by Sean Martin
155 Cox and Roberts, 269. Methods of attempted treatment were equally well-intentioned, strange and futile.
156 Nikiforuk, 35.
157 Cox and Roberts, 267
158 Cox and Roberts, 270.
159 Nikiforuk, The Fourth Horseman, 31.
160 Saul Nathaniel Brody, The Disease of the Soul, 93.
161 For more on the varieties of separatio leprosarum, see Brody, 64–9.
162 Nikiforuk, Fourth Horseman, 28.
163 Brody, The Disease of the Soul, 89.
164 Brody, 91. Fastoul appears to have been successful in getting into the leprosarium after Bodel’s death.
165 See Keith Manchester, ‘Tuberculosis and Leprosy: Evidence for Interaction of Disease’, in DJ Ortner and AC Aufderheide, eds., Human Paleopathology: Current Syntheses and Future Options (Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991).
166 Rawcliffe, Leprosy in Medieval England, 228–229.
167 Cox and Roberts, 271.
168 Cox and Roberts, 272. The authors elaborate on the liminality of the leprosaria: ‘In fact, some sites of leprosy houses are still called ‘no man’s land’ on modern maps.’ Some, such as St Mary Magdalene, Winchester, became extra-parochial areas somewhat like the mediaeval liberties, which were exempt from paying tax to the crown and which could be subject to different laws. ‘The Winchester site [St Mary Magdalene] seems to have persisted in the landscape as a place of “infection” becoming an isolation hospital in the C19 and the “sanitising” unit for a suite of First World War barracks in the C20. The history of this site would suggest an unusual and evidently powerful form of continuity of the concept of the contagion of the landscape.’ Cox and Roberts, 272.
169 Roy Porter, Greatest Benefit, 122.
170 Carole Rawcliffe, Leprosy in Medieval England, 6.
171 Rawcliffe, Leprosy in Medieval England, 59.
172 Rawcliffe, Leprosy in Medieval England, 52.
173 Rawcliffe, Leprosy in Medieval England, 4.
174 Beroul, The Romance of Tristan, trans. Alan S. Fedrick (Penguin, 1970), 73–74.
175 Sean Martin, The Black Death (Harpenden: Oldcastle Books, 2007), 27.
176 See Michael W Dols, The Black Death in the Middle East (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977), 92–95.
177 Dols, 58.
178 Dols, 65.
179 See Graham Twigg, The Black Death: A Biological Reappraisal (London: Batsford, 1984) and Bubonic Plague: A Much Misunderstood Disease (Ascot: Derwent Press, 2013).
180 David Herlihy, The Black Death and the Transformation of the West (Harvard University Press, 1997), 2.
181 Columbus, entry for 14 October 1492. The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus (Penguin, 1969), 59.
182 Rape of an indigenous woman, The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus, 139. This incident is from the voyage of 1493–6. The rape was carried out by one of Columbus’s lieutenants.
183 Quoted in Donald R Hopkins, The Greatest Killer, 204.
184 Snodgrass, World Epidemics, 55.
185 Snodgrass, World Epidemics, 13.
186 Frank Fenner, et al, Smallpox and its Eradication (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988), 96.
187 Gareth Williams, The Angel of Death, 16.
188 Alfred W Crosby, ‘Smallpox’, in CWHHD, 1009.
189 Alfred W Crosby, ‘Smallpox’, in CWHHD, 1009–1010.
190 Hopkins, The Greatest Killer, 205.
191 EA Foster, Motolinia’s History of the Indians of New Spain (Berkeley: Cortes Society, 1950), 38.
192 GS D’Ardois ‘La Viruela en la Nueva España’ (Gaceta Médica de México 91, 1961), 1016.
193 Hopkins, The Greatest Killer, 207.
194 Karlen, Plague’s Progress, 99.
195 McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, 186.
196 McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, 304.
197 Karlen, Plague’s Progress, 100. For more on pre-Columbian malaria, see Robert Desowitz, Tropical Diseases: From 50,000 BC to 2500 AD (London: HarperCollins, 1997), 74–82.
198 Marvin J Allion, ‘Chagas’ Disease’, CWHHD, 637.
199 Quoted in Kevin Brown, The Pox: The Life and Near Death of a Very Social Disease (Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 2006), 2.
200 Quoted in Brown, The Pox: The Life and Near Death of a Very Social Disease, 2.
201 Jon Arrizabalaga, ‘Syphilis’, in CWHHD, 1025.
202 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/560509/spirochete: Accessed 25.11.14.
203 Nikiforuk, The Fourth Horseman, 88.
204 Nikiforuk, The Fourth Horseman, 92.
205 Brown, The Pox: The Life and Near Death of a Very Social Disease, 3.
206 Brown, The Pox: The Life and Near Death of a Very Social Disease, 3.
207 Quoted in Nikiforuk, The Fourth Horseman, 90/91.
208 Brown, The Pox: The Life and Near Death of a Very Social Disease, 4.
209 Brown, The Pox, 9.
210 Brown, The Pox, 9.
211 S dei Conti da Foligno, Le Storie de suoi Tempi (1883), vol 2, 272; quoted in Brown, 9.
212 S dei Conti da Foligno, Le Storie de suoi Tempi (1883), vol 2, 273; quoted in Brown, 9.
213 Brown, The Pox, 11.
214 Brown, The Pox, 12. See also: Claude Quétel, History of Syphilis, 34.
215 See Ira K Schwartz, Felicia Guest, ‘Promiscuity and the Abuse of Stigma’, http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(05)72404-1/fulltext#back-bib4. Accessed 04.12.14.
216 The story that the Magdalene was a repentant prostitute, one of the Church’s most successful smear campaigns, originated in the C6 with Pope Gregory the Great.
217 RS Morton, Venereal Diseases (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972), 25.
218 Nikiforuk, The Fourth Horseman, 91.
219 Claude Quétel, History of Syphilis, 35.
220 Robert Desowitz, Tropical Diseases, 56.
221 Claude Quétel, History of Syphilis (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990), 38.
222 RS Morton, Venereal Diseases, (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972), 28.
223 For a recent defence of the Columbian theory, see KN Harper, MK Zuckerman, ML Harper, JD Kingston, and GJ Armelagos, (2011), ‘The Origin and Antiquity of Syphilis Revisited: An Appraisal of Old World pre-Columbian evidence for treponemal infection.’ American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 146: 99–133. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21613.
224 See Cox and Roberts, 272–273. Also CA Roberts, (1994) ‘Treponematosis in Gloucester, England: a theoretical and practical approach to the pre-Columbian theory’, in Olivier Dutour, et al, L’origine de la syphilis en Europe: avant ou après 1493?: actes du colloque international de Toulon, 25–28 Novembre 1993. Toulon, France: Centre Archeologique du Var; Editions Errance, 101–108.
225 G Cole, and T Waldron, (2011), ‘Apple Down 152: A putative case of syphilis from sixth century AD Anglo-Saxon England.’ American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 144: 72–79. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21371.
226 Ann G Carmichael, ‘Diseases of the Renaissance and Early Modern Europe,’ in CWHHD, 283.
227 Ann G Carmichael, ‘Sweating Sickness,’ in CWHHD, 1024.
228 Ann G Carmichael, ‘Sweating Sickness,’ in CWHHD, 1023.
229 Ann G Carmichael, ‘Sweating Sickness,’ in CWHHD, 1023.
230 Neil Harding McAlister, ‘The Dancing Pilgrims at Muelebeek’, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 32 (1977): 315–19.
231 Hecker’s book on dancing mania can be read on Project Gutenberg: gutenberg.org/files/1739/1739–h/1739–h.htm. Heck also details the bizarre episode of the ‘Paris convulsionaires’ of 1727, where an outbreak of dancing mania was also accompanied by an apparent resistance to pain and torture. See Michael Talbot, The Holographic Universe, (London: 1991), 128–132.
232 John Waller, A Time to Dance, A Time to Die (Thriplow: Icon Books, 2008).
233 Roger K French, ‘Scurvy’, in CWHHD, 1001.
234 Roger K French, ‘Scurvy’, in CWHHD, 1002.
235 Roger K Fren
ch, ‘Scurvy’, in CWHHD, 1002.
236 Elizabeth W Etheridge, ‘Pellagra’, in CWHHD, 920. The eventual elimination of pellagra from much of Europe and North America in the twentieth century was achieved through a virtual reverse of this policy – governments encouraged better farming practices, which saw the planting of a wider variety of crops, and which ultimately led to better diets.
237 Elizabeth W Etheridge, ‘Pellagra’, in CWHHD, 923.
238 Porter, Greatest Benefit, 497.
239 Paul Chambers, Bedlam: London’s Hospital for the Mad, 26.
240 Ned Ward, The London Spy, ed. Hyland, 55.
241 Chambers, Bedlam, 13.
242 William Willis Moseley, Eleven Chapters on Nervous or Mental Complaints (1838), in The Faber Book of Madness, Porter (ed.), 38–39.
243 Porter, Greatest Benefit, 495.
244 Chambers, Bedlam, 201.
245 Dols, Majnun: The Madman in Medieval Islamic Society, 173.
246 Dols, Majnun, 173.
247 Dols, Majnun, 120. See also The Travels of Ibn Jubayr, trans. RJC Broadhurst (London, 1952), 44, 296.
248 Dols, Majnun, 127.
249 Dols, Majnun, FN: 129. Powys Mathers trans. (London, 1986), IV: 55.
250 Sir Thomas More, The Apologie of Syr T More, Knyght (1533), in Porter (ed.), The Faber Book of Madness, 98.
251 Chambers, Bedlam, 13.
252 Chambers, Bedlam, 13.
253 Chambers, Bedlam, 23.
254 Kiple, PPP, 41.
255 Stephen V Beck, ‘Epilepsy’, in Kiple (ed.), Plague, Pox and Pestilence, 40.
256 Temkin, The Falling Sickness, 9.
257 Arthur Mervyn, Ch 18: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18508/18508-h/18508–h.htm.
258 Diego López de Cogolludo, Historia de Yucathan, quoted in Pierce & Writer, Yellow Jack, 12. They are quoting HR Carter, LA Carter & WH Frost (eds.), Yellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin, Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1931, 147–9.
259 Diego López de Cogolludo, Historia de Yucathan, quoted in Pierce & Writer, Yellow Jack, Ch 12.
260 Cogolludo, quoted in Pierce & Writer, Yellow Jack, 13, again quoting Carter et al 1931, 147–9.
261 Pierce & Writer, Yellow Jack, 11.
262 Pierce & Writer, Yellow Jack, 14.
263 Mark Harrison, Contagion: How Commerce has Spread Disease, 19.
264 Pierce & Writer, Yellow Jack, 14.
265 Kiple, PPP, 89.
266 Mary J Dobson, Disease, 149.
267 Kiple, PPP, 91.
268 DF Stickle, ‘Death and Class in Baltimore: The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1800’, Maryland History Magazine, vol. 74 no. 3, 1979, 293. Quoted in Pierce and Writer, Yellow Jack, 21.
269 Dobson, Disease, 128.
270 Joseph Needham, Science & Civilization in China VI, Biology & Biological Technology, Pt. 6, Medicine, 154.
271 Needham, Science & Civilization in China, 134.
272 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, The Turkish Embassy Letters (Virago, 1994), 81.
273 Isobel Grundy, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu: Comet of the Enlightenment (OUP, 1999), 101.
274 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, The Turkish Embassy Letters, 81.
275 Snodgrass, World Epidemics, 106.
276 Dorothy H Crawford, Deadly Companions, 159.
277 William D Johnston, ‘Tuberculosis’, CWHHD, 1063.
278 Dorothy H Crawford, Deadly Companions, 158.
279 Kiple, PPP, 44.
280 Kenneth Kiple, ‘Scrofula’, in Kiple (ed.), Plague, Pox and Pestilence, 45.
281 https://mercuriuspoliticus.wordpress.com/2008/07/28/john-taylor-charles-i-and-the-royal-touch/. Accessed 18.2.15.
282 Peter Martin, Samuel Johnson: A Biography (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2008), 20.
283 August Hirsch, Handbuch der historisch-geographischen Pathologie (2 vols, 1860/64). Charles Creighton, whom we met in Chapter 3, translated the second edition into English as the Handbook of Geographical and Historical Pathology (3 vols, 1883–6). As the Cambridge World History of Human Disease noted, ‘The Handbook represented a Herculean effort to detail the distribution of diseases of historical and geographic interest in time and in place.’ CWHHD, 1.
284 Kiple, PPP, 44.
285 Charles Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838–9), Ch 55.
286 Charles Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838–9), Ch 58.
287 Helen Bynum, Spitting Blood, 19.
288 Helen Bynum, Spitting Blood, 20.
289 Helen Bynum, Spitting Blood, 19.
290 Helen Bynum, Spitting Blood, 19.
291 J Blondiaux, et al. ‘Epidemiology of Tuberculosis: A 4th–12th c. AD picture in a 2498–skeleton series from northern France’, in Tuberculosis Past and Present, G Pálfi, O Dutour, J Deák, I Hutás, (eds). Golden Book Publishers TB Foundation: Budapest (1999): 521–530.
292 Bynum, 26.
293 Crawford, Deadly Companions, 158.
294 See Helen D Donoghue, et al, ‘Co–infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae in human archaeological samples: a possible explanation for the historical decline of leprosy’. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2966 Published 22 February 2005
295 Chopin wrote the letter on 3 December 1838. Chopin’s Letters, EL Voynich & Henryk Opienski (eds.) (New York: Dover, 1988), 186.
296 August Hirsch, quoted by Kiple, 104.
297 Snodgrass, 114.
298 JN Hays, Epidemics and Pandemics, 239.
299 Hays, 242.
300 Frank Neal, Black ’47: Britain and the famine Irish, 131.
301 John Belchem, Irish, Catholic and Scouse: The History of the Liverpool Irish, 1800–1939 (Liverpool University Press, 2007), 60.
302 This quote is from an 1866 article in the Quarterly Journal of Science, quoted in Belchem, 61.
303 Belchem, 61.
304 Neal, Black ’47, 153.
305 Quoted in Belchem, Irish, Catholic and Scouse, 60.
306 Charles W LeBaron and David W Taylor, ‘Typhoid Fever’, in CWHHD, 1075.
307 Margaret Humphreys, ‘Typhoid and its Carriers’, in Kiple, PPP, 16.
308 Dobson, Disease, 54.
309 Dobson, Disease, 54.
310 Hays, Epidemics and Pandemics, 213.
311 There seem to have been sporadic cases of what may have been cholera in Sunderland as early as August 1831. See Norman Longmate, King Cholera: A Biography (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1966), 24–5.
312 Norman Longmate, King Cholera: A Biography (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1966), 31
313 Longmate, King Cholera, 31–2.
314 Longmate, King Cholera, 33.
315 Longmate, King Cholera, 86.
316 Hays, 197.
317 Hays, 193.
318 Christopher Hamlin, Cholera: The Biography, 82.
319 Heinrich Heine, French Affairs: Letters from Paris, Vol. I, in The Works of Heinrich Heine, Vol. VII, trans. Charles Godfrey Leland (London: William Heinemann, 1893), 166–7.
320 Literally, ‘To the lamppost!’ The French revolutionary equivalent of ‘String them up!’ ‘Them’ in that context usually meant the aristocracy or their supporters, who were often hanged on Parisian lampposts.
321 A right wing, pro-Bourbon faction, active mainly in Spain.
322 Heinrich Heine, French Affairs: Letters from Paris, Vol. I, in The Works of Heinrich Heine, Vol. VII, trans. Charles Godfrey Leland (London: William Heinemann, 1893), 170–2.
323 Heinrich Heine, French Affairs: Letters from Paris, Vol. I, in The Works of Heinrich Heine, Vol. VII, trans. Charles Godfrey Leland (London, 1893), 165–6.
324 Hamlin, 63.
325 Cartwright and Biddiss, Ch 6.
326 There is some debate about the dating of the second and third pandemics. Most scholars agree that the second started in 1829, with an end date usually given as either 1835 or 1851. The dates for the third can vary between early – 1839 to 1856 – and late – 1852–60.
327 Reinhard S Speck, ‘Cholera’, in CWHHD,
647.
328 Snow’s findings can be read online at http://www.ph.ucla.edu/EPI/snow/cholerasouthlondon.html
329 Cartwright & Biddiss, Disease and History, Ch 6.
330 Mark Harrison, Contagion, 139.
331 John Waller, The Discovery of the Germ, 146.
332 Waller, The Discovery of the Germ, 148.
333 Waller, The Discovery of the Germ, 156.
334 Waller, The Discovery of the Germ, 158.
335 Waller, The Discovery of the Germ, 124.
336 K Codell Carter, ‘Puerperal Fever’, in CWHHD, 956.
337 Richard W Wertz & Dorothy C Wertz, Lying-in: A History of Childbirth in America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989), 122.
338 Erysipelas also has links to the gangrenous form of ergotism, for which it was often mistaken.
339 Quoted in Waller, The Discovery of the Germ, 140.
340 Waller, The Discovery of the Germ, 138.
341 Waller, The Discovery of the Germ, 140.
342 William Winwood Reade, The Martyrdom of Man (1872), quoted in Myron Echenberg, Plague Ports (New York University Press, 2007), 1.
343 Karlen, Plague’s Progress, 110.
344 Mark Harrison, Contagion, x.
345 Porter, Greatest Benefit, 466.
346 Porter, Greatest Benefit, 462–3.
347 Sonia Shah, The Fever: How Malaria has Ruled Humankind for 500,000 Years, 152.
348 Shah, 152.
349 Shah, 155.
350 ML Cameron, Anglo-Saxon Medicine, 10.
351 Shah, 175.
352 Shah, The Fever, 176; Packard, The Making of a Tropical Disease, 99–101.
353 Ian Cameron, The Impossible Dream: The Building of the Panama Canal (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1971), 18.
354 Cameron, The Impossible Dream, 136.
355 Packard, The Making of a Tropical Disease, 121.
356 Cameron, The Impossible Dream, 134.
357 Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts, 127.
358 Quoted in Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts, 131.
359 Quoted in Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts, 131.
360 Richard Pankhurst, The History of Famine and Epidemics in Ethiopia Prior to the Twentieth Century (Addis Ababa, 1986), 59 and 91–2. Quoted in Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts, 128.
361 Porter, Greatest Benefit, 465–6.
362 Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts, 139. The David Landes quotation is from his The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), 231.
