CAadd. ms. copy 12845.
1. Quoted in Fregault, Canada, p. 257.
2. "Notes Sur le Fort Jacques-Cartier," Bulletin des Recherches Historiques 17 (1911): 290-92.
3. Townsend to Amherst, October 7, 1759, Richard Middleton, ed., Amherst and the Fall of Canada (London: Army Records Society, 2003), pp. 121—22.
4. Oliver Warner, With Wolfe to Quebec (London: History Book Club, 1972), pp. 185-98.
5. Horace Walpole, Memoirs of the Reign of King George the Second, 3 vols. (London: Henry Colburn, 1846), 3:229.
6. "Operations of the Army Under M. Montcalm Before Quebec," NYCD, 10:1033; Colin G. Calloway, The Western Abnakis of Vermont, 1600—1800 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990), p. 175; Timothy J. Todish, ed., Annotated and Illustrated Journals of Robert Rogers (Fleischmans, N.Y.: Purple Mountain Press, 2002), p. 171.
7. Amherst to Rogers, September 13, 1759, Todish, Journals of Robert Rogers, pp. 170—71; J. Clarence Webster, ed., The Journal of Jeffrey Amherst (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1981), p. 168; Lawrence Shaw Mayo, JeffreyAmherst: A Biography (New York: Longmans, Green, 1916), p. 158.
8. Sources differ on the actual date of the attack. Todish, Journals of Major Robert Rogers, p. 172.
9. Ibid., pp. 172-73.
10. Ibid., p. 186.
11. Ibid., 187.
12. Thomas Mante, The History of the Late War in North America (London: W. Strahan, 1772), p. 223.
13. T. D. Seymour Bassett, ed., "A Ballad of Rogers' Retreat, 1759," Vermont History 46 (1978): 22.
14. See, for example, M. de Vaudreuil to M. Berryer, September 21, 1759, NYCD, 10:1010-11.
15. Richard Pares, "American Versus Continental Warfare, 1789—1763," English Historical Review 51 (1936): 4532 Herbert W. Richmond, "The Influence of Sea-Power on the Struggle with France in North America and India," National Review 75 (1920): 410; Julian S. Corbett, England in the Seven Years War, 2 vols. (London: Longmans, Green, 1907), 2:81-70; Geoffrey Marcus, Quiberon Bay Campaign in Home Waters, 1759 (London: Hill and Carter, 1960), passim.
16. Corbett, England in the Seven Years War, 2:53.
17. Gentlemen's Magazine, December 1759, p. 557.
18. Quoted in Corbett, England in the Seven Years War, 2:64—65.
19. Quoted in ibid., 2:69.
20. Gentlemen's Magazine, December 1759, p. 557.
21. Horace Walpole to George Montagu, October 21, 1759, W. S. Lewis, ed., Horace Walpole's Correspondence with George Montagu, 2 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1941), 2:251.
22.H. C. Wylly, History of the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, 6 vols. (London: P. Lund, Humphries, 1926), 1:48-49.
23. John Zephaniah Holwell, A Genuine Narrative of the Deplorable Deaths of the English Gentlemen, and Others, Who Were Suffocated in the Black Hole in Fort William at Calcutta... (London: A Millar, 1758); J. H. Little, "The Black Hole—The Question of Holwell's Veracity," in Bengal: Past and Present: Journal of the Calcutta Historical Society, 12 (1916), part 1, serial 23:32—42, 186—171.
24. Gentlemen s Magazine, 1758, p. 262.
25. James L. A. Webb, Jr., "The Mid Eighteenth Century Gum Arabic Trade and the Conquest of Saint-Louis Senegal, 1758, "Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 25 (1997): 87-58; Kate Hot-black, Chatham's Colonial Policy (London: Routledge, 1917), pp. 32-35.
26. Pitt to Cumming, February 9, 1757, William Stanhope Taylor and Captain John Henry Pringle, eds., Correspondence of William Pitt, 4 vols. (London: John Murray, i838), 1:221-222.
27. Early in 1759 a British squadron under Commodore Augustus Keppel succeeded in taking the island.
28. The standard work on this subject remains Richard Pares, War Trade in the West Indies, 1739-1763 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936).
29. Mante, History of the Late War in North America, pp. 163-70; Marshall Smelser, The Campaign for the Sugar Islands (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1955), p. 19.
30. Mante, History of the Late War in North America, p. 164.
31. Smelser, Campaignfor the Sugar Islands, p. 52.
32. Ibid., pp. 52, 56, 65.
33. Smelser, Campaign for the Sugar Islands, p. 86.
34. Mante, History of the Late War in North America, p. 175.
35. Ibid., p. 177; Smelser, Campaign for the Sugar Islands, pp. 96—97.
36. Arthur G. Doughty, ed., An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North America, 3 vols. (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1914), 2:248.
37. J. Desbruyeres to Amherst, May 20, 1760, The Northcliffe Collection (Ottawa: F. A. Acland, 1926), pp. 426-29; Reginald H. Mahon, Life of General the Hon James Murray (London: John Murray, 1921), pp. 206-15.
38. Fregault, Canada, p. 272.
39. The events of spring 1760 are well chronicled in a to-date unpublished essay by Ian McCulloch, " 'From April Battles and Murrays Generals, Good Lord deliever me!': The Battle of Sillery, 28 April 1760." I thank him for sharing this essay with me.
40. Doughty, An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North America, 2:852.
41. Ibid., 384.
42. Ibid., 386.
43. Murray to Pitt, May 25, 1760, Gertrude S. Kimball, ed., Correspondence of William Pitt, When Secretary of State, With Colonial Governors and Military and Naval Commissioners in America, 2 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1906), p. 294.
44. Ibid.
45. Lawrence to Pitt, May 11, 1760, ibid., 2:284.
46. Journal of the Battle of Sillery and siege of Quebec, NYCD, 10:1088.
47. Murray to Amherst, May 19, 1760, CAadd. ms. copy 12638.
48. Edward P. Hamilton, ed., Adventure in the Wilderness: The American Journals of Louis Antoine de Bougainville, 1756-1760 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964), p. 326.
49. Pierre Pouchot, Memoires sur la derniere guerre de VAmerique septentrionale, entre la France et l'Angleterre, 3 vols. (Yverdom n.p., 1781), 1:238, 2:105.
50. Amherst to Pitt, July 13, 1759, CAadd. ms. copy 12845.
51. William Johnson to Pitt, Fort Johnson, October 24, 1760, James Sullivan, ed., The Papers of Sir William Johnson, 14 vols. (Albany: University of the State of New York, 1921-65), 8:269-75.
52. Amherst to Monckton, August 26, 1760. Collections of the MHS, 4th series, 9:807? Webster, The Journal of Jeffrey Amherst, pp. 231—32.
53. Pouchot, Memoires, 2:28.
54. Mante, History of the Late War in North America, p. 306.
55. Webster, Journal of Jeffrey Amherst, pp. 242-45.
56. Amherst to Pitt, September 8, 1760, Kimball, Correspondence of William Pitt, 2:329-33.
57. Doughty, An Historical Journal, 2:561; Webster, Journal of Jeffrey Amherst, pp. 245-46.
58. Amherst to Haldimand, September 9, 1760, Report of the Public Archives of Canada (1884), p. 7.
59. Webster, Journal of Jeffrey Amherst, p. 247.
12. Pitt Departs, the War Expands
Epigraph. English Historical Review 21 (1906) : 132.
1. Indian Conference, Montreal, September 16, 1760, James Sullivan, ed., The Papers of Sir William Johnson, 14 vols. (Albany: University of the State of New York, 1921-65), 13:163-66.
2. Ibid.
3. Julian P. Boyd, ed., Susquehanna Company Papers, n vols. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1930—71), 2:138—39.
4. Meeting at Easton with Delawares, Papers of Sir William Johnson, 3:771.
5. Ibid., 3:786.
6. Anthony F. C. Wallace, King of the Delawares: Teedyuscung, 1700-1763 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1949).
7. Henry Timberlake, The Memoirs of Lt. Henry Timberlake (London; Printed for the author, 1765), p. 74.
8. David H. Corkran, The Cherokee Frontier: Conflict and Survival, 1740-62 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962), p. 174.
9. Muskogean people of the southeast included a number of tribes. The largest were Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Creek, and Seminole.
10. The site of the fort and the Indian village is now covered by Lake Keowee, part of the Keowe
e Toxaway hydroelectric project.
11. Edward McCrady, History of South Carolina (New York: Macmillan, 1899), pp. 330—33.
12. Governor William Henry Lyttleton to William Pitt, December 29, 1759, Gertrude S. Kimball, ed., Correspondence of William Pitt, 2 vols. (New York: Macmillan), 2:230.
13. James C. Kelley, "Attakullakulla, "Journal of Cherokee Studies 3 (winter 1978): 2—84.
14. John Pearson to Lyttleton, February 8, 1760, William L. McDowell, ed., Documents Relating to Indian Affairs (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1970), pp. 495—96.
15. Alexander Milnto Lyttleton, February 24, 1760, ibid., p. 499.
16. Corkran, Cherokee Frontier, pp. 207—8; Charles H. Stewart, comp., The Service of British Regiments in Canada and North America (Ottawa: Department of National Defense Library, 1962), pp. 77, 322.
17. McDowell, Documents Relating to Indian Affairs, pp. xxxiii—xxxiv; John R. Maas, " 'All the Poor Province Could do': North Carolina and the Seven Years War, 1757—1762," North Carolina Historical Review79 (2002): 75.
18. Gentlemen's Magazine 30 (1760), p. 442.
19. Corkran, Cherokee Frontier, p. 245.
20. Journal of an expedition to South Carolina by Captain Christopher French, Journal of Cherokee Studies (1977): 275-301.
21. Pitt to Amherst, January 7, 1761, Kimball, Correspondence of William Pitt, 2:384.
22. Lawrence Shaw Mayo, Jeffrey Amherst: A Biography (New York: Longmans, Green, 1916), p. 197.
23. Pitt to Amherst, January 7, 1761, Kimball, Correspondence of William Pitt, 2:385.
24. By then, there had emerged a certain Louisbourg fellowship: Amherst, Wolfe, Murray, Monckton, Rollo, Holmes, and many junior officers.
25. Rollo to Pitt, June 8, 1761, Kimball, Correspondence of William Pitt, 2:440-43.
26. Horace Walpole, Memoirs of the Reign of King George the Second, 3 vols. (London: Henry Col-burn, i846), 3:302.
27. Adam Williamson notebook, CA roll A 573.
28. Julian S. Corbett, England in the Seven Years War, 2 vols. (London: Longmans, Green, 1907), 2:222; David Syrett, "The Methodology of British Amphibious Operations During the Seven Years War and American Wars," Mariners Mirror 58 (1922): 269-80.
29. Mante, History of the Late War in North America (London: Printed for W. Strahan, 1772), p. 356.
30. Corbett, England in the Seven Years War, 2:283n.
31. Geo. Fred, de Martens, comp., Recueil de Traites d Alliance, dePaix, de Treve... (Gottingue: Li-brairie de Dieterich, 1817), 1 : 16-28.
32. Minutes of cabinet meeting, October 2, 1761, English Historical Review 21 (1906): 130—32.
33. Stanley Ayling, The Elder Pitt, Earl of Chatham (New York: David McKay, 1971), p. 291.
34. Mante, History of the Late War in North America, p. 392.
35. Wolfe to Henrietta Wolfe, November 6, 1751, Robert Wright, The Life of Maj-Gen James Wolfe, 2 vols. (London: Chapman and Hall, 1864), 1:165.
36. Pocock's journal, March 5, 1760, David Syrett, ed., The Siege and Capture of Havana, 1762 (London: Navy Records Society, 1970), p. 57.
37. Rodney to Pocock, April 27, 1762, ibid., p. 98.
38. An Authentic Journal of the Siege of Havana by an Officer (London: T. Jeffreys, 1762), pp. 6—7.
39. Richard Pares, War and Trade in the West Indies, 1739—1763 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), pp. 592-93.
40. An Authentic Journal, pp. 9—10.
41. Captain Augustus Hervey to Pocock, July 1, 1762, Syrett, Siege and Capture of Havana, 1762, p. 217; journal of Lieutenant Colonel Patrick Mackellar, ibid., pp. 221, 223, 233.
42. The average monthly temperatures in Havana during the summer are: June, eighty degrees Fahrenheit; July, eighty-two degrees? and August, 82 degrees.
43. While eighteenth-century British troops may have been expected to get along with less, U.S. Army Field Manual FM 10-52, pp. 3-4, stipulates a requirement of 4.7 gallons of water per day per man. By this standard Albemarle would have been transporting at least 660 barrels (32 gallons each) every day.
44. Syrett, Siege and Capture of Havana, 1762, p. xxix.
45. Mante, History of the Late War in North America, p. 429—80.
46. Ibid., p. 431; An Authentic Journal, p. 24.
47. Mante, History of the Late Warin North America, p. 447.
48. King L. Parker, "Anglo American Wilderness Campaigning, 1754—1764: Logistical and Tactical Developments," Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1970, p. 295. When Israel Putnam's Connecticut Company arrived at Havana, they numbered 109 men. At the fall of the city, only 20 men were fit for duty. Thirteen had deserted, and the rest were dead, mostly from disease. Albert C. Bates, ed., Rolls of Connecticut Men in the French and Indian War, 1755—1762, 2 vols. (Hartford, 1905), 2:299—801.
49. Colonel Draper's Answer to the Spanish Arguments (London: J. Dodsley, 1764), p. 251.
50. William Amherst to Jeffrey Amherst, September 20, 1762. CAadd. ms. copy 12889.
13. The End, the Beginning
Epigraph. Memoirs of the Reign of King George the Third, 4 vols. (London: Richard Bentley, 1845), 1:136—37.
1. Quoted in Stanley Ayling, The Elder Pitt (New York: David McKay, 1976), p. 299; Walpole, Memoirs of the Reign of King George the Third, 1: 136—37.
2. Quoted in Ayling, The Elder Pitt, p. 301.
3. Quoted in Julian S. Corbett, England in the Seven Years War, 2 vols. (London: Longmans, Green, 1907), 2:358.
4. Full text of the treaty may be found in ibid., 2:877-390. A classic analysis of the treaty is presented by Richard Pares, War and Trade in the West Indies, 1739-1763 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), pp. 596-612.
5. Pares, War and Trade in the West Indies, pp. 216—26.
6. Walpole, Memoirs of the Reign of King George the Third, 1:223.
7. Ibid., 1:222.
8. Ibid., 1:223-24.
9. Ibid., 1:226.
10. John Brewer, The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1689—1783 (London: Unwin, 1989).
11. Quoted in Basil Williams, The Life of William Pitt Earl of Chatham, 2 vols. (London: Longmans, Green, 1913), 2:85.
12. Howard H. Peckham, Pontiac and the Indian Uprising (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1947), p. 70.
13. Campbell to Colonel Henry Bouquet, March 10, 1761, Sylvester K. Stevens and Donald H. Kent, eds., The Papers of Colonel Henry Bouquet, series 21646 (Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical Commission, 1941), pp. 62-63.
14. Amherst to Johnson, February 22, 1761, James Sullivan, ed., The Papers of Sir William Johnson, 14 vols. (Albany: University of the State of New York, 1921-65), 3:345.
15. Amherst to Johnson, August 9, 1761, ibid., 3:515.
16. Quoted in Francis Jennings, Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies and Tribes in the Seven Years War inuimerica (New York: Norton, 1988), p. 442.
17. Quoted in Daniel K. Richter, Facing East From Indian Country (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), p. 196.
18. Timothy J. Todish, ed., The Annotated and Illustrated Journals of Major Robert Rogers (Fleischmanns, N.Y.: Purple Mountain Press, 2002), p. 217.
19. Major Henry Gladwin to Amherst, May 14, 1763, in Francis Parkman Papers, MHS, 22:37—40.
20. Captain Etherington to Major Henry Gladwin, Michilimackinac, June 12, 1763, ibid., 22:101-5.
21. Amherst to Gladwin, June 22, 1763, ibid., 22:190.
22. Amherst to Captain Lieutenant Valentine Gardner, August 10, 1763, ibid., 22:413—14.
23. Jennings, Empire of Fortune, p. 447.
24. Bouquet to Amherst, August 5, 1763, Stevens and Kent, Papers of Colonel Henry Bouquet, Series 21653, p. 208.
25. Clarence W Alvord, The Illinois Country, 1673—1818 (Springfield: Illinois Centennial Commission, 1920), p. 241.
26. Peckham, Pontiac and the Indian Uprising, p. 236.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid., pp. 237-38.
29. John R. Alden, General Gage in America (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1948), pp
. 89-94.
30. Thomas Mante, The History of the Late War in North America (London: W. Strahan, 1772), p. 510.
31. Gage to William Johnson, September 2, 1764, Sullivan, Papers of Sir William Johnson, 11:844.
32. Mante, History of the Late War in North America, p. 536.
33. Ibid., p. 539.
34. Bouquet to Gage, November 15, 1764, Stevens and Kent, Papers of Colonel Henry Bouquet, Series 21653, p. 326.
35. Johnson to Lords of Trade, August 20, 1766, NYCD, 7:851.
36. Peckham, Pontiac and the Indian Uprising, p. 297.
Epilogue
1. DNB, 8:558.
2. DNB, 8:558.
Empires at War Page 39
