17. Gary Clayton Anderson, The Conquest of Texas: Ethnic Cleansing in the Promised Land, 1820−1875. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005, pp. 238−39, 151. Also see: Robert M. Utley, Lone Star Justice: The First Century of the Texas Rangers, New York: Berkley/Penguin, 2003, and Utley, Lone Star Lawmen: The Second Century of the Texas Rangers, New York: Berkley/Penguin, 2008.
18. Anderson, The Conquest of Texas, pp. 198–202, 204–205.
19. Hadden, Slave Patrols, p. 205.
20. See: Boyd Cothran, Remembering the Modoc War: Redemptive Violence and the Making of American Innocence. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014. Also see: Benjamin Madley, An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873. New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 2016.
21. Ibid., p. 206.
22. Ibid., pp. 208–209.
23. Malcolm Harris, “The Future of the United States,” a review essay of Sublette and Sublette, The American Slave Coast, in Pacific Standard Magazine, January 26, 2016. Accessed July 29, 2017: https://psmag.com/a-future-history-of-the-united-states-2965a114f8ee#.6t82shj6j
24. Hadden, p. 216.
25. Hadden, p. 219.
26. Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future of Los Angeles. New York: Vintage Books, 1990, Chapter Four.
27. Saul Cornell and Eric M. Ruben, “The Slave-State Origins of Modern Gun Rights,” The Atlantic, September 30, 2015. Accessed October 16, 2017: https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/09/the-origins-of-public-carry-jurisprudence-in-the-slave-south/407809/
CHAPTER FOUR
1. “Jesse James” or “The Ballad of Jesse James” (traditional, ca. 1882).
2. Written by Robbie Robertson, Copyright © Warner/Chappell Music, Inc.
3. Ralph J. Gleason, Rolling Stone, October 1969, quoted in Peter Viney, “The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down,” Jawbone, Issue 5, Winter 1997, online at: http://theband.hiof.no/articles/dixie_viney_old.html
4. In the 1960s, a distinguished leftist British historian, the late Eric Hobsbawm, famously created the concept of the “social bandit,” and included Jesse James as an example of a Robin Hood type. The popularity of his work on the outlaw as a social bandit, given his left politics, may have contributed to the revival in 1960s culture of the mythology of an earlier era. See: Hobsbawm, Primitive Rebels, New York: W.W. Norton, 1965; and Hobsbawm, Bandits (1969), New York: The New Press; Revised ed., 2000.
5. Forrest Carter, The Rebel Outlaw: Josey Wales, 1972; reprinted as Gone to Texas, New York: Delacorte, 1975; reprinted New York: Dell, 1980.
6. Forrest Carter, The Education of Little Tree, New York: Delacorte Press, 1976; published in a new edition as The Education of Little Tree: A True Story by Forrest Carter, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1985.
7. “Is Forrest Carter Really Asa Carter? Only Josey Wales May Know for Sure,” New York Times, August 26, 1976. Accessed September 10, 2017: www.nytimes.com/1976/08/26/archives/is-forrest-carter-really-asa-carter-only-josey-wales-may-know-for.html
8. Matthew Christopher Hulbert, The Ghosts of Guerrilla Memory: How Civil War Bushwhackers Became Gunslingers in the American West. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2016, p. 6. Hulbert argues that the Confederate Missouri guerrillas became a symbolic vanguard of U.S. counterinsurgent wars of conquest in the West following the Civil War. In doing so, he contributes to an understanding of the normalization of guns, the revolver in particular, in U.S. American culture.
9. Ibid., pp. 7–19.
10. Ibid., p. 57. In comparison, the eleven states that made up the Confederacy had a population of 9 million, more than 3 million being enslaved Africans. Seventy-six percent of the settlers owned no slaves, while 24 percent did. Seventeen percent of slavers owned one to nine slaves, and only 6.5 percent owned more than ten. Ten percent of the settlers who owned no slaves were also landless. See: “Selected Statistics on Slavery in the United States,” Causes of the Civil War: www.civilwarcauses.org/stat.htm. Accessed December 10, 2013.
11. T.J. Stiles, Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. New York: Knopf, 2002, p. 81.
12. Thomas Goodrich, Bloody Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Massacre. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1991, pp. 43–45.
13. Beccy Tanner, “150 years later, Quantrill’s raid on Lawrence still stirs deep emotions on both sides,” Wichita Eagle, August 17, 2013. Accessed July 30, 2017: www.kansas.com/news/local/news-columns-blogs/the-story-of-kansas/article1121021.html
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. John Newman Edwards, Noted Guerrillas, 1877, quoted in Hulbert, Ghosts of Guerrilla Memory, p. 53.
17. Hulbert, Ghosts of Guerrilla Memory, pp. 50–53.
18. Ibid., p. 64.
19. Ibid., p. 183.
20. Ibid., 183−84. Belle Starr was assassinated in 1889 at age 39, not far from where she lived at “Youngers’ Bend” in the Cherokee Nation near the Arkansas border.
21. Ibid., pp. 184–85.
22. Carl Degler, Out of Our Past. New York: Harper, 1959, p. 511. Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better know as Mark Twain, was a child of this migration, and his family was quite similar to that of Jesse James, who was twelve years younger. Clemens’s mother was from Kentucky, his father from a wealthy slaver family in Virginia, both of Scots-Irish heritage. Clemens was born in 1835 in Florida, Missouri, and when he was five years old the family moved to Hannibal, Missouri, where he grew up. His family always owned or leased enslaved Africans; Clemens had an enslaved woman nanny. He escaped the Missouri-Kansas border war of the 1850s, moved to New York City at age eighteen, and made New York his home most of the rest of his life, except during the Civil War, when he lived in Nevada. In 1869, he married into a family of abolitionists and became friends with many of the illustrious ones, such as Harriet Beecher Stowe. His publishing career and fame followed in the late 1870s and through 1910.
23. Richard Slotkin, Regeneration Through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600-1860. Middletown CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1973, p. 42.
24. Stiles, Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War.
25. Ibid., p. 393.
26. Richard Maxwell Brown, No Duty to Retreat: Violence and Values in American Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991, pp. 39–86.
27. Hulbert, Ghosts of Guerrilla Memory, p. 82.
CHAPTER FIVE
1. “Gun Ownership Trends and Demographics,” U.S. Politics and Policy Section 3, Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, March 12, 2013.
2. Norman Mailer, The Naked and the Dead: 50th Anniversary Edition Paperback. New York: Picador, 2000, p. 156.
3. Richard Slotkin, The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization, 1800-1890. New York: Atheneum, 1985, p. 81.
4. Wallace Stegner, Where the Bluebird Sings to the Lemonade Springs: Living and Writing in the West. New York: Random House, 1992, pp. 71–72.
5. Slotkin. Regeneration through Violence, pp. 394–95.
6. John Bakeless, Daniel Boone: Master of the Wilderness. Originally published 1939, reprinted University of Nebraska Press, 1989: pp. 38–39.
7. Slotkin. Gunfighter Nation, pp. 49–51. For Roosevelt’s views on eugenics and class, see Nancy Isenberg, White Trash: The 400-Year Untold History of Class in America. New York: Viking, 2016, pp. 188–194.
8. Founding Father Alexander Hamilton was married to Elizabeth Schuyler and managed the buying and selling of the family’s enslaved Africans.
9. H.W. Brands, TR: The Last Romantic. New York: Basic Books, 1997, p. 126.
10. Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation, p. 37.
11. Ibid., pp. 41–42.
12. Daniel Hayes, “Donald Trump Takes Aim,” New York Times: Opinion Pages, August 20, 2016. Accessed July 28, 2017: www.nytimes.com/2016/08/21/opinion/campaign-stops/
donald-trump-takes-aim.html?_r=0
13. Ibid.
14. Robert Schenkkan, The Kentucky Cycle. New York: Dramatists Play Service Inc., 1994.
15. Ibid., author’s note, p. 9.
16. Bobbie Ann Mason, “Recycling Kentucky,” The New Yorker, November 1, 1993, p. 56.
17. Ibid., pp. 59–62.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., p. 62.
20. Daniel Hayes, “Why I Hunt,” in Daniel Hayes, ed., Guns (Kindle edition), Thought Catalog: Amazon Digital Services LLC, 2016.
21. Ibid.
CHAPTER SIX
1. See: Cecilia Elizabeth O’Leary, To Die For: The Paradox of American Patriotism. Princeton, NJ; Princeton University Press, 1999.
2. A fetish is an object believed to embody supernatural or symbolic powers, a man-made object that gives the owner power over others. Sigmund Freud, in his 1927 essay “On Fetishism,” retooled the term: “In all the cases the meaning and purpose of the fetish turned out under analysis to be the same… . The fetish is a penis-substitute … for a particular quite special penis that had been extremely important in early childhood but was afterwards lost.” Accessed July 28, 2017: www.scribd.com/doc/31127300/Freud-Fetishism-1927e#scribd.
3. Fredric Jameson aptly calls the U.S. Constitution a “formational fetish.” Fredric Jameson, An American Utopia: Dual Power and the Universal Army. London, New York: Verso Books, 2016, p. 67.
4. Garry Wills, “A Nation Captive to the Gun,” Boston Globe, June 15, 2016. Accessed July 28, 2017: www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2016/06/14/nation-captive-the-gun/eVN6Kh8hVhodxxMTZnrtBM/story.html
5. “‘Full-spectrum dominance’ is the key term in ‘Joint Vision 2020,’ the blueprint DoD will follow in the future.” Jim Garamone, American Forces Press Service, “Joint Vision 2020 Emphasizes Full-spectrum Dominance,” DoD News, June 2, 2000. Accessed July 22, 2017: http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=45289
6. Donald Harman Akenson, God’s Peoples: Covenant and Land in South Africa, Israel, and Ulster. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1991, pp. 151–82, 227–62, 311–48.
7. Ibid., pp. 30–31, 73–74.
8. Ibid., p. 112.
9. See: Perry Miller, Errand in the Wilderness, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956; and Sarah Vowell, The Wordy Shipmates, New York: Riverhead, 2008.
10. Akenson, God’s Peoples, p. 118.
11. Thomas F. Rzeznik, Church and Estate: Religion and Wealth in Industrial-Era Philadelphia. State College, PA: Penn State University, 2013.
12. “Second Amendment,” NRA-Institute for Legislative Action. Accessed July 28, 2017: www.nraila.org/second-amendment/
13. District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008). Accessed July 28, 2017: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/554/570/
14. Jeffrey M. Jones, “Americans in Agreement With Supreme Court on Gun Rights,” Gallup, June 26, 2008. Accessed July 29, 2017: www.gallup.com/poll/108394/americans-agreement-supreme-court-gun-rights.aspx
15. Robert H. Bork, “Neutral Principles and Some First Amendment Problems,” Indiana Law Journal: 47:1 (Fall 1971). Accessed July 27, 2017: http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4149&context=fss_papers
16. Claudia Luther, “Bork Says State Gun Laws Constitutional,” Los Angeles Times, March 15, 1989, p. B5. Accessed October 16, 2017: http://articles.latimes.com/1989-03-15/local/me-587_1_state-gun-laws-constitutional
17. National Archives, “Timeline of Events Leading to the Brown v. Board of Education Decision, 1954.” Accessed July 27, 2017: www.archives.gov/education/lessons/brown-v-board/timeline.html
18. See: Rick Perlstein, Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus. New York: Hill and Wang, 2001.
19. Joel Achenbach, Scott Higham, and Sari Horwitz, “How NRA’s True Believers Converted a Marksmanship Group into a Mighty Gun Lobby,” Washington Post, January 12, 2013. Accessed July 27, 2017: www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-nras-true-believers-converted-a-marksmanship-group-into-a-mighty-gun-lobby/2013/01/12/51c62288-59b9-11e2-88d0-c4cf65c3ad15_story.html
20. Mark Ames, “From ‘Operation Wetback’ to Newtown: Tracing the Hick Fascism of The NRA,” Pando, December 17, 2012. Accessed July 27, 2017: www.nsfwcorp.com/dispatch/newtown/
21. Mark Ames, “A Brief History of American Gun Nuts,” Pando, June 26, 2015. Accessed July 27, 2017: https://pando.com/2015/06/26/brief-history-american-gun-nuts/.
22. “Trump Tells N.R.A. Convention, ‘I Am Going to Come Through for You.’” New York Times, April 28, 2107. Accessed July 27, 2017: www.nytimes.com/2017/04/28/us/politics/donald-trump-nra.html?_r=0
23. George Zornick, “Trump and the NRA,” The Nation, July 17, 2017, Vol. 305, Issue 2.
CHAPTER SEVEN
1. Hulbert, Ghosts of Guerrilla Memory, p. 5.
2. See: Bonnie Berkowitz, Lazaro Gamio, Denise Lu, Kevin Uhrmacher and Todd Lindeman, “The Math of Mass Shootings,” Washington Post, July 27, 2016. These 128 events do not include gun shootings during a robbery, spree shootings (shooting two or more victims in a short time in multiple locations), or gang deaths, nor domestic homicide or suicide. Accessed July 28, 2017: www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/mass-shootings-in-america/. See also the database of mass shootings compiled by Mother Jones magazine, which is frequently updated. Accessed July 27, 2017: www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/12/mass-shootings-mother-jones-full-data/
3. Sharon LaFraniere, Sarah Cohen and Richard A. Oppel Jr., “How Often Do Mass Shoootings Occur? On the Average, Every Day, Records Show,” New York Times, December 2, 2015. Accessed July 28, 2017: www.nytimes.com/2015/12/03/us/how-often-do-mass-shootings-occur-on-average-every-day-records-show.html?_r=0
4. Jane Mayer, “The Link Between Domestic Violence and Mass Shootings,” The New Yorker, June 16, 2017. Accessed September 10, 2017: www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-link-between-domestic-violence-and-mass-shootings-james-hodgkinson-steve-scalise
5. Monte Akers, Nathan Akers, and Dr. Roger Friedman, Tower Sniper: The Terror of America’s First Campus Active Shooter. Houston: John M. Hardy Publishing, 2016. See also: Gary M. Lavergne, A Sniper in the Tower: The Charles Whitman Murders. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press, 1997.
6. Lawrence Wright, “America’s Future Is Texas,” The New Yorker, July 10 & 17, 2017. Accessed July 28, 2017: www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/07/10/americas-future-is-texas
7. Ibid.
8. “San Ysidro Massacre,” San Diego UnionTribune, July 19, 1984. Accessed July 29, 2017: www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-san-ysidro-massacre-1984jul19-story.html. For a biography of the shooter, James Huberty, see: http://murderpedia.org/male.H/h/huberty-james.htm
9. Richard Woodbury, “Ten Minutes in Hell,” Time, October 28, 1991.
10. Paula Chin, “A Texas Massacre,” People, November 4, 1991. Accessed October 16, 2017: http://people.com/archive/a-texas-massacre-vol-36-no-17/. A similar incident of a gunman targeting women took place two years earlier in Montreal, Quebec, at a technical school engineering class, killing twenty-eight people, half of them women. Before he began shooting, the gunman announced that he was fighting feminism and called the women “a bunch of feminists.” He left a suicide note blaming women for ruining his life, including a list of nineteen women he wanted to kill. Barry Came, D. Burke, G. Ferzoco, B. O’Farreli, B. Wallace, “Montreal Massacre: Railing Against Feminists,” Maclean’s Magazine, December 18, 1989.
11. Mark Follman, Gavin Aronsen, and Deanna Pan, “US Mass Shootings, 1982–2016: Data
From Mother Jones’ Investigation,” Mother Jones, June 12, 2016. Accessed July 28, 2017: www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/12/mass-shootings-mother-jones-full-data/
12. A year and a half before the Newtown massacre, a right-wing Norwegian, Anders Behring Breivik, heavily armed and disguised as a policeman, took a ferry to a small island near Oslo where a summer camp for some six hundred teenagers from the youth wing of a left political organization was in session, killing 69 and wounding 110, the youngest fatality being fourteen years old.
13. Chuck Haga, “Family: Teen had ‘good relationship’ with grandfather he killed,” Minneapolis-St. Paul Star Tribune, March 25, 2005; Jeremy Lennard, “Ten Dead in US School Shooting,” The Guardian, March 22, 2005. See also: Jodi A. Byrd, “‘Living My Native Life Deadly’: Red Lake, Ward Churchill, and the Discourses of Competing Genocides,” American Indian Quarterly 31 (Spring 2007): pp. 310–332.
14. Daniel N. Paul, “We Were Not the Savages,” August 31, 2008. Accessed July 22, 2017: www.danielnpaul.com/NativeAmericansDemonized.html
15. Before going on the killing rampage, Cho mailed a video of his manifesto to NBC News headquarters in New York: www.nbcnews.com/id/18187368/ns/us_news-crime_and_courts/t/va-tech-killers-strange-manifesto. The video can be seen here: www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmE4t6BnEhQ
16. Washington Post Staff, “How the Las Vegas Strip Shooting Unfolded,” , October 3, 2017. Accessed October 9, 2017: www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/national/las-vegas-shooting/?utm_term=.2575b4799866
17. “Las Vegas Shooting: N.R.A. Supports New Rules on ‘Bump Stock’ Devices, New York Times, October 5, 2017. Accessed October 9, 2017: www.nytimes.com/2017/10/05/us/las-vegas-shooting.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=a-lede-package-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news
18. Grenier, First Way of War, pp. 5, 10.
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