Prescott, H.F.M.: Mary Tudor: The Spanish Tudor (London, 1940, revised 1952)
Pugh, T.B.: “The Marcher Lordships” (Welsh History Review, XIV, 1988-89)
The Renaissance at Sutton Place (The Sutton Place Heritage Trust, 1983)
Rex, Richard: The Tudors (Stroud, 2002)
Richardson, Ruth Elizabeth: Mistress Blanche, Queen Elizabeth I’s Confidante (Little Logaston, 2007)
Ridley, Jasper: Elizabeth I (London, 1987)
Ridley, Jasper: Henry VIII (London, 1984)
Rival, Paul: The Six Wives of Henry VIII (London, 1937)
Rivals in Power: Lives and Letters of the Great Tudor Dynasties (ed. David Starkey, London, 1990)
Routh, C.R.N.: Who’s Who in Tudor England (London, 1990)
Rowse, A.L.: The Tower of London in the History of the Nation (London, 1974)
Saunders, Beatrice: Henry the Eighth (London, 1963)
Scarisbrick, J. J.: Henry VIII (London, 1968)
Sergeant, Philip W.: The Life of Anne Boleyn (London, 1924)
Seymour, William: Ordeal by Ambition: An English Family in the Shadow of the Tudors (London, 1972)
Sitwell, Edith: The Queens and the Hive (London, 1963)
Smith, Lacey Baldwin: Henry VIII: The Mask of Royalty (London, 1971)
Smith, Lacey Baldwin: A Tudor Tragedy: The Life and Times of Catherine Howard (London, 1961)
Snowden, Keith: Katharine Parr, Our Northern Queen (Pickering, 1994)
Somerset, Anne: Elizabeth I (London, 1991)
Starkey, David: Elizabeth: Apprenticeship (London, 2000)
Starkey, David: The Reign of Henry VIII: Personalities and Politics (London, 1991)
Starkey, David: Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII (London, 2003)
Strickland, Agnes: Lives of the Queens of England (8 vols., London, 1851; 6 vols., Bath, 1972)
Thomson, Patricia: Sir Thomas Wyatt and his Background (London, 1964)
The Tower of London: Its Buildings and Institutions (ed. John Charlton, HMSO, London, 1978)
“Triumphs of English”: Henry Parker, Lord Morley, Translator to the Tudor Court; New Essays in Interpretation (ed. Marie Axton and James P. Carley, The British Library, 2000)
Tytler, Sarah: Tudor Queens and Princesses (London, 1896; reprinted New York, 2006)
Underwood, Peter: Ghosts and How to See Them (London, 1993)
Underwood, Peter: Haunted London (London, 1973)
Underwood, Peter: This Haunted Isle (London, 1984)
Van Duyn Southworth, John: Monarch and Conspirators: The Wives and Woes of Henry VIII (New York, 1973)
Wainewright, John B.: “Thirlwall, 1536, Chaplain to Queen Anne Boleyn” (Notes and Queries, 1916)
Walder, John: All Colour Book of Henry VIII (London, 1973)
Waldman, Milton: The Lady Mary (London, 1972)
Warnicke, Retha: “The Fall of Anne Boleyn: A Reassessment” (History: The Journal of the Historical Association, LXX, 228, February 1985)
Warnicke, Retha: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn: Family Politics at the Court of Henry VIII (Cambridge, 1989)
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Weir, Alison: Children of England: The Heirs of King Henry VIII (London, 1996)
Weir, Alison: Elizabeth the Queen (London, 1998)
Weir, Alison: Henry VIII: King and Court (London, 2001)
Weir, Alison: The Six Wives of Henry VIII (London, 1991)
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Williams, Neville: Elizabeth I, Queen of England (London, 1967)
Williams, Neville: Henry VIII and His Court (London, 1971)
Williams, Neville: The Life and Times of Elizabeth I (London, 1972)
Wilson, Derek: Hans Holbein: Portrait of an Unknown Man (London, 1996)
Wilson, Derek: In the Lion’s Court: Power, Ambition and Sudden Death in the Reign of Henry VIII (London, 2001)
Wilson, Derek: The Tower of London: A Thousand Years (London, 1978)
Wilson, Derek: The Uncrowned Kings of England: The Black Legend of the Dudleys (London, 2005)
Wormald, Jenny: “The Usurped and Unjust Empire of Women” (Journal of Ecclesiastical History, XLII, 1991)
Younghusband, George: The Tower From Within (London, 1918)
WEBSITES
www.british-history.ac.uk
NOTES AND REFERENCES
Abbreviations used in this section:
Bernard The King’s Reformation
Ives The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, “The Most Happy”
LP Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII
SC Spanish Calendar: Calendar of Letters, Despatches and State Papers relating to Negotiations between England and Spain
VC Venetian Calendar: Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts relating to English Affairs preserved in the Archives of Venice and in the other Libraries of Northern Italy
Warnicke The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn
Full titles of all works are listed in the Bibliography.
PROLOGUE: THE SOLEMN JOUST
1 Hall; VC; LP
2 Henry’s skeleton, discovered in St. George’s Chapel in the early nineteenth century, measured 6′2″ in length. This should be compared with his armor in the Tower of London, which would fit a man of 6′4″. Strands of red hair adhered to the King’s skull. His armor measurements show that in 1534 his waist measured 37 inches and his chest 45 inches.
3 VC
4 SC; LP; Brantome; VC; Carles; George Wyatt; Sanuto
5 Carles; LP
6 Carles; Wriothesley; Constantine
7 Carles
8 Hall
9 Hall; Wriothesley
CHAPTER 1: OCCURRENCES THAT PRESAGED EVIL
1 Wriothesley. Although Hall dates Anne’s miscarriage to early February, Wriothesley, who was better informed, states that it occurred “three days before Candlemas.” As Candlemas falls on February 2, this suggests that the miscarriage happened on January 30. However, Wriothesley cannot have been correct in this case, for the Imperial ambassador, Eustache Chapuys, who had been at court at the time, reported on February 10 that “on the day of the interment” of Katherine of Aragon (29 January), “the Concubine had an abortion.” Warnicke is therefore incorrect in dating the miscarriage to January 19, then January 30.
2 George Wyatt; LP
3 Wriothesley; Hall. For Anne Boleyn’s miscarriage, see also George Wyatt and Clifford.
4 LP
5 Ibid
6 Neale: Queen Elizabeth I
7 Pollini
8 Hall
9 For Katherine of Aragon, see Mattingly; Weir: Six Wives; Fraser; Starkey: Six Wives; Paul; Luke; Hume and Strickland.
10 Ives
11 SC
12 Ibid
13 For Henry’s pursuit of Anne Boleyn, see, for example, George Wyatt; LP; SC and Cavendish: Wolsey. Henry VIII’s seventeen surviving love letters to her are in the Vatican Library, and have been printed in several editions.
14 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
15 Smith: Henry VIII; Bernard
16 Bernard; National Archives: SPI/46; Pocock
17 Erickson: First Elizabeth
18 Loades: Mary Tudor
19 SC. It has been claimed recently that the Nidd Hall portrait of Anne Boleyn is based on Holbein’s portrait of Jane Seymour, but there are significant differences, not least the AB brooch worn by the sitter, and the image is entirely compatible with Anne’s verified portraits.
20 LP
21 SC
/> 22 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
23 The evidence for Henry’s growing disillusionment with Anne Boleyn is to be found in SC; GW and Roper.
24 Rotuli Parliamentorum
25 VC
26 Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris
27 SC
28 Ibid
29 SC; LP; Fraser
30 LP
31 LP; Denny: Anne Boleyn
32 LP
33 Aless
34 LP
35 SC; Latymer. Latymer, Anne’s chaplain, identifies her as Mary Shelton, who married Sir Anthony Heveningham in 1546, and who is the subject of a portrait sketch by Hans Holbein.
36 SC; LP
37 Roper
38 Wriothesley. For Henry VIII’s courtship of Jane Seymour, see SC and Clifford.
39 LP
40 SC
41 For Jane Seymour’s life, see Gross.
42 SC. Jane’s portraits by Holbein and other artists bear this out.
43 Clifford
44 Warnicke: “Fall”
45 LP
46 SC
47 LP
48 Ibid
49 Ibid
50 Foxe
51 LP
52 Ibid
53 Hall
54 Vergil
55 SC
56 LP
57 Prescott; Williams: Henry VIII and His Court
58 Loades: Mary Tudor
59 Carles
60 LP
61 Ibid
62 Ibid
63 Ibid
64 Ibid
65 Ibid
66 Wriothesley; cf Il Successo de la Morte della Regina, an Italian poem of June 2, 1536, written in London, which also asserts that the shock “caused her to give premature birth to a dead son.” Warnicke’s theory that Anne miscarried on January 19 does not take account of the fact that the King’s accident occurred on the twenty-fourth January.
67 Wriothesley
68 Clifford. Sander also describes Anne Boleyn finding Jane Seymour sitting on Henry’s knee.
69 George Wyatt
70 Clifford
71 SC
72 SC; Wriothesley
73 LP
74 Ibid
75 George Wyatt
76 LP
77 LP; SC
78 LP
79 Fraser
CHAPTER 2: THE SCANDAL OF CHRISTENDOM
1 Loades: Tragical History
2 Burnet
3 LP
4 I ves
5 LP
6 SC
7 George Wyatt
8 Lofts
9 Loades: Mary Tudor
10 LP
11 Loades: Mary Tudor
12 LP
13 Ibid
14 SC
15 LP
16 Loades: Mary Tudor; Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens
17 Ives and Dowling, for example
18 LP
19 Ibid
20 For Mary Tudor, the future Mary I, see the biographies by Loades, Prescott, and Erickson.
21 Warnicke: “Fall”
22 Clifford
23 LP; Williams: Henry VIII and His Court; Warnicke: “Fall”
24 Lisle Letters; LP; Ives
25 Fuller: The Spear and the Spindle
26 SC; Starkey: Six Wives
27 Complete Peerage
28 SC
29 Porter; Wilson: Holbein
30 LP
31 SC
32 Ibid
33 Ibid
34 Ibid
35 Ibid
36 LP
37 Ibid
38 SC; Starkey: Six Wives
39 SC
40 Ibid
41 Erickson: Bloody Mary
42 LP
43 Scarisbrick
44 SC; LP
45 SC
46 Porter
47 Ives
48 Friedmann; Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens
49 VC
50 SC
51 Il successo de la Morte della Regina
52 SC; LP. The dispatches of Chapuys and Jean de Dinteville, the French ambassador, attest to Anne Boleyn’s unpopularity and her diminishing power.
53 Cited by Bernard
54 LP
55 Ibid
56 Chronicle of King Henry VIII
57 State Papers
58 LP; Bernard
59 Carles
60 LP
61 VC; Vergil
62 SC
63 SC
64 LP; SC
65 Ibid
66 LP
67 Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris
68 SC
69 LP
70 Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens
71 SC
72 Cited by Mathew
73 SC
74 Ibid
75 Ibid
76 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
77 Bernard
78 SC
79 Ibid
80 Starkey: Six Wives
81 SC
CHAPTER 3: THE FRAILTY OF HUMAN AFFAIRS
1 LP
2 This report is dated February 25, but must have been written earlier, as Anne was at York Place by February 24.
3 Ives
4 LP
5 Statutes of the Realm
6 LP
7 Ibid
8 Ibid
9 Clifford
10 SC; Clifford
11 LP
12 Ibid
13 Latymer
14 LP
15 LP; Chronicle of King Henry VIII
16 LP
17 SC; Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens
18 LP
19 Ibid
20 Ibid
21 LP; SC
22 LP
23 Wilson: In the Lion’s Court
24 Warnicke: “Fall;” Bush; Elton: “The Good Duke”
25 Warnicke: “Fall;” Seymour; Clifford; SC
26 Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens
27 LP
28 Prescott
29 Churchill
30 Ives; LP
31 SC; LP
32 Childs
33 SC; LP
34 Fraser
35 Warnicke
36 LP
37 Hamer
38 Ives; Gristwood; Porter
39 LP
40 Several historians give the date of this interview as April 1, but in his report of it, dated that day, Chapuys wrote that he had seen Cromwell the evening before.
41 Warnicke: “Fall”
42 LP
43 SC
44 Friedmann
45 LP
46 Lisle Letters; LP; Ives
47 Clifford
48 LP
49 Henry VIII: A European Court in England
50 State Papers
51 Wilson: Uncrowned Kings; Wilson: In the Lion’s Court; Hamer; Bernard: “Anne Boleyn’s Religion”
52 LP
53 Ibid
54 Hamer; Ives
55 Latymer
56 LP
57 Latymer; Ives
58 LP; Ives
59 LP
60 Ibid
61 Froude: Divorce
62 LP
63 Ives
64 LP
65 Ibid
66 LP; Friedmann
67 LP
68 SC
69 LP
70 Ibid
71 Elton: Tudor Revolution
72 Ridley: Henry VIII
73 LP
74 Ibid
75 SC
76 LP
77 Ibid
78 Ridley: Henry VIII
79 Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens; Ives
80 LP
81 SC
82 LP
83 Friedmann
84 LP. Cromwell was to confide this to Chapuys on June 6.
85 LP; SC
86 LP
87 SC
CHAPTER 4: PLOTTING THE AFFAIR
1 Loades: Chronicles
2 LP
3 B
agley
4 For the theory that Cromwell plotted Anne Boleyn’s fall, see Ives.
5 Porter
6 Waldman
7 Froude: Divorce
8 Mathew
9 Loach
10 Wilson: In the Lion’s Court
11 Friedmann
12 Wilson: Tower
13 Friedmann
14 Rivals in Power
15 Ives; Loades: Mary Tudor
16 Starkey: Six Wives
17 Ives
18 Loades: Mary Tudor
19 Ives; Gristwood
20 Sergeant
21 LP
22 Ibid
23 Strype
24 Ives
25 Williams: Henry VIII and His Court
26 LP
27 Froude: Divorce
28 Friedmann; Froude: Divorce
29 Spelman
30 LP
31 The Beauforts were the descendants of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and fourth son of Edward III, by his mistress (later his third wife) Katherine Swynford. Gaunt’s great-granddaughter, Margaret Beaufort, was Henry VIII’s grandmother.
Erickson (Anne Boleyn) suggests it may not have been the wife of the second Earl of Worcester who laid this evidence, but the widow of the first earl, Eleanor Sutton. But she had remarried, to Lord Leonard Grey, Viscount Grane, so would then have been known as the Lady Grane or the Lady Grey, following the style adopted by her husband, who did not use his Irish title. She was, anyway, residing with him in Ireland at this time.
32 It was engraved by Francis Sandford, the seventeenth-century herald and genealogist, and restored by the ninth Duke of Beaufort in 1898.
33 LP
34 Starkey: Six Wives
35 LP
36 Ibid
37 Ives: “Fall Reconsidered”
38 Bernard: “Fall;” Ives: “Fall Reconsidered.” I can find no contemporary evidence to support claims on the Internet that the countess was Henry’s mistress. If that were true, Elizabeth Browne’s connection with Henry might explain her hostility toward the Queen, who might possibly have supplanted her in Henry’s affections. It is more likely, though, that Elizabeth had bowed to pressure from her relatives to betray Anne, and was worried about that hundred pounds she had borrowed without her husband’s knowledge.
39 Warnicke: “Sexual Heresy”
40 LP
41 LP; www.british-history.ac.uk
42 Warnicke
43 Ives
44 LP; Martienssen
45 LP
46 Milherve; Ives: “Faction”
47 LP
48 Ives: “Faction”
49 Warnicke
Alison Weir Page 47
