427. “the desire to secure”: ENR, Feb. 13, 1930, p. 272.
428. The towers were designed: S. R. Watson and Watson, p. 148.
429. “on a gusty, rainy day”: “Memoir” of Robinson, p. 1536.
430. “professionally connected”: ibid., p. 1535.
431. “helped to design”: see, e.g., Current Biography, 1957, p. 528.
432. bridge to Oakland: see, e.g., Purcell et al.; United States Steel (1936).
433. “the greatest bridge”: ENR, July 20, 1933, p. 89.
434. Charles H. Purcell: Smith et al., p. 242.
435. “among the lightest”: Jackson, p. 264.
436. “studies and investigations”: United States Steel (1936), p. 8.
437. The board of consulting engineers: Purcell, pp. 183, 187.
438. In an article: Purcell et al.
439. “consider the large number”: ibid., p. 376.
440. two distinct bridges: United States Steel (1936), pp. 11–12.
441. Joshua A. Norton: ibid., p. 86.
442. “We, Norton I”: reproduced in ibid., p. 87.
443. “Who is bold enough”: ibid., p. 86.
444. “Your length”: Andrade (unpaged).
445. Conde Balcom McCullough: Smith et al., pp. 242–43; see also Jackson, p. 304.
446. “Outstanding Practice Problems”: Steinman (1925), p 851.
447. American Society of Civil Engineers and Architects: see C. W. Hunt, p. 17.
448. founder societies: see, e.g., Wisely, p. 308. The American Institute of Chemical Engineers became the fifth “founder society” in 1958.
449. “to address the social”: Robbins, p. 3.
450. professional ethics: see, e.g., Wisely, pp. 128 ff.
451. codes of ethics: ibid. p. 127.
452. “neither satisfactorily formulated”: ENR, May 21, 1925, p. 839.
453. “In plain words”: ibid.
454. “to further the public welfare”: Robbins, p. 5.
455. “engineering on a par”: Steinman (1935b), p. 877.
456. “The public needs”: ibid. pp. 877–78.
457. “nontechnical concerns”: Robbins, pp. 5–6.
458. “Why, I thought”: Hoover, pp. 131–32.
459. “The four-year course”: ENR, Jan. 14, 1932, p. 65.
460. issue of what form: see Florman.
461. “Engr. D. B. Steinman”: ENR, Feb. 13, 1936, p. 257.
462. “Engineers above all”: ENR, Jan. 2, 1936, p. 25.
463. “Mexican engineer”: ENR, April 23, 1936, p. 607; cf. Jan. 2, 1936, p. 25; Feb. 13, pp. 256–57; May 21, p. 749.
464. “Liberty Bridge”: Daley, p. 33; cf. Steinman (c. 1929).
465. Robinson & Steinman brochure: Robinson & Steinman.
466. “I expect Liberty Bridge”: NYT, Sept. 20, 1948, p. 27, as quoted in Current Biography, 1957.
467. late 1940s bridges brochure: Steinman (c. 1947).
468. “the hands of Dr. Steinman”: see also The Bent of Tau Beta Pi, Dec. 1957, p. 23.
469. As late as 1957: Current Biography, 1957.
470. After the George Washington Bridge: see Billington (1977).
471. separate articles: Steinman (1941a); Ammann (1941).
472. “elaborate tests”: Steinman (1941a).
473. response from Ammann: Ammann (1941).
474. “competitors”: ENR, June 25, 1959, p. 58.
475. “Eminence Grade”: Wisely, p. 105; see also pp. 106–109.
476. Sara Ruth Watson: Ratigan, p. 262.
477. American Toll Bridge Association: ibid., p. 219.
478. “I can’t write”: ibid.
479. This new book project: Steinman (1950).
480. “To spark the things”: Steinman (1959), p. 55.
481. “A boy grew up”: Steinman (1950), p. vii.
482. “She grasped her husband’s ideas”: Steinman (1954b), p. 26.
483. “to the heroic contribution”: Steinman (1950), p. 420.
484. Writing after the war: Steinman (1948).
485. “guesswork expressed”: ENR, Feb. 27, 1941, p. 317.
486. He modeled with mathematical formulas: Steinman (1943).
487. “What this area needs”: Ratigan, p. 278.
488. “In the land of Hiawatha”: Steinman (1959), p. 16.
489. Inter-Peninsula Communications Commission: Steinman (1957), pp. 23–24.
490. recommending both: ibid., p. 25.
491. “perfectly safe suspension bridge”: ibid., p. 27.
492. “not been sufficient”: quoted in Advisory Board on the Investigation of Suspension Bridges, p. 777.
493. Bankers evidently let it be known: Ratigan, p. 283.
494. critical wind velocity: see, e.g., Steinman, in Rubin, p. 17.
495. open-grid roadway: see Steinman (1943), p. 472; von Kármán, p. 215.
496. when drawn to scale: Steinman (1957), p. 166, fig. 17; cf. Rubin, p. 20.
497. “The Mackinac Bridge”: Steinman, in Rubin, p. 18.
498. Among those who were central: Steinman (1957), p. 188.
499. “Since 1921”: Steinman, Boynton, Gronquist & London, p. 3.
500. “Here is Dr. Steinman’s”: ibid., p. 4.
501. Italian Steel Institute: NYT Magazine, Oct. 11, 1953, p. 62.
502. According to the consulting firm’s: Steinman, Boynton, Gronquist & London, p. 26.
503. “Suspension Bridges”: Steinman (1954c).
504. Another article: Steinman (1954e).
505. His obituary: NYT, Aug. 23, 1960, p. 29.
506. An editorial: NYT, Aug. 25, 1960, p. 28.
507. “regarded as”: Civil Engineering, Sept. 1960, p. 75.
508. “Men and Jobs”: ENR, June 25, 1959, pp. 57–59.
509. “An Artist in Steel Design”: ENR, May 15, 1958, pp. 136, 139–40.
510. “We may lack”: quoted in ibid., p. 139.
511. “rugged individualist”: ibid., p. 140.
512. “What Measure for This Man?”: ENR, June 25, 1959, pp. 57–59.
513. “The Doctor”: ibid, p. 59.
514. “Editorial offices”: ibid.
515. “Dave Steinman”: ENR, Sept. 1, 1960, p. 84.
Chapter 7 Realize
516. one out of every five: Secretary of Transportation, p. 5.
517. “born of a dare”: NYT, Aug. 19, 1987, p. 12.
518. radically different: see Bruschi and Koglin, p. 122.
519. “restringing a pearl necklace”: NYT, Aug. 19, 1987, p. 12.
520. “a case study”: ibid.
521. “a great engineering miracle”: Buckley, p. 59.
522. “disinvesting in the American plant”: ibid.
523. “the least famous”: NYT, Nov. 30, 1991, pp. 1, 31.
524. “an entirely new color”: The New Yorker, April 27, 1992, pp. 30–32.
525. “a sort of vermilion”: ibid., p. 32.
526. as much as 2 percent: Munich Reinsurance Company, p. 85.
527. “bridge-maintenance artist”: ENR, Nov. 16, 1992, p. 23.
528. “Forth Bridge red”: Grant, in Paxton, ed., p. 95.
529. twenty-four painters: ibid., p. 105.
530. “a pale buff color”: ENR, April 22, 1920, p. 807.
531. “a light-greenish tint”: Ratigan, p. 191.
532. “a pleasing shade of verde green”: Steinman (c. 1947), p. 11.
533. “patina green”: ibid., p. 12.
534. “a two-color combination”: Ratigan, p. 300.
535. something Waddell: see ASCE calendar, 1991, caption for February.
536. “joshed about”: Ratigan, p. 300.
537. “using an orange-red”: van der Zee, p. 206.
538. “emphasized”: ibid., p. 219.
539. red-orange rock: ibid., p. 265.
540. “red lead”: Brown, p. 105.
541. “iron-oxide red”: DeLony (1993), p. 143.
542. “International Orange”: Golden Gate Bridge (c
. 1987).
543. “the world’s largest Art Deco”: Brown, p. 105.
544. forty-eight months to complete: Golden Gate Bridge (c. 1987).
545. “free bridges”: Strauss, p. 71.
546. toll rate: see van der Zee, p. 306; cf. O’Shaughnessy and Strauss, p. 12; Golden Gate Bridge (1994), p. 36.
547. one billion cars: Golden Gate Bridge (1994), p. 65.
548. one-way tolls: ibid., p. 64.
549. “maintenance, repairs”: Golden Gate Bridge (c. 1987).
550. Nimitz Freeway: see, e.g., Levy and Salvadori, pp. 95, 105.
551. “Since the structure”: Purcell, p. 187.
552. encase the steel piers: Civil Engineering, May 4, 1992, p. C-84.
553. “had not yet pinpointed”: ENR, Jan. 31, 1994, p. 16.
554. “the costliest”: New Civil Engineer, Feb. 3, 1994, p. 7.
555. large vertical motions: New Civil Engineer, Jan. 20, 1994, p. 1; ENR, Jan. 31, 1994, p. 16.
556. “You can’t design”: New Civil Engineer, Jan. 20, 1994, p. 3.
557. piece of scholarship: Sibly; Sibly and Walker; see also Petroski (1994), Ch. 10.
558. “a communication gap”: Sibly and Walker, p. 208.
559. Cable-stayed bridges: see, e.g., Ito et al., eds.
560. “perfectly” possible: New Civil Engineer, Aug. 1, 1991, p. 8.
561. “Proficiency in any art”: Tyrrell (1911), p. 3.
562. “one of the world’s”: New Civil Engineer, Aug. 1, 1991, p. 8; cf. O’Neill.
563. structural artists: see Billington (1983).
564. Maillart’s great concrete bridges: see Billington (1979); Billington (1990).
565. Interstate 5: see Science News, May 15, 1993, p. 319.
566. Santiago Calatrava: see, e.g., Harbison.
567. Alamillo Bridge: Webster, p. 74.
568. “to win back”: Metz, p. 60.
569. “to conceive the form”: ENR, Jan. 11, 1993, p. 15.
570. computer-generated image: see Austin, pp. 41–42.
571. “federal funds”: Minneapolis Star-Tribune, Nov. 17, 1993.
572. unrealized Calatrava proposal: Webster, pp. 72–73.
573. “pedestrian amenities”: Minneapolis Star-Tribune, Dec. 23, 1993.
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