by Willis, Sam
Pasley, Sea Journals, 142, 167.
24
Pasley, Sea Journals, 168–70.
25
Pasley, Sea Journals, 162.
26
A. B. Smith, ‘French Period’.
27
Ekins, Naval Battles, 115.
28
Ekins, Naval Battles, 117.
29
Dull, French Navy, 246.
30
Abbatista, ‘Edmund Burke’, 10–11.
31
Tilley, British Navy, 239.
32
Baugh, ‘Superior Subordinate’, 303–4; Jamieson, ‘Leeward Islands’, 243.
33
Tilley, British Navy, 240.
34
Tilley, British Navy, 240.
35
Shea, French Fleet, 31.
36
Shea, French Fleet, 30–5, 148.
37
Ekins, Naval Battles, 111.
38
APDE: C. Dumas to J. Adams, 3 July 1781.
39
APDE: B. Franklin to J. Adams, 11 May 1781.
40
APDE: J. Adams to the President of Congress, 29 May 1781.
41
Dull, French Navy, 254.
42
APDE: J. Adams to J. Warren, 18 March 1781.
43
Ramsay, Life, 103.
44
Jamieson, ‘Leeward Islands’, 48.
45
Knight, Portsmouth Dockyard Papers, xvii.
46
Knight, Portsmouth Dockyard Papers, liv–lv.
47
APDE: J. Adams to the President of Congress, 29 May 1781.
30 Allied Success
1
The maritime aspects of the siege are interesting and can be followed in Crawford, ‘Naval Conquest’, 6–8, 16; Caughey, Gálvez, 201–4; Servies, Log, 21, 163, 169. For the French loan of ships, see Dull, French Navy, 234.
2
Lassiter, ‘Arnold’s Invasion of Virginia’, 82.
3
Anon, ‘Arnold’s Invasion’, 131; Selby, Virginia, 224.
4
Paullin, Navy, 414.
5
Linder, Tidewater’s Navy, 18; Fallaw and Stoer, ‘Old Dominion’, 468; Goldenberg and Stoer, ‘Virginia State Navy’, 194–5.
6
Fallaw and Stoer, ‘Old Dominion’, 464.
7
Ekins, Naval Battles, 105.
8
Tilley, British Navy, 226.
9
Tilley, British Navy, 226; TNA: ADM 1/486, ff. 575–80.
10
Ekins, Naval Battles, 105.
11
Willcox, ‘Sir Henry Clinton’, 92; Rankin, ‘Lord Cornwallis’, 216; Sands, ‘Seapower at Yorktown’, 53–8.
12
APDE: J. Adams to J. Searle, 8 February 1781.
13
Chavez, Spain, 201.
14
Shea, French Fleet, 150; Chavez, Spain, 201–2.
15
Padrón, Saavedra Journal, 208–12; Chavez, Spain, 202; Dull, French Navy, 245.
16
Dull, French Navy, 242, 247.
17
Syrett, American Waters, 180–1.
18
Dull, French Navy, 246.
19
A chart of the French operation in the Channel is in Forrer and Roussel, La Bretagne, 94–5.
20
Grainger, Battle of Yorktown, 68; Willcox, American Rebellion, 563.
21
Shea, French Fleet, 63.
22
Tustin, Diary, 325.
23
Chernow, Washington, 408.
24
Grainger, Battle of Yorktown, 77.
25
Linder, Tidewater’s Navy, 15; Eller, ‘Washington’s Maritime Strategy’, 509; Selby, Virginia, 301; Stewart, Virginia’s Navy, 102.
26
Grainger, Battle of Yorktown, 85; Shea, French Fleet, 154.
27
Grainger, Battle of Yorktown, 84.
28
Grainger, Battle of Yorktown, 86.
29
Sands, ‘Seapower at Yorktown’, 211 ff.; Tustin, Diary, 325.
30
Sands, ‘Seapower at Yorktown’, 68.
31
TNA: ADM 1/489, f. 413; C. L. Lewis, de Grasse, 176; Grainger, Battle of Yorktown, 87; Sands, ‘Seapower at Yorktown’, 76–87; Tustin, Diary, 328.
32
Shea, French Fleet, 66; Eller, ‘Washington’s Maritime Strategy’, 504.
33
Linder, Tidewater’s Navy, 18.
34
Grainger, Battle of Yorktown, 85.
35
Grainger, Battle of Yorktown, 118.
36
O’Shaughnessy, Men Who Lost America, 312; Tilley, British Navy, 248; Chadwick, Graves Papers, 25.
37
Shea, French Fleet, 69.
38
Rankin, ‘Lord Cornwallis’, 218.
39
Breen, ‘Graves and Hood’, 53–65; Sullivan, ‘Graves and Hood’, 175–94; Pengelly, Samuel Hood, 124–50.
40
TNA: ADM 1/489, f. 425; Chadwick, Graves Papers, 66–75; Grainger, Battle of Yorktown, 92; C. L. Lewis, de Grasse, 159; Shea, French Fleet, 156.
41
Grainger, Battle of Yorktown, 73.
42
NMM: GRE/6.
43
Chadwick, Graves Papers, 82.
44
Grainger, Battle of Yorktown, 135.
45
Rankin, ‘Lord Cornwallis’.
46
Callahan, ‘Henry Knox’, 254.
47
Callahan, ‘Henry Knox’, 255.
48
Bass, Ships and Shipwrecks, 163.
49
C. L. Lewis, de Grasse, 183.
50
Grainger, Battle of Yorktown, 143. See also Sands, ‘Seapower at Yorktown’, 89.
51
Chadwick, Graves Papers, 141–3; Grainger, Battle of Yorktown.
52
Fowler, American Crisis, 35.
53
Whitely, Lord North, 195.
54
APDE: F. A. Van der Kamp to J. Adams, 26 November 1781.
55
O’Shaughnessy, Men Who Lost America, 292, 347; Rodger, Command of the Ocean, 2, 352.
Epilogue
1
Quoted in Weintraub, Iron Tears, xvii.
2
Lutnick, British Press, 187.
3
D. L. Russell, Southern Colonies, 304; Sands, Yorktown’s Captive Fleet, 101.
4
Explored in Hattendorf, ‘Fleet in Being’, 53–6.
5
Dull, Ship of the Line, 114; Stockley, Britain and France, 88; Dull, French Navy, 279–80; Glete, Navies and Nations, I, 275.
6
Stockley, Britain and France, 87–8.
7
Dull, Ship of the Line, 119.
8
Stockley, Britain and France, 89.
9
Knight, ‘Introduction of Copper’, 303; Lavery, Ship of the Line, I, 116.
10
Hattendorf, ‘Fleet in Being’, 56; Lavery, Arming and Fitting, 106; Knight, Britain Against Napoleon, 354.
11
Hattendorf, ‘Fleet in Being’, 53–6.
12
Shea, French Fleet, 119.
13
Jamieson, ‘Leeward Islands’, 90.
14
Jamieson, ‘Leeward Islands’, 74, 87.
15
BL: Add 35525, f. 94.
16
Buel, In Irons, 217, 240-2.
17
The campaign can be followed in Cavaliero, Admiral Satan, 81 ff.; H. W. Richmond, Navy in India; Sen, French in India.
18
Longer-term processes are identified in Marshall,
Making and Unmaking.
19
The Americans also believed that the Spanish planned to ‘coop us up within the Allegheny Mountains’. Morris, Peacemakers, 308–9; Van Alstyne, Empire and Independence, 217; Fleming, Perils of Peace, 219–21. The French position at the peace talks was also undermined by their fear that the Russians were about to annex the Crimea. Dull, ‘Vergennes’, 111.
20
Hattendorf, ‘US Navy’, 156; Rodger, ‘Cause and Effect’, 107.
21
Dull, Diplomatic History, 146, 161; Bemis, Diplomacy, 230; Van Alstyne, Empire and Independence, 220–2; Magra, Fisherman’s Cause, 233; Fleming, Perils of Peace, 237–9.
22
Fleming, Perils of Peace, 227–8.
23
Conn, Gibraltar, 189 ff.; Harlow, Second British Empire, I, 344 ff.; Fowler, American Crisis, 127.
24
Knight, ‘Recovery’, 22.
25
Nordholt, Dutch Republic, 17.
26
Bruijn, ‘New World’, 115.
27
Glete, Navies and Nations, I, 274.
28
Glete, Navies and Nations, I, 297.
29
Pybus, Black Founders, 38; Fowler, American Crisis, 114; Jasanoff, Liberty’s Exiles, 70–7.
30
Klooster, Revolutions, 36.
31
Klooster, Revolutions, 42–4; Ward, War for Independence, 208; Foy, ‘Ports of Slavery’, 282.
32
Hattendorf, Talking about Naval History, 198.
33
His role in American sea power post-Yorktown is fascinating and little studied. See Nuxoll, ‘Naval Movement’, 3–34. See also the excellent Powers, ‘Decline and Extinction’.
34
Harlow, Second British Empire, I, 230; Dull, Diplomatic History, 162–3; Woodman, Britannia’s Realm, 60.
35
Knight, Britain Against Napoleon, 23.
36
Van Alstyne, Empire and Independence, 230.
37
Examined in Hattendorf, ‘US Navy’, 151–76; Hattendorf, Talking about Naval History, 199; Klooster, Revolutions, 39; Buel, In Irons, 253; Nuxoll, ‘Naval Movement’, 3–13; Marshall, Remaking, 1.
38
Sir John Sinclair, Thoughts on the Naval Strength of the British Empire (1782), quoted in Knight, Britain Against Napoleon, 21.
39
Knight, ‘Recovery’, 14; Knight, Britain Against Napoleon, 5–6.
40
Rodger, ‘Cause and Effect’, 106–9.
41
TNA: ADM 1/2306, 22 August 1780.
42
Diamant, Chaining the Hudson, xi.
43
Diamant, Chaining the Hudson, xi.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abbreviations
APDE
Adams Papers Digital Editions; www.masshist.org/publications/apde2
BL
British Library, London
BPL
Boston Public Library
GWP
George Washington Papers (Revolutionary War Series, 22 vols)
JCBL
John Carter Brown Library, Providence, Rhode Island
JRL
John Rylands Library, University of Manchester
LOC
Library of Congress, Washington DC
MHS
Massachusetts Historical Society
MML
Mariner’s Museum Library, Newport News, Virginia
NDAR
Naval Documents of the American Revolution (12 vols)
NYHS
New York Historical Society
NMM
The Caird Library, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London
NYPL
New York Public Library
NYSA
New York State Archives
ODNB
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
PEM
Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Massachusetts
PML
Pierpoint Morgan Library, New York
TNA
The National Archives, Kew, London
WCL
William Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan
WCO
Wesley Centre Online; http://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley
Abass, D. K., ‘Endeavour and Resolution Revisited: Newport and Captain James Cook’s Vessels’, Newport History, 70, no. 1 (1999), 15
——— ‘Newport and Captain Cook’s Ships’, The Great Circle, 23, no. 1 (2001), 3–20
Abbatista, G., ‘Edmund Burke, the Atlantic American War and the “Poor Jews at St. Eustatius”: Empire and the Law of Nations’, Cromohs, 13 (2008), 1–39
Abbey, K. T., ‘The Intrigue of a British Refugee Against the Willing Raid, 1778’, William and Mary Quarterly, 1, no. 4 (1944), 397–404
——— ‘Peter Chester’s Defense of the Mississippi After the Willing Raid’, Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 22, no. 1 (1935), 17–32
Abbot, W. W. et al. (eds), The Papers of George Washington: Revolutionary War Series (22 vols, Charlottesville, VA, 1985–2014)
Acomb, E. A., The Revolutionary Journal of Baron Ludwig von Closen, 1780–3 (Williamsburg, VA, 1958)
Alberts, R. C., The Golden Voyage: The Life and Times of William Bingham, 1752–1804 (Boston, MA, 1969)
Albion, R. G., Forests and Seapower: The Timber Problem of the Royal Navy, 1652–1862 (Annapolis, MD, 2000)
Alcedo, A., The Geographical and Historical Dictionary of America and the West Indies … (London, 1812–5)
Alden, J. R., The South in the Revolution (Louisiana, 1957)
Allen, E., A Narrative of Colonel Ethan Allen’s Captivity … (New York, 1930)
Allen, G. W., Naval History of the American Revolution (Boston, 1913)
Allen, T. B., Tories Fighting for the King in America’s First Civil War (New York, 2010)
Anburey, T., ‘The Taking of Ticonderoga, 1777’, Bulletin of the Fort Ticonderoga Museum, 2, no. 1 (1930), 15–22
Ancell, S., A Journal of the Blockade and Siege of Gibraltar (Cork, 1793)
Anderson, F., Crucible of War: The Seven Years’ War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766 (New York, 2000)
Anderson, T. S., The Command of the Howe Brothers During the American Revolution (Cranbury, NJ, 1936)
Anon, ‘Account of the Siege of Savannah’, Collections of the Georgia Historical Society, 5, 129–39
——— ‘America: Affairs in Canada’, Scots Magazine, 38 (1776), 427
——— ‘Arnold’s Invasion’, William and Mary Quarterly, 6, no. 2 (1926), 131–2
——— An Authentic and Impartial Copy of the Trial of the Hon. Augustus Keppel, Admiral of the Blue (Portsmouth, 1779)
——— ‘Biographical Memoir of Captain Joseph Ellis’, Naval Chronicle, XIX (1808), 1–29
——— Gazette Françoise: An Account of the French Newspaper Printed on the Press of the French Fleet at Newport, Rhode Island, 1780 and 1781 (Providence, RI, 1926)
——— A Letter from a Sea-Officer of France to the Honourable Admiral Keppel (London, 1778)
——— The Maritime Campaign of 1778 (London, 1779)
——— Nereus’s Prophecy: A sea-piece, sketched off Ushant on the memorable morning of the 28th of July, 1778 (London, 1779)
——— Observations on the Diseases which Appeared in the Army on St Lucia … (Barbados, 1780)
Ansoff, P., ‘The First Navy Jack’, Raven: A Journal of Vexillology, no. 11 (2004)
Anson, W. R. (ed.), Autobiography and Political Correspondence of Augustus Henry, Third Duke of Grafton (London, 1898)
Armitage, D., The Declaration of Independence: A Global History (London, 2007)
Baldwin, G., Political Recollections Relative to Egypt … (London, 1802)
Baldwin, J., The Revolutionary Journal of Col. Jeduthan Baldwin (New York, 1971)
Barck, D. C. (ed.), Letter-books
and order-book of George, Lord Rodney, Admiral of the White Squadron, 1780–1782, 1 (New York, 1932–3)
Barnes, G. R. and J. H. Owen (eds), The Private Papers of John, Earl of Sandwich, First Lord of the Admiralty, 1771–1782, 4 vols (London, 1932–8)
Barnes, J. S. (ed.), Fanning’s Narrative: Being the Memoirs of Nathaniel Fanning, an Officer of the Revolutionary Navy, 1778–1783 (New York, 1912)
Barrington, S., ‘Some Letters of Admiral the Hon. Samuel Barrington’, Mariner’s Mirror, 19 (1933), 279–91, 381–403
Barrow, J., Some Account of the Public Life and a Selection from the Unpublished Writings of the Earl of Macartney, 2 vols, Vol. I (London, 1807)
Barrow, T. C., Trade and Empire: The British Customs Service in Colonial America, 1660–1775 (Cambridge, MA, 1967)
Bartlett, J., A History of the Destruction of His Britannic Majesty’s Schooner Gaspee … (Bedford, MA, 1861)
