The Third Reich in Power

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The Third Reich in Power Page 119

by Evans, Richard J.


  Three Little Pigs, The (Disney cartoon)

  Thuringia

  Thyssen, Fritz

  Tietz, Hermann

  Tietz, Leonard

  Tietz, Oscar

  Tietz, Ursula

  Times, The (London)

  Tobis, film company

  Todt, Fritz

  Toscanini, Arturo

  tourism, commercial; see also Strength Through Joy

  trade

  Trade Treaty Association

  trade unions

  brownshirts raid trade union offices

  arrests

  loyalists

  Social Democratic-oriented

  takeover by Nazi Labour Front

  and Ley

  tramps

  transport; see also motorways; railway system

  Trapp, Max

  treasury bonds

  Tremel-Eggert, Kuni

  Treuchtlingen

  Trier

  Triumph of the Will (film)

  Troost, Paul Ludwig

  Trossingen, Swabia

  Trott zu Solz, Adam von

  Trunk, Hans

  Trustees of Labour

  Trustees of Labour, Law on

  Tschirschky-Bogendorf, Günther

  tubal ligation

  Turkey

  UFA film company

  Ukraine

  Ulbricht, Walter

  Ullstein Publishing Company

  unemployed, the (‘work-shy’)

  unemployment

  fall in

  Unemployment Insurance and Jobs, Reich Office for

  Ungewitter, Richard

  United States of America

  Krebs emigrates to

  Hindemith emigrates

  Jehovah’s Witnesses

  Hitler envisages titanic clash with

  compulsory sterilization in

  compulsory castration

  Jewish immigrants

  Jews to be held hostage to deter USA from entering war

  United Steelworks

  Universal, film company

  universities

  decline of German universities,

  Untermassfeld prison

  Uruguay

  vagrants

  Valtin, Jan see Krebs, Richard

  van der Lubbe, Marinus

  Van Gogh, Vincent

  Vatican ; see also Papacy

  Veldenstein Castle

  Venezuela

  Venice

  Venice Film festival

  Verdi, Giuseppe

  Versailles, Treaty of (1919)

  restrictions

  repudiation of

  nationalist resentment

  Niemöller rejects

  disarmament clauses

  international sympathy for revision of

  German pride in wiping out

  veterinary surgeons

  Veterinary Surgeons, Reich Association of German

  Vienna

  Viernstein, Theodor

  village communities

  Vlaminck, Maurice

  Vogelsang Castle

  Volkswagen (People’s Car; previously ‘Strength Through Joy car’)

  Voluntary Labour Service

  Vossian Newspaper (Vossische Zeitung)

  Vulkan shipyard, Stettin

  Wäckerle, Hilmar, camp commandant

  wages

  Wagner, Adolf

  Wagner, Cosima

  Wagner, Gerhard

  Wagner, Richard

  Wagner, Senator Robert

  Wagner, Siegfried

  Wagner, Winifred

  Wahnfried House, Bayreuth

  Walter, Bruno

  Wandervogel

  Wanne-Eickel

  Wannsee

  War, Reich Ministry of

  Warburg, Frederic

  Warburg, Max

  Warnemünde

  Warner Brothers, film company

  Wartenburg, Count Peter Yorck von

  Washington, D.C.

  Webern, Anton von

  Wedekind, Frank

  Weekly Review (Wochenschau)

  Weill, Kurt: Threepenny Opera

  Weimar Republic

  Germany’s first attempt at democracy

  creation of

  constitution

  Reich President

  and Versailles

  Jews in

  prison service

  political police

  cinema

  radio

  Nazi songs and verses in

  workers’ theatre movement

  Expressionism

  Strauss condemns

  antisemitism

  conflicts

  Niemöller opposes

  education

  Stark and

  and history

  housing

  inflation and unemployment

  class antagonisms and hostilities

  labour policy

  popular culture

  welfare system

  and homosexuality

  Weiss, Wilhelm

  Weizsäcker, Ernst von

  welfare system see also social welfare

  Wenger, Alois

  Werner, Paul

  Wertheim, Abraham

  Wertheim, Georg

  Wertheim, Ida

  Wertheim department stores

  Wessel, Horst

  West German Observer (Westdeutscher Beobachter)

  West Wall (Siegfried Line)

  Westerplatte (Danzig)

  Westheim, Paul

  Westphalia

  white-collar workers see middle class

  Wildenstein, Daniel (art dealer)

  Wilhelm, Crown Prince of Germany

  Wilhelm, Kaiser

  birthday celebration

  Wilhelm, Prince of Hesse

  Wilmersdorf

  Wilson, President Woodrow

  Wilson, Sir Horace

  Windsor, Duke and Duchess of

  Winter Aid Programme of the German People

  Wisliceny, Dieter

  Wismar

  Witzleben, Major-General Erwin von

  Wöhrmeier, Mayor

  Wolf, Netter and Jacobi company

  Wolfen

  Wolfenbüttel gaol

  Wolff, Otto

  Wolff’s Telegraph Office

  Wollheim, Gerd

  women

  education

  suffrage

  expected to stay at home

  in the labour supply

  and Strength Through Joy

  mothers for the Reich

  Woolworth’s

  working class

  Nazi Party members

  Heckert on

  and denunciations

  intimidation of

  see also Communist Party of Germany

  ‘work-shy’ see unemployed

  World Stage, The (Die Weltühne)

  Woyrsch, Udo von

  Wurm, Bishop Theophil

  Wurttemberg

  Württemberg-Hohenzollern

  Würzburg

  Young Plan

  Yugoslavia

  Ziegler, Adolf

  Ziegler, Hans Severus

  Ziegler, Wilhelm

  Zillig, Winfried

  Zionism

  Zöberlein, Hans

  Zurich

  Zweig, Arnold

  Zweig, Stefan

  Zwickau

  FOR MORE FROM RICHARD J. EVANS, LOOK FOR THE

  The Coming of the Third Reich

  There is no story in twentieth-century history more important to understand than Hitler’s rise to power and the collapse of civilization in Nazi Germany. A masterful synthesis of a vast body of scholarly work integrated with important new research and interpretations, Evans’s history restores drama and contingency to the rise to power of Hitler and the Nazis, even as it shows how ready Germany was by the early 1930s for such a takeover to occur. The Coming of the Third Reich is a masterwork of the historian’s art and the book by which all others on the subject will b
e judged.

  “Will long remain the definitive English-language account. . . . An impressive achievement.”—The Atlantic Monthly

  ISBN 0-14-303469-3

  Death in Hamburg

  Society and Politics in the Cholera Years, 1830-1910

  Why were nearly 10,000 people killed in six weeks in Hamburg while most of Europe was left almost unscathed? In his acclaimed study of the great cholera epidemic of 1892, Richard J. Evans explains that it was largely because the town was a “free city” within Germany, governed by the “English” ideals of laissez-faire. The absence of an effective public-health policy combined with ill-founded medical theories and the miserable living conditions of the poor to create a scene ripe for tragedy. The story of the cholera years is, in Richard Evans’s hands, tragically revealing of the age’s social inequalities and governmental pitilessness and incompetence; it also offers disquieting parallels with the world’s public-health landscape today.

  ISBN 0-14-303636-X

  1. Hitler keeps the workers at a safe distance: speaking at the Mayday celebrations on the Tempelhof field in Berlin, 1935, the Nazi leader is protected by a security cordon of SS bodyguards.

  2. Brownshirt leader Ernst Röhm, posing as a bureaucrat, seated at his desk at home in 1933. The artwork on the wall behind him gives a good idea of his taste.

  3. Heinrich Himmler, Reich Leader of the SS, tries his skill with a pistol at the police shooting range in Berlin-Wannsee in 1934.

  4. Hitler taking the salute at a march-past of the Order Police during the Nuremberg Party Rally in September 1937.

  5. Reinhard Heydrich, head of the SS Security Service, poses for a portrait photo.

  6. Prisoners of the Flossenbürg concentration camp, reserved especially for ‘asocials’ and ‘criminals’, working at the quarry that supplied stones for Albert Speer’s public buildings.

  7. Leni Riefenstahl tries out a camera angle for her film Triumph of the Will at the Nuremberg Party Rally in 1934.

  8. ‘The whole of Germany hears the Leader with the People’s Receiver’: advertisement for cheap radio sets that could only receive broadcasts from domestic stations.

  9. Actor Emil Jannings (right) towers over ‘the little doctor’, Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels (left), during a break at the Salzburg Festival in 1938.

  10. Ernst Barlach’s Magdeburg War Memorial, 1929; it was removed from display in the Cathedral by the Nazis as unpatriotic.

  11. The preferred style of Nazi art: Arno Breker’s ‘Readiness’, shown at the Great German Art Exhibition in 1938.

  12. Albert Speer’s German pavilion at the Paris World Exposition in 1937; it was likened by one critic to a crematorium and its chimney.

  13. ‘Degenerate Music: A Reckoning by State Counsellor Dr H. S. Ziegler’. Front cover of the booklet accompanying the exhibition, attempting to portray jazz as both Jewish and black, and therefore racially degenerate, the exhibition was not a success.

  14. Monsignor Caccia Dominioni, the Papal Maestro di Camera, flanked by German and Vatican officials, about to take Hermann Göring into an audience with Pope Pius XI on 12 April 1933, as part of negotiations for the Concordat.

  15. ‘Adolf Hitler’s Young People enrol in the Non-Denominational School’. Placard urging parents to take their children out of Church-run education.

  16. ‘If all young Germans looked like this, we would have no need to fear for the future.’ Children in a primary school class in 1939.

  17. Education Minister Bernhard Rust, photographed on 3 August 1935, attempting in vain to look decisive.

  18. ‘Young People serve the Leader: All ten-year-olds into the Hitler Youth.’ The Party intensifies its campaign to make all young Germans join the organization, 1936.

  19. Hitler Youth camp in Nuremberg, 8 August 1934: the vast scale and military organization of such camps did not satisfy young people looking for freedom, adventure, communion with nature, and other traditional goals of the youth movement.

  20. The modernism of the Autobahn: a motorway bridge in the 1930S.

  21. Fritz Todt, the Nazis’ chief engineer, rewards workers on the West Wall fortifications. Many workers were drafted into the project against their will.

  22.The Daimler-Benz automobile company boasts of its success under the Third Reich, 1936.

  23. ‘Your Strength Through Joy car’: a young German couple, the man at the wheel, going for a spin in a Volkswagen beetle, built by Ferdinand Porsche from an original design by Adolf Hitler.

  In fact, no production models came off the assembly-line until after the war.

  24. ‘If this happened, one would not have to fear any measures of self-defence on the part of Germany.’ Cartoon in a once-independent satirical magazine, 11 March 1934, designed to advertise Germany’s defensive weakness but also testifying to widespread fears about the effects of aerial bombardment.

  25. ‘A people helps itself: Gertrud’s understood it.’ A family eating the obligatory Sunday stew or ‘one-pot meal’, as shown in a school reading primer in 1939.

  26. The hall at Hermann Göring’s modest rural hunting-lodge, Carinhall.

  27. The ideal of peasant family life: ‘Harvest’, by Karl Alexander Flügel, shown at the Great German Art Exhibition in 1938.

  28. Workers refuse to conform: clad in traditional full-dress uniforms, the coalminers at Penzberg, in Bavaria, show their disdain for Nazi ceremonial by failing to render the Hitler salute in the approved manner; a formation of Hitler Youth near the back shows how it should be done, but the miners pay no attention.

  29. ‘Here you are sharing the load. A hereditarily sick person costs on average 50,000 Reichsmarks up to the age of 60.’ A poster of 1935 shows a healthy German bearing the burden of keeping the mentally ill in institutions such as the one in the background. Such propaganda aimed to persuade people of the need to sterilize the mentally handicapped, and eventually to kill them.

  30. ‘The decline in marital fertility: of married women aged 15-4 5 , every third one had a live-born child in 1900, every fourth in 1910, every seventh in 1925, and every eighth in 1930.’ Propaganda illustration from 1933, urging Germans to have more children.

  31. Parading of a couple accused of ‘race defilement’: the placard around the woman’s neck reads: ‘I am the biggest swine in town and choose/only ever to go with Jews.’ The man’s placard reads: ‘As a Jewish boy I’m always sure/to let only German girls through my door.’ Such scenes, staged by brownshirts like those in the background, were commonplace before the passage of the Nuremberg Laws in 1935.

  32. Racial research in a Gypsy camp in 1933: Eva Justin, an assistant of Robert Ritter, the leading Nazi expert in the field, measures a woman’s head as part of a survey of the supposed racial characteristics of the Gypsies.

  33. ‘Jews enter the place at their own peril!’ Banner over the road leading to Rottach-Egern, on Lake Tegern, in Bavaria, in 1935. Many towns and villages put up similar notices around this time, removing them for a while in 1936 to avoid bad publicity during the Winter and Summer Olympic Games.

  34. The morning after the pogrom of the ‘Reich Night of Broken Glass’, 10 November 1938: a passer-by surveys the damage to a Jewish-owned shop in Berlin while the owners try to clear up the mess.

  35. Hitler’s deputy Rudolf Hess, on the right, with his increasingly influential subordinate Martin Bormann, in Berlin, 1935.

  36. The aftermath of the Saarland plebiscite, 1935: children give the Nazi salute beneath a canopy of swastikas.

  37. Rhinelanders greet the German army as it enters the demilitarized zone on 7 March 1936. Amidst the rejoicing, some of them are rendering the Nazi salute.

  38. Members of the Condor Legion at Gijo harbour, leaving Spain on their way to Germany, 3 June 1939, after successfully intervening on behalf of Generalissimo Franco in the civil war.

  39. A German soldier is overwhelmed by the euphoric welcome given to his armoured car unit by Austrian girls when it reaches Vienna, 21 March 1938.


  40. The other side of the picture: Viennese Jews are forced to scrub pro-Austrian graffiti off the street in March 1938, in front of cheering crowds, including many children.

  41. The handshake that sealed the fate of Poland: Stalin and Ribbentrop agree on the country’s partition on 24 August 1939. Ten days later, the Second World War began.

 

 

 


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