Flesno (Miwok Indian), 233
Flynn, James, 174, 180
Follet, Madame, 290
food, see culinary practices
foreign miners’ tax (1850):
French- and Spanish-speaking immigrants and, 125, 128, 164, 210–18, 226, 246, 262, 289–90, 341
“French Revolution” against, 210–18, 226, 279
merchants and, 210, 214–15, 217, 247, 252
Mexican immigrants and, 31–32, 37, 128
repeal of, 215, 237
resistance to, 210–18
state legislature and, 31, 37, 185, 187, 210–11, 215, 240, 322
foreign miners’ tax (1852):
Chinese immigrants and, 125, 241, 247–49, 250
merchants and, 247–49, 252
resistance to, 247–48
state legislature and, 247–49, 322
Fou Sin:
crime pamphlet about, 317, 323–27, 325, 329–33
immigration of, 81–84, 85–86, 326
murder charge against, 81, 85, 86
native place of, 85–86, 330
Fox, P. V., 116, 152–53, 156, 181
France:
and China, 84
immigrants from, see French immigrants
prostitution in, 77–79
Revolution of 1848 in, 79–80, 213, 226
societies for gold exploration from, 80–81
Franciscan missionaries, 89, 90
Fraser River rush, see British Columbia, gold rush in
“free labor,” 188–93, 199, 206–7, 212
Frémont, Jessie Benton, 259, 261, 264
in Bear Valley, 267, 269–74, 270, 271
employees of, 269–70, 273
in England, 264
Harte and, 333
home of, 269, 270, 271
Lincoln on, 273
on Miwok neighbors, 271
and presidential campaign, 267, 271
Frémont, John C., 259–74
and Bear Valley, 265–74, 270, 271
in Bear Flag Rebellion, 260
and Democratic Party, 261
employees of, 269–70, 273
in England, 264
gold on land of, 263–65, 267–69
home of, 269, 270, 271
and Mariposa Estate, 243, 260–74, 270, 271, 292
and Mexican land grants, 260, 262, 264–65, 267–68
in Mexican War, 260, 264
money-making schemes of, 263
and native peoples, 260–61, 263
as presidential candidate, 261, 265, 266–67, 271, 283
and Republican Party, 261, 266–67
and title to land, 261, 264–68
as U.S. senator, 262–63
French Bar, French miners excluded from, 209, 216
French immigrants, 58, 59, 76–81, 117, 181, 196, 209, 234, 278
departure from mines of, 214, 216, 217, 240, 248, 298, 311
fandango of, 278
and foreign miners’ tax, 210–18, 226
Gardes Mobiles, 226, 227
persistence of, 217, 240, 289–90
religion and 150–51
see also French men; French women
“French Mary” (monte dealer), 290, 312
French men, 37, 162, 168, 182
culinary practices of, 107, 109–10, 117, 120, 121
as domestic, 117, 117–18
and foreign miners’ tax, 210–18
and Indians, 225–27
see also French immigrants
“French Revolution,” against foreign miners’ tax, 186, 210–18, 226, 234, 239, 279
French women, 153, 160, 295, 298, 300, 311
in commercialized leisure, 76–77, 78, 167, 277, 282, 289–90, 295, 297, 301, 307
and foreign miners’ tax, 213
in Frémonts’ employ, 269–70
and gambling, 167, 277, 290
informal union and, 78, 166
and prostitution, 77–79
see also French immigrants
Fresno reservation, 230
Fulgor y muerte de Joaquín Murieta (Neruda), 207
fur trappers, 32–33, 90, 93–94, 223, 267
gambling, 160, 176–80
dealers and, 167, 282, 290, 294, 295
faro, 177
investigation of, 290
monte, 32, 41, 176–77, 178, 290, 296, 312
and placer mining, 177
prohibition and regulation of, 279, 285, 295
on the Sabbath, 151
in saloons, 167, 290, 295, 313
and violence, 177–80
Gardiner, Howard:
on cooking, 107–8, 113
and cross-gendering, 171
on laundry, 122, 124
Garrison, Henry, 111, 128–29, 171
Gaster (planter), 113–14
gender:
all-male events as about, 52
confusion regarding, 116, 119, 121, 170–71, 175, 176, 181–82, 213
constructions of, 57, 100, 101, 144, 145, 151–52, 166–68, 170, 181, 276, 286, 293, 300–301, 302, 307
and divisions of labor, 100–103, 110, 135–36, 222–23, 288
metaphors of, 105, 116, 138–39
and politics, 255–56
and race, 101, 113–14, 116, 118, 126, 133, 168, 176, 286, 300–301, 302, 307
Genung, A. W., 110, 138, 243
German immigrants, 150, 194, 210, 212–13, 217, 309
Gerstäcker, Friedrich:
on “French Revolution,” 210, 212–13, 220
on Indian labor, 133, 136, 169, 222
on social relations, 169
Gilman, Thomas, 190–91, 192
gold:
conflict over access to, 185–234, 267–74; see also Chilean War; “French Revolution”; Mariposa War
discoveries of, 258, 301
legal claims to, 267–68
as money, 58
types of deposits of, 187–88
weight of, 187
see also deep gravels; placer mining; quartz or vein gold
Gold and Sunshine (Ayres), 204–7
Golden Era, The (San Francisco), 238–29, 282–83
Gold Rush:
California locations of, 23, 24, 27–28, 27
capitalist trajectory of, 51
class in, see class relations
collective memory of, 11, 25–27, 46, 50–52, 72, 92, 239–40, 316, 334, 337, 339–40, 342–44
as cultural property, 316–17, 322, 332–33
ethnicity in, see race and ethnicity
film depiction of, 334
gender in, see gender
immigration to, 57–95
maps, 23, 24, 27
mining in, see mining; placer mining
narratives of, 185–86, 276, 322, 332–33, 334, 337, 340
nation building and, 238, 240, 276, 316, 322
and power, 51, 242, 276, 340
and present-day tourism, 315–16
race in, see race and ethnicity
as self-referential term, 26
sex and sexuality in, see sex and sexuality
and tales of resistance, 207–8
Gonzales, Rodolfo “Corky,” 50
Goodman, David, 26
Great Britain, see Britain
Green, Peter, 190
Green, Sam, 42–43, 179
Griswold, M. V. B., 317, 323–33
Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, 37, 69, 79, 176, 264, 291, 322
Gunn, Elizabeth, 282, 290, 296, 309
Gunn, Lewis, 282, 309
Hall, Celia, 288–89
Hall, Joseph, 288
Hans (Danish miner), 170
hardrock mining, 12, 51, 241, 274; see also quartz or vein gold; mining, industrialization of
Harris, Benjamin Butler:
on domestic work, 120, 127–28
on foreign miners’ tax, 211–12, 217
on manhood, 170
on Mariposa War, 229
Harrison, Benjamin, 73–75, 281
Har
rison, Lucy, 75, 281
Harte, Bret, 316, 333–34, 343
“The Luck of Roaring Camp,” 12, 334, 337–42, 343
“Tennessee’s Partner,” 72, 334–37
Harvey, Walter, 230
Hawaii, immigrants from, 92, 153–54, 171, 193, 209
Hayes, Mary Ann, 284–85, 296
Hayes, Nicholas, 284
Hays (Bowmer), Lorena (“Lenita”):
arrival in California of, 238, 283
identification of, with Spanish-speakers, 283–84
marriage of, 283, 285
as newspaper correspondent, 238, 282–83
and reform, 239, 277, 282–84, 285, 296
Helper, Hinton Rowan:
on bullfights, 182
on Chinese laundry work, 126, 127
on gender, 118–19
on Indian activities, 133
Land of Gold by, 126
Henry, Emilie, 77, 290, 294, 296
Herbert, Lemuel, 153–54
“hermaphrodite,” Chilean, 171
heterosociality, 163–68, 278–303, 340–42
Hildreth, Thaddeus, 246–47
Hill (lynched man), 321
Hill, Stephen Spencer, 67–68, 191, 192
history, memory and, 25–27, 50–52, 316, 339–40, 342–44
Hoffman, David, 264
Holliday, J. S., 26
“Home, Sweet Home,” 139
homosociality, 127–30, 138, 153–54, 159–60, 163, 169–74, 182, 265–66, 278, 335–37
Hong Xiuquan, 85
Hopes and Helps for the Young of Both Sexes, 283
Hornitos League, 272–73, 274
Hovey, John:
and Chilean War, 196, 199, 200, 206, 208
watercolors by, 131, 200, 224
Hudson’s Bay Company, 89
hydraulic mining, 241, 249
I Am Joaquín—Yo soy Joaquín (Gonzales), 50
immigration, 57–95; see also specific immigrant groups
“imperialist nostalgia,” 48–49
indentured labor, 186; see also Chinese women, and prostitution
India, British conquest of, 84
Indian Grinding Rock State Historic Park (Chaw’se), 344
Indians, see specific tribal groups
Indian Territory, native peoples removed to, 45
industrialized mining, see hardrock mining; mining, industrialization of
Irene (Grovenor Layton’s lover), 317–18
Irish immigrants, 129, 150
Isaac (Frémont employee), 270, 273
Italian immigrants, 150, 217
Jack, Captain (native man), 311
Jacksonian Democracy, 254, 266
Jesuit missionaries, 60
Jewish merchants, 168
Johnson, Theodore, 193, 194
Johnston, Wade, 275
Jolly, John, 191, 252
José (Miwok man), 89, 93, 94, 233
Juan (Miwok man), 89, 94–95, 135, 233
Kearny, Gen. Stephen Watts, 260
Keller, Dave, 179
Kendrick, Benjamin, 138
Ketton, Elizabeth, 273
Kilham, Horace, 324, 326, 330, 331
King, Rev. Thomas Starr, 273
Klemm, Elisabeth, 255
Knight, Charles, 288–89
Know-Nothing Party, 217, 254, 256, 261
kote, 148, 149
Labetoure, Casimir, 211–12
labor:
conflicts arising out of, 185–234
cultural constructions of, 57, 185
divisions of, 100–103, 110–11, 114–21, 130–37, 134, 222, 223, 288
“free,” 188–93, 196, 199, 206–7, 212
leisure vs., 143, 144, 185
of mining, 185, 186, 187, 194, 240, 243, 245, 253, 266
preindustrial patterns of, 143
productive vs. reproductive, 101–3, 133, 185
and time discipline, 143, 144
“unfree,” 188, 249
for wages, 186, 187, 188, 208, 215, 216, 220, 251, 266, 310
see also contract labor; domestic and personal service work; indentured labor; leisure, commercialized; peonage; productive labor; reproductive labor; slavery
Land Act (1851), 265
Land of Gold, The (Helper), 126
Lang, Bill, 42
Larkin, Thomas O., 260
Latin Americans, see specific national groups
Latta, Frank, and Murrieta legend, 28, 32, 43, 45, 50, 53
Layton, Grovenor I., 317–23, 319, 332–33
Lea, Albert, 270, 273
Lee, Elizabeth Blair, 269, 271
leisure, 141–83, 275–313
balls and parties, 286–88, 311
bull-and-bear fighting, 143, 176, 180–83
change over time in, 276, 311
commercialized, 143–44, 163–64, 166–71, 282, 284–86, 289–303, 341
companionship sought in, 163–64, 166–74
crisis of representation in, 147, 157, 163, 166, 176
dancing, 139, 143, 146–47, 150, 164–66, 171–73, 172, 176, 278–79, 286, 287
defined, 143
drinking, 149, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 171–72
fandangos, 143, 164, 166, 171, 278–79, 285, 291–94
gambling, 143, 151, 160, 161, 166, 176–80, 279, 285, 290, 313
holidays, 171–72
labor vs., 143, 144, 185
reform of, 285–88, 299–300, 311
religion as, 143, 150–56
“Lenita,” see Hays (Bowmer), Lorena (“Lenita”)
“Leo,” see Perkins, William
Lerner, Alan Jay, 334
Life and Adventures of Joaquín Murieta, The (Ridge), 45–46
Lincoln, Abraham, 273
Little, Moses, 109, 110, 132, 138
Loewe, Frederick, 334
Logan, Joshua, 334
long toms, 187, 245, 246, 257
Los Angeles Star, 39
Louis, Madame and Monsieur, 213
Louis Philippe, king of France, 79
Louvel (French miner), 109–10, 114–15, 118
Love, Harry, 37, 38–41, 43, 230
“Luck of Roaring Camp, The” (Harte), 12, 334, 337–42, 343
Lyons, Anne, 77, 295
McCabe, James, 279
McCollum, William, 127, 128
McDonald, Alexander, 179–80
McGee family, 69
McIsaac, Angus, 105
McKay, John, 291–94
Maine laws (liquor), 285, 286
Malaysian immigrants, 209
Mandeville, James W., 248, 255
Mann, Ralph, 26
maps:
Gold Rush California, 23
Southern Mines, 24, 27
María, Jose, 178–79
Mariposa Estate (Las Mariposas), 243, 260–74, 270, 271, 292
Mariposa Gazette, 269
Mariposa War (1851), 137, 186, 227–31, 234, 239, 240, 263, 277, 279
market relations, 107, 108–9, 310, 321; see also capitalism
Marryat, Frank, 118, 182–83
Marsh, John, 91, 222
Marshall, James, 92, 315
Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park, 343–44
Marston, Anna Lee, 308–9
Martenet, Jefferson, 71
Martínez, Avelino, 43, 44
Marvin, Lee, 334
Marx, Karl, 79, 80–81
masturbation, see sex and sexuality, autoerotic
Maturano (Chilean miner), 201–3, 205
Mayo Indians, 31, 60–61
memory:
ethnicity and, 50
history and, 25–27, 50–51, 316, 339–40, 342–44
men, see specific immigrant and Indian tribal groups
Merced Mining Company (MMC), 268–69, 272–74
Merced reservation, 231
Merced River, 27, 92, 122, 161, 162, 220, 222, 225, 231, 244, 260
Mexican immigrants:
Anglo harassment of, 31–33, 35–36, 50, 193–94,
284
departure from mines of, 214, 215, 216, 217, 240, 248, 298, 311, 312–13
fandangos of, 164, 171, 278–79
gambling of, 151, 155
immigration of, 30, 61–63
as miners, 195
persistence of, 217–18, 240, 241, 272, 289–90
relations with Chileans of, 108, 199–200; see also foreign miners’ tax (1850), resistance to
and religion, 150–51
shelters of, 105–6
and wage labor, 215, 216
see also Mexican men; Mexican women
Mexican men:
banditry of, 28–29, 34–35, 38, 43, 51
and bull-and-bear fighting, 180–83, 307
and bullfighting, 181
called “greasers,” 123, 125, 195, 216, 217, 284, 324, 332
and care of the sick, 127–28
and cockfighting, 181
culinary practices of 107, 111
departure of, 215, 312–13
dress of, 168, 170
exclusionary practices against, 31, 32; and see foreign miners’ tax (1850)
at fandangos, 164
“five Joaquins,” 38, 39
and foreign miners’ tax, 31–32, 37, 210–18
and gambling, 32, 41, 176–80
and honor, 28, 33–34, 40–41, 45, 46, 50, 125
horsemanship of, 181
and Indians, 225, 227
and leisure, 157
livestock of, 31, 32–33, 43
mining work of, 31, 106, 209, 263–64
murders of, 36, 39–41, 124–25, 180
vigilance activities against, 218
see also Mexican immigrants
Mexican War (1846–48):
bull-and-bear fights and, 182–83
California acquired in, 31
commerce interrupted by, 61
as expansionist, 37
Frémont and, 260
guerrilla bands in, 34
Pico brothers and, 291
and Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 37, 69, 79, 176, 264, 291
Mexican women:
Anglo men’s sexual encounters with, 157, 159, 296–97
bull-and-bear fights and, 182
bullfights and, 181
in commercialized leisure, 284, 289, 294–96, 297, 301, 307
departure from mines of, 298
divorce and, 291, 294–96
domestic labor of, 30–31, 119–20, 123–25, 137, 167, 295–96
emigration of, 62–63, 105, 119, 142
and fandangos, 164, 167, 277, 278–79, 290–94, 296
gambling of, 32, 167
and informal union, 166, 282, 293
mining work of, 30, 31, 62
and prostitution, 67, 284
as traveling musicians, 139
see also Mexican immigrants
Mexico:
economic transformations in, 33, 60
federalists vs. centralists in, 61
independence from Spain of, 59, 60, 91
land grants of, 260, 262, 264–65, 267–68, 272, 291–92
mining laws of, 267–68
slavery abolished in, 69
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