 209
Tyndall, John 175
U
ultraviolet catastrophe 239–41
undulatory (wave) theory of 221
University College London 202, 271
Ununoctium 158
up quark 39, 40, 41, 155, 227, 229
Uranus 209, 210
Urey, Harold 176, 177, 179, 196–7, 202
V
Varro, Marcus Terentius 24
Viking 1 orbiter 51
Vitruvius: De architectura 71
Volt 131
Volta, Alessandro 131, 231
Voyager spacecraft 208, 209, 210, 211, 211; Voyager 1 95, 96, 97, 209; Voyager 2 95, 209
W
W and Z bosons 40
water: absorption of light 250, 251, 251, 252–3, 253, 254–5, 254–5, 256, 257, 257; structure of water molecule 28, 29, 30, 30, 31, 31, 33, 75, 76
Watson, James 176, 178, 178, 179
weak nuclear force 40, 40, 41, 75, 109, 227
weather systems 109–15, 110–11, 112–13, 114, 115
Weinberg, Steve 54
Western Australia 170–1, 171, 172, 173
Weyl, Harmann 80, 140
white dwarf 228, 228, 229
Wigner, Eugene 231
Wilson, Edward O. 37
Withnail and I (movie) 81
X
X-rays 235
Y
yellow dwarf 271
Young, Thomas 221, 221
Z
Z-scheme 265–6, 266
zircon 170–1, 171, 172, 173
Zweig, George 41
Zwicky, Fritz 69
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Acknowledgements
Forces of Nature has been a long time in the making. Since January 2014 a world-class team led by Danielle Peck and Giselle Corbett have shown huge intellectual and creative ambition and a large dose of stoicism to deliver the television series that accompanies this book. We’d like to thank everyone involved in the production for the endless commitment they have given to the project.
Forces of Nature Page 25
