Long March 102
Lop Desert 134
Loushan, China 89, 94
Low, David 33
Luce, henry 50
Luding Bridge, Dadu River, Sichuan Province 192
Lu Gwei-djen (scientist, second wife of Joseph Needham) 36–41, 120, 170, 183–4
‘concert of concubinage’ with Dorothy Needham 249
contribution to Science and Civilisation in China 200, 202
correspondence with Joseph Needham 10, 65, 145, 164, 227–8
declining health and death (1991) 255–8
estate disposition after death of 257–8
family and education of 36–8
first meeting and mutual attraction with Joseph Needham 6–7, 39–40
marriage to Joseph Needham (1989) 255–7
personal library 252–4
photos of 37, 256
L. Picken complaint about Joseph Needham’s relationship with 166–8
relationship with Joseph Needham 6–7, 39–41, 52–62, 58–60, 163–8, 236, 248–9
visit to Chongqing (1982) 267
work and career 53, 226, 230
Luo family, Chengdu 87–8
Luoyang, China 135
Luo Zhongshu 53
Lu Shih-kuo (father of Lu Gwei-djen) 257
Macartney, Lord, British emissary to China (1792) 189, 269
McCarthy, Joe, US senator 217, 219
MacDonald, Ramsay 176
Machina Carnis (D. Needham) 254–5 25n.3
McLauin, Campbell 35
MacLehose, Murray 155–7
Ma Jun (Chinese engineer) 194
Malenkov, Georgy 221
Manchester Guardian 232
Mao Zedong (Chinese Communist leader) 43, 61, 82, 98, 99, 147, 148, 169, 23n.2, 182n.35
establishment of People’s Republic and 231, 234
interaction with Joseph Needham about car and bicycle transportation in China 245–7
Patriotic Hygiene Campaign and 208, 210
photo with Zhou Enlai and Joseph Needham 216
policies of 235, 243–7
Martin, Kingsley 33
Mass Observation 34
mathematics, Chinese 71–2
Mead, Margaret 65
migrant workers 265
Milne, A. A. 33
Ming dynasty 130, 132, 195 183n.36
Ministry of Culture, China 181
Min River
in Fujian Province 154
Qing-era irrigation project on 110–13
in Sichuan Province 89, 92–3, 93
Mogao cliffs and caves 105, 1345, 136, 137, 139
Moonella Group 23
morris dancing, Joseph Needham’s interest in 32–3, 120
Moyle, Dorothy Mary see Needham, Dorothy Moyle ‘Dophi’
Murray, James 238
Muslims in China 123
Nanjing, China 49–50, 54
Nankai University 54
Nan Shan (Richthofen Range) 130
National Council for Civil Liberties 33–4
Nationalist government, China 81–2, 100, 182n.35 see also Chiang Kai-shek (Nationalist Chinese leader) in Taiwan 233
Nature 244
Needham, Alicia Adelaide Montgomery (mother of Joseph Needham) 13
Needham, Arthur (uncle of Joseph Needham) 22
Needham, Dorothy Moyle ‘Dophi’ ‘Li Dafei’ (scientist, first wife of Joseph Needham) 25–9, 128
academic achievements of 30n.4
acceptance of Lu Gwei-djen by 6–7, 40–41, 46, 52, 165, 184, 248–9
book Machina Carnis 254–5, 25n.3 ‘concert of the concubinage’ with Lu Gwei-djen 249
death of (1987) 254
family and education of 25
marriage to Joseph Needham (1924) 25–9
photo 28
trip to France with Joseph Needham (1954) 225–8
visits to China made by 160, 163, 169
work and career of 25
Needham, Joseph (father of Joseph Needham) 12–13, 15
Needham, Noël Joseph Terrence Montgomery ‘Joseph’
as advocate for China 50–52, 53, 98–100, 233–6, 243–7
awards and honours for 30, 204–5, 247–50, 259–60, 261
begins study of Chinese language and culture 40–48
begins to question Mao’s policies in China 243–7
books and scholarly work by 9–10, 29–30, 52–3, 186, 218n.45 see also Science and Civilisation in China (SCC)
at Cambridge University, diminished status of (1950s) 228–32
at Cambridge University, restored status of (1960s and after) 237–41
at Cambridge University, as professor 27–9, 173–80
at Cambridge University, as student 4, 19–29
car ownership 33, 245n.53
childhood 13–17
Chinese names of 41, 43, 245, 127n.26
clothing of 71, 73
correspondence with Lu Gwei-djen 10, 65, 145, 164, 227–8
damage to reputation of, over biological warfare report 222–3
declining health and death of 250–52, 259–62
diplomatic mission to China see Needham, Joseph, his British diplomatic mission to China (1942–46)
dreams of 127–9
early education 17
eccentricities of 153
elected president of Caius College fellows (1959) 238–40
excerpts from letters and diary by 65, 68, 78, 83, 856, 89, 91, 95, 102–3, 110–11, 114, 114–15, 123, 151, 158–9, 159–60, 160, 190, 242
fascination with China 7, 48, 164, 233
hookah owned by 241n.52
interest in morris dancing 32–3, 120–21
interest in nudism 23–4
interest in trains and boats 17–18, 154
letters and papers related to biological warfare investigations 212n.44
loneliness after death of Lu Gwei-djen 258–9
marriage to Lu Gwei-djen 255–7
marriage to Dorothy Moyle 25–9, 28
motor vehicles belonging to 23, 33, 245n.53
oil portrait of 249, 251
others’ opinions of 34
parents 12–13
personal book and manuscript collection on Chinese culture and science 157, 181–3, 201–2, 252–4, 258
photos of 14, 45, 73, 186, 216, 244
L. Picken complaint about relationship between Lu Gwei-djen and 166–8
poetry of 21
relationship with Lu Gwei-djen 39–41, 58–60, 163–8
relationship with women 25, 27, 856, 90, 150–51, 248–9
religious views of 15, 20, 24–5, 30–31, 242
retirement of 250
return trips to China (1964, 1972) 243–7
role in investigation of US biological warfare in Korean War 210–19
socialist views and political activism of 15, 18, 31, 33–5, 36, 51–2, 98, 231, 233–6, 240–41
tenure with UNESCO 168–73, 229
traditionalism of 240–41
transliteration method due to typewriter belonging to 185
trip to France with Dorothy Needham (1954) 225–8
unflagging support for Communist People’s Republic of China from 233–6
visit to Chongqing (1982) 267
Needham, Joseph, his British diplomatic mission to China (1942–46) 3, 6, 7, 53–63, 64–137
arrival in Chongqing (1943) 1–6, 10–11, 74–81
British government’s decision in support of 56–7
collaboration with Hsing-tsun ‘H. T.’ 86–9 see also Huang Hsing-tsung ‘H. T.’
diplomatic mission tasks of 57–8, 80–83, 88–100, 102–3
expedition to China’s northwest 103–48
expedition to China’s southeast 149–57
expedition to China’s southwest 161–3
preparations for first trip to China 57–63
purposes of expeditions 101–37
Sino-British Scientific Cooperation Office created for 57, 77, 8
3 see also Sino-British Scientific Cooperation Office (SBSCO)
visit to Chengdu, Sichuan province 85–6
visit to Kunming, Yunnan province 64–74
Needham Question regarding Chinese science and technology 40, 60, 163, 197, 230–31, 269–73
Needham Research Institute, opening of (1987) 253
Neijing, China 110
New Left Review Club 235
New Life Movement 133
New Scientist 232
New York Times 217, 232
Nixon, Richard, decision to ban use of biological weapons 209n.43
Noel, Conrad Le Despenser Roden 31, 242
Northern Zhou dynasty 141
North Korea, accusations of US use of biological warfare made by 206–19
Northwestern University, Illinois, Joseph Needham lectures at (1978) 247–8
nudism, Joseph Needham’s interest in 23–4
Observer 232
Ode to the Chemical Laboratories of Cambridge (Joseph Needham) 21
Ogden, Alwyn 65, 160
Olympic Games (1936) 33, 35
oracle bones, Shang dynasty 95
Oratory of the Good Shepherd 24
Order of the Brilliant Star with
Cravat awarded to Joseph Needham 204–5, 248, 257
O’Toole, Peter 259n.54
Oundle boarding school 17, 21
Oxford English Dictionary 238
Pascal, Blaise 72
Patey, Antoinette 22
Patriotic Hygiene Campaign, China 208
Pauling, Linus, Joseph Needham’s support for 236
Payne, Robert 79–80, 107–8
Peiping Academy 102
Peking (Beijing) 132, 233
People’s Liberation Army (PLA) 275
People’s Republic of China 99, 205 see also China
accusations of US biological warfare in Korean War by officials of 207–15
Cultural Revolution in 240, 243, 244
Great Leap Forward economic campaign 243
Joseph Needham begins to question Mao’s policies in 243–7
Joseph Needham’s observations of changes in China after formation of 212–14, 243
Taiwan as part of 234n.48
US response to founding of 233–4
Philby, Kim 34
Philosophical Dictionary, The (Voltaire) 263
Picken, Laurence
complaint letter about Joseph Needham and Lu Gwei-djen written by 166–8
positive review of Science and Civilisation in China by 232
Pirie, Bill 217
plants, Chinese pharmaceutical 161–2
plough and mould-board, Chinese 190
poetry, Chinese 191
pollution in China 265, 267
Polo, Marco 137, 193
Popper, Karl 247
population in China 265
Postan, Michael 259
Potteries Trade Association 78
Powel, John 222, 223
Powell, Sylvia 222
Power, Eileen 259
‘Prague Spring’ in Czechoslovakia 240
Pratt, King’s Messenger 3, 64, 74
Pre-Natal History of the Steam Engine, The 199n.40
Priestley, J. B. 33
Progressive League 235
puddling technique, Chinese iron 191–2
pump, Chinese square-pallet chain 192
punnet 229n.46
Punnett, Reginald 229
Putterill, Jack 242
Pu Yi, Chinese Emperor 259
Qianlong, emperor of China 189, 269
Qin dynasty 110, 112
Qing dynasty 95, 183, 272–3
rain gauge, Chinese 188
Republic of China 204
Richthofen, Ferdinand 130
Riddle of the Sands, The (Childers) 20
Robinson, David 253
Robinson, Kenneth 225
Robinson College, Cambridge
University 253, 259
Roosevelt, Franklin 35, 50
Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, Joseph Needham’s campaign on behalf of 236
Roxby, Percy 167
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve 18–19
Royal Society
criticism of Joseph Needham by members of, because of biological warfare report 216–17
Joseph Needham elected fellow of (1941) 30, 247
rudder, Chinese sternpost 193
Russian Revolution of 1917–18
Sanctae Trinitasis Confraternitas 20
Sanderson, F. W. 17
Sansom, George 57
SCC see Science and Civilisation in China (SCC) Schlegel, Friedrich 16
Schumacher, E. F. 118
Schuman, Julian 222
Schwartz, Berthold 95
Science and Civilisation in China (SCC) 174–205, 254, 258
on aerodynamics and flight 1
on biological agents in bombs 206
F. Bray’s contribution to 250, 254
on bridges 12, 126
on Chinese ‘traits’ 138
construction of 196–204
final words of 225
honours for 204–5
inventions documented in 189–95
Joseph Needham begins research and writing of 174–95
Joseph Needham’s book and manuscript collection in support of 181–3, 201–2, 252–4, 258
Joseph Needham’s observations as first incidence of research for 68–9, 80
Joseph Needham’s reputation resting on 231
on magnetic compass 101
monographs emerging from 199n.40
on oranges, botany and horticulture 64, 68–9
origins of idea for 40, 60
proposal for, to Cambridge University Press 176–7, 177, 178 179
publication of first volume of (1954) 225–8
publication of fourth volume of (1975) 249
publication of second volume of (1956) 237
publication of third volume of (1959) 238
reviews of 232, 237, 249
on scientific fundamentals (five elements) in China 174
title page of first volume 227
Vol. I, Introduction 196, 198, 199 227
Vol. II 196, 198–9, 237
Vol. III 196, 199, 237, 238, 273
Vol. IV 196–7
Vol. I V, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics 200–201, 203, 249
Vol. V 197, 199–200
Vol. VI 197
Vol. VI, Part 1, Botany 69n.13
Vol. VII 197–8
Wang Ling contribution to 180— 81, 185, 187–8, 189, 190, 196, 198, 200, 202, 254
Science Outpost (J. Needham) 218n.45
Scott-Moncrieff, Rose 22
Seymour, Horace 75–6, 168 165n.33
Shaffer, Elinor 261–2
Shandan oasis, Gansu Province, China 132, 275
Shaw, George Bernard 18
Sheng Rongzhi (Joseph Needham’s Chinese name) 127n.26
Shen Gua (Chinese geographer) 190
Shen Shizhang 39
Shi, professor, plant scientist 89, 92 92–3
Shih, H. Y. , Joseph Needham’s infatuation with 248
Shi Xin Dao Ren (one of Joseph Needham’s Chinese names) 127n.26
Shuangshipu, China 115, 119, 121
Shu Jing 64
Siddeley, John 33
Siku Quansbu (The Complete Books of the Four Imperial Repositories) 183n.36
Silk Road 105, 108, 113, 131, 134 136, 274
Sino-British Scientific Cooperation Office (SBSCO) 57, 77, 83, 86, 106, 125
Smith, Sydney 166–7
Snow, Edgar 116, 118
Society of Anglo-Chinese Understanding (SACU) 148, 243
Song dynasty 93, 95, 124, 190
Soviet Union, role in accusations against US of biological warfare in Korean War 211, 219–22
space programme, Chinese 275
Spalding, H. N. 54
Spanish civil war (1936) 34–5
Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 19–20<
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spinning wheel, Chinese 193
Stalin, Joseph 220
star charts, Tang dynasty 143, 273–4
Stein, Marc Aurel 77, 135, 13945
death of 139
discovery of artifacts at Magao Caves by 141–3
photo in Taklamakan Desert 140
removal of artifacts from China by 144–5
Steiner, George, on Joseph Needham 249
Stephens, Leslie 238
Stephenson, Marjory 22
stirrup, Chinese 195
Stratton, Frederick ‘Chubby’ 229–30
Sung dynasty 202 see also Song dynasty
Sun Yat-sen 264
surveyors’ marks, Chinese 195–6
Swaffer, Hannen 34
Swann, Michael 237
Taiwan 205
status as part of People’s Republic of China 234n.48
Taklamakan Desert 130, 134, 140
Tang dynasty 143
Tawney, R. H. 34
Tawney Society 235
Teichman, Eric 76–7, 108–9, 110, 124, 129
terracotta soldiers, Shaanxi Province 104n.19
Thatcher, Margaret 237
Tianjin, China 54
Times Literary Supplement, The 237
toilet paper, Chinese perfumed 194
Tots and Quots club, Cambridge, England 34
Toynbee, Arnold 232
Tribe, Keith 156, 157
Truman, Harry, US president 172
Tsien, T. H. 250
type, early books, printed with movable 183
umbrella, Chinese 193
Unabomber 247–8
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), Joseph Needham’s work for 168–73, 219
Unit 731 Water Purification Camp, experiments conducted by Japanese at 209, 222
United Nations 168
membership of Chinese government 233–4
United States
accusations of biological warfare conducted by, during Korean War 206–21
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 172, 219
initial neutrality and later entrance into World War II 50, 56
Joseph Needham banned from entering 219
opposition to Joseph Needham’s involvement in UNESCO 172–3
research into biological warfare in 209–10, 210
response of, to founding of People’s Republic of China 233–4
Vietnam War and 240
University of Wuhan 89
University Socialist Society 34
US War Department 59
Vandenberg, Hoyt 172
Van Gulik, Robert 77n.16
Vietnam War 240
vitamin C, plant sources of 161
voles, accusations of biological warfare using sick 207–9
Voltaire 263
Waley, Arthur 61
Wang Ling 96, 185, 230
contribution of, to Science and Civilisation in China 180–81, 187–8, 189, 190, 196, 198, 200 202
Wang Yinglai 39
Wang Yuanlu 142, 143
Warner, Langdon 144n.28
Bomb, Book and Compass Page 33
