135 The report is reproduced with the kind permission of Lady Cuthbert, wife of Commander Cuthbert RN, and historian Graham Salt.
136 Harnes, P.A. Gulltransporten – dramaet dag for dag: Romsdal Sogelag, 2006, pp. 68–69.
137 Koht, H. Fra Skanse til Skanse: Tiden Norsk Forlag, 1947, p. 100.
138 Written interview with Tom Morton RN.
139 Written interview with Don Edwards RN.
140 Written interview with John Kelleher RN.
141 Written and personal interview with Bill Watts RN.
142 Written interview with Cyril Milner RN.
143 Imperial War Museum ref: 1018401/23/1.
144 Personal interview with Horace Grant RN. Horace was the final Glasgow veteran to be awarded the Norwegian Participation Medal. This was issued to Horace in 2007 by Commander Paal Hope of the Royal Norwegian Navy for services in Norway and to its people. HMS Glasgow’s crew is the only Royal Navy ship’s crew to be honoured with such an award indicating the high esteem in which King Haakon held the ship and her crew.
145 Royal Naval Museum reference: 1983.1251/2.
146 National Archives reference: FO371/24834.
147 Written interview with Jack Hall RN.
148 Paymaster Commander Laurence Arthur Boutwood RN was in charge of supplies, secretariat, signals and censorship.
149 National Archives reference: ADM116/4680.
150 Driva was built in Trondheim in 1909. Registered to take 343 passengers she served also as a postal steamer operating in the Trondheim area. In 1920 she plied her trade from Molde and was eventually taken out of service in 1950 whereupon she was laid up. Sold in March 1956 she was eventually broken up. Source: www.warsailors.com.
151 Haslund’s report to the Minister of Finance, Oscar Torp.
152 Gleditsch, Krsitian and Nini. Glimt fra Kampårene: Dreyers Forlag, Oslo, 1954, p. 53.
153 Professor Wilhelm Keilhau was born in Oslo in 1888. He held a variety of academic posts specialising in politics and science. Later during the 1920s he became involved with the discussion on the Norwegian Monetary policy. During the war years Keilhau worked in London as a director with Norges Bank. After the war he maintained his interest in monetary matters and had numerous works published. He passed away in 1954. Thore Boye was Secretary of the Foreign Ministry. He escorted the gold on a fishing boat. He escaped to the UK and served with the Norwegian Government in London. In 1942 he worked for the Norwegian Ministry of Defence. After the war he continued his work with the Foreign Ministry eventually retiring in 1981. Source: Aftenposten 26th June 2006.
154 Margaret Reid’s War Diary, Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 1980 (English Translation), pp. 116–117.
155 Ibid., p. 122.
156 Haslund’s Report to Finance Minister Torp dated 9th August 1940, see page 22.
157 Three fishing vessels were registered in Bud: M-27–BU – ‘Heimdal 2’, M-76–BU – ‘Bard 2’, M-33–BU – ‘Svanen’. The following boats were all registered from the town of Hustad: M-40–HU – ‘Leif’, M-58–HU – ‘Gudrum’.
158 Einar Gerhardsen, born 10th May 1892, was a member of the Labour Party. At the end of the war he became Prime Minister of Norway leading the postwar economic recovery. Gerhardsen held the post on two further occasions and is considered by many to be the ‘Father of the Nation’. He passed away on September 19th 1987.
159 Harnes, P.A. Gulltransporten – dramaet dag for dag: Romsdal Sogelag, 2006, pp. 85–86.
160 Haslund’s report to the Minister of Finance, Oscar Torp, p. 29. In the report, Haslund refers to the man as Mr Guldssten, but Harnes, P.A. Gulltransporten – dramaet dag for dag: Romsdal Sogelag, 2006 refers to him as Mr Gullstein.
161 Radio broadcast by Vidkun Quisling on April 9th 1940.
162 Grieg, N. Flagget: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 1945, p. 26–27.
163 Havers, R. Here is the News – The BBC and the Second World War: Sutton Publishing, 2007.
164 Captain Denny’s Proceedings sent to the Admiralty and dated 5th May 1940.
165 Haslund’s report to the Minister of Finance, Oscar Torp, p. 30.
166 Ibid, p. 32–33.
167 ST-97–SF: –‘Roald’. Skipper: – Alf Larsen
168 Gleditsch, Nini & Kristian, Glimt Fra Kampårene, Dreyers Forlag, Oslo, 1954, p. 59.
169 Haslund’s report to the Minister of Finance, Oscar Torp, p. 31.
170 Andresen, AP, I Natt og Tåke Mot England, Cappelens Forlag, Oslo 1992, p. 23
171 The phrase ‘fifth column’ was originally termed during the Spanish Civil War in 1936 by Emilio Mola Vidal, a reactionary who announced on radio that he had four columns of forces waiting outside Madrid with a fifth column inside the city ready to rise up for their cause.
172 Haslund’s report to the Minister of Finance, Oscar Torp, p. 38.
173 National Archives reference: ADM116/4680.
174 National Archive reference: ADM199/388.
175 National Archive reference: ADM53/112157.
176 Sir Charles Hambro was at that time Chairman of the Great Western Railway, but was unfortunately still in Sweden having escaped there after being chased out of Oslo by the Germans on April 9th.. Apparently, he had been negotiating trade agreements with his Norwegian counterpart. Having escaped to Sweden he met up with his cousin, Carl J. Hambro – President of the Norwegian Storting in Stockholm. During this meeting discussions took place about the Norwegian merchant fleet, regarded as the most modern in the world. Those discussions centred on an organisation called NOTRASHIP. Sir Charles was also Chairman of Hambros Bank in London and it was his bank that supported NOTRASHIP financially. Sir Charles was a Director of the Bank of England and worked for the Ministry of Economic Warfare. Later, he was to become Head of the Norwegian section of the Special Operations Executive and eventually head of the whole organisation. It was Sir Charles who later coined the names ‘Gunnerside’ and ‘Grouse’ as the operational names for the famous SOE ‘Heavy Water’ raid at Rjukan. Unfortunately, very few records exist of his participation in various aforementioned enterprises even in the Bank of England or the National Archives. His final wish just prior to his passing in 1965 was that all of his personal records were to be destroyed ‘in the interests of democracy’.
177 National Archive reference: ADM199/388.
178 Koht, H, Frå skanse til skanse: Tiden, 1947 p. 109.
179 The term ‘three badge marine’ indicates a long service award.
180 William Egerton Glover gained the rank of Assistant Chief Constable. After 40 years service he retired on 18th June 1946, passing away on 21st November 1967.
181 Norges Bank under okkupasjonen, Oslo 1945, J.Chr. Gundersen, Boktrykkeri.
182 The war economy specialists were coordinated under Major Neef and assimilated into the staff of group XXI on March 20, under the title “Group War Economy”. Major Neef had arrived by plane on April 9th, but did not reach Oslo until April 11th. Initially, for the first few days after the occupation, the German Ambassador Dr Braeuer remained the political plenipotentiary of the Fuehrer – effectively a foreign diplomat with full powers to act independently. Ministerial Director Sarnow, as Foreign Office commissioner who dealt with economic problems, was attached to him. However, their success was limited and both Braeuer and Sarnow were recalled to Germany on April 22. Reference: Avalon Project – Yale Law School – Lillian Goldman Law Library: Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Volume IV Document No. 2353.
183 Berthold Benecke was born in Hanover in 1889. In July 1937 he was undertaking an extensive tour of Scandinavia using the cover of Nordic representative for the German company, Ruhrstahl AG. Benecke was particularly interested in Norwegian iron ore. In 1938 he returned to Norway under the alias of Dr Altvater, but in truth he was working for the Kreigsorganisation. Benecke was very critical of Vidkun Quisling and filed several reports warning of the Norwegian opposition to Quisling. However, Benecke was subsequently removed from his post in June 1940 for his criticisms.
184 P
rofessor Tore Pryser.
185 National Archives reference: T236/215.
186 Ibid.
187 National Archives reference: T236/216.
188 Arne Toralf Sunde, born 6th December 1883, was known as a politician, Olympian and reservist army officer. During the invasion of April 1940 he took part in the Battle of Dombås fighting against German parachutists. Later, having been evacuated to the UK he served in the exiled Nygaardsvold Government from 1940–1945. He also served as the Norwegian Ambassador to the United Nations and later became President of the UN Security Council in 1950. Arne Sunde passed away on 30th July 1972.
189 Trygve Halvdan Lie was born 16th July 1896. He joined the Labour Party in 1911 and was appointed to the Norwegian Parliament in 1937, holding the positions of Minster of Trade (from July to October 1939), Minister of Supply until 1941 and then Foreign Minister with the Norwegian Government-in-exile. In 1946 he became the first Secretary-General of the United Nations, a position he held until 1952. Trygve Lie passed away on the 30th December 1968.
190 Halvdan Koht was born on 7th July 1873. Koht can be described as a politician, historian and biographer. Initially a liberalist he joined the Labour Party in 1911. He rose to become Foreign Secretary from 1935 until 1941. Koht was also a member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee from 1918–1936. After he had resigned from the Nygaardsvold Government-in-exile, he spent the remaining years of the war in America. He passed away on 12th December 1965.
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