Two-hit hypothesis: the notion that for tumor suppressor genes, both functionally intact copies of the gene must be inactivated in order for a cell to progress toward cancer.
Virus: A microorganism that is incapable of reproducing by itself, but capable of creating progeny once it has infected a cell. Viruses come in diverse forms, including DNA viruses and RNA viruses. Viruses possess a core of either DNA or RNA, coated with proteins, and can be bound by an outer membrane made of lipids and proteins.
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Photograph Credits
Page 1 (top left to bottom): The New York Academy of Medicine; Public Domain; Public Domain. Page 2: The Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives, the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (three images). Page 3: Photo from Laboratoire Curie, Institut de Physique Nucléaire; courtesy of AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives; ©
Keystone/Getty Images; Boston Herald. Page 4: Courtesy of the Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation; the Jimmy Fund; Courtesy of the Brearley Collection. Page 5: National Cancer Institute/Public Domain; National Cancer Institute/Public Domain; National Library of Medicine/Public Domain. Page 6: Courtesy of the Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation/Public Domain; 1971 Herblock cartoon © by the Herb Block Foundation; © Hugo Villalobos/AFP/Newscom.com. Page 7: © Roger Viollet/The Image Works; Corbis (two images); Associated Press. Page 8: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Archives; © and courtesy of Dr. Robert A. Weinberg, Whitehead Institute; © Bert Vogelstein. Reprinted with permission from Science 318, no. 5853 (2007): 1108–1113, “The Genomic Landscapes of Human Breast and Colorectal Cancers,” © AAAS; Dean Bradfield.
Page xv: Swimming Crab illustration © 19th era 2/Alamy
Index
Abbott, Edward, 56
abl gene, 431, 433
ABMTs, see bone marrow transplants, autologous
ABO regimen, 204
abortion, 199
Achilles, 405
Actinomyces, 122
actinomycin D, 122–23, 162–63
ACT UP, 318–19, 322, 424
acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 3, 7, 34, 93, 164, 166, 228, 452
brain as “sanctuary” for, 127, 442
cure rate for, 7, 12, 104, 170, 171, 228, 231, 232, 401
remissions of, 127, 190, 338–39, 400, 448–49
research consortium for, 130–31, 133, 144
6-MP and, 92, 338
acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), 407–10
Adams, Jim, 113
adenoma, 385
Adriamycin, 127, 206, 427–28
affluent society, 23
Africa, sub-Saharan, 175
age, cancer as related to, 6, 44, 230, 300–303
age-adjusting, of mortality rates, 230–31, 232–33, 330
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), 182
as metaphor for social and political ills, 316
naming of, 14
1980s epidemic of, 165, 315–19
oncologists and, 316–17
The Emperor of All Maladies Page 68
