God's Bankers: A History of Money and Power at the Vatican

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God's Bankers: A History of Money and Power at the Vatican Page 114

by Gerald Posner


  as traditionalist, 497, 500, 501

  Twitter account of, 498, 500

  Vatican Bank reform and, 403, 504, 505, 508, 509–13

  Francis, Saint, 270, 496

  Franco, Antonio, 572n

  Franco, Francisco, 135, 555n

  Franco, Hilary, 2, 652n–53n

  Frankel, Martin, 395–96, 415

  Frankel, Marvin, 293, 294, 297, 298

  Franklin National Bank, 204–6, 224–27, 229, 232, 233, 234–35, 240, 241, 245, 290, 298, 300, 614n, 615n, 622n, 640n, 643n

  collapse of, 289

  falsified bank records at, 289

  financial problems of, 204–5

  SEC investigation of, 226–27

  Franssu, Jean-Baptiste de, 701n

  as Vatican Bank president, 511–12

  Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 334, 336–37, 392, 394, 588n

  Freemasons, Freemasonry, 2, 7, 16, 28, 35, 74, 178–79, 302–3, 333, 339, 540n, 642n, 644n

  Italy’s outlawing of, 48

  papal condemnation of, 178

  secret lodges of, 2, 7, 83, 178, 222, 603n, 620n

  see also Propaganda Due (P2)

  French Revolution (1789), 11, 12

  Freyberg, Ernst von, 493, 504, 506, 507, 508, 511, 700n

  Friends of Israel, 67–68

  Fummi, Giovanni, 57–58, 71, 112, 159

  Gabriele, Paolo, 465–67, 478–79

  arrest of, 478

  background of, 465–466

  Benedict XVI’s pardoning of, 486

  as source of Vatileaks documents, 468, 469, 470, 474, 478–79, 485

  trial of, 485–86

  Gaddafi, Muammar, 221, 313, 350n

  Gaeta, 14, 20

  Galeazzi, Enrico, 104, 158, 179

  Galeazzi-Lisi, Riccardo, 95, 161, 594n, 597n

  Galli, Giancarlo, 373, 398, 606n, 685n

  Gambino, Agostino, 342, 357

  Gambino, John, 294–95

  Gambino crime family, 294, 295

  Gannett News Service, 280, 637n

  Gänswein, Georg, 430, 433, 466, 467, 474, 475, 478, 480, 491, 492n, 498, 687n

  Gantin, Cardinal Bernardin, 274, 658n

  Garner, Graham, 296, 642n

  Gasparri, Cardinal Pietro, 35, 42, 44, 45, 544n, 559n

  Gauthe, Gilbert, 398, 399, 404, 675n

  “gay lobby,” 462–65, 491–92

  Gelli, Licio, 212, 222, 230, 234, 235, 241–44, 272n, 291, 313, 314n, 377, 603n, 620n, 639n, 642n, 644n, 646n, 652n, 659n

  Ambrosiano collapse and, 345n

  Calvi and, 287, 301, 302, 303, 321

  indictment against, 362

  P2 Masonic lodge headed by, 178

  prison escape of, 345

  search warrant for Villa of, 301–2

  Sindona and, 179

  Swiss arrest of, 338, 345

  Gemelli Hospital, see Agostino Gemelli Hospital

  Generali, 58, 120, 129, 158, 159n, 171, 181, 532n, 578n, 580n

  Holocaust victims paid by, 394n

  as profiting from Holocaust, 127–28

  subsidiaries of, 126

  U.S. blacklisting of, 124–25

  Vatican’s stake in, 122, 124, 125

  Volpi as head of, 122–25

  Gerini, Alessandro, 379, 668n

  Germany, Imperial, 40, 41–42

  Germany, Nazi, see Nazi Germany, Nazis

  Germany, Weimar, 29n, 43, 51, 53, 572n

  Germany, West, 144–47, 155, 159n, 209, 211, 227, 432, 472

  Gerstein, Kurt, 91, 92

  Gestapo, 78, 124, 130, 131, 564n

  Giani, Domenico, 468, 470, 475, 478

  Ginder, Richard, 177, 602n

  Giordano, Michele, 382–83

  Gisevius, Hans Bernd, 131–32

  Giuliano, Boris, 291, 292

  global recession, 437–38

  God Does Not Exist (Mussolini), 44

  Goldman Sachs, 508, 512

  Göring, Hermann, 63, 72, 129

  Gotti Tedeschi, Ettore, 457, 468, 487, 507n, 511, 686n, 687n

  alleged mental instability of, 475, 482–83

  Banco Santander and, 442, 443

  Bertone and, 455

  Caloia compared with, 443

  character of, 443

  dismissal of, 475–77, 479, 484, 490

  money laundering investigation into, 448

  as Opus Dei member, 443

  search warrants executed on, 481–82

  secret dossier of, 474–75, 480

  statements to Italian prosecutors by, 481–82

  transparency advocated by, 443, 450

  as Vatican Bank head, 442, 443, 445, 446, 448, 449–50, 455, 456, 472–73, 474–75

  Gowen, William, 139–40, 145, 150

  Grand Hotel, Rome, 176, 204

  Gran Italia, 313–14

  Great Britain, 1–7, 11, 35, 41, 55. 56. 57, 68, 69, 70, 75, 78, 79, 85, 91, 92, 95, 98–99, 106, 107, 111, 113, 115–16, 119, 124, 125n, 126, 127, 130, 135, 136, 138, 139, 143, 145, 149, 151, 193, 388, 391, 540n, 553n, 554n, 560n, 569n, 573n, 577n, 583n, 589n

  Great Depression, 53–61, 225, 549n

  Greece, 122, 124, 164, 615n

  Greeley, Andrew, 250, 272n, 273, 276

  Gregorian University, 189, 259, 403

  Gregory III, Pope, 496, 631n

  Gregory X, Pope, 541n

  Gregory XVI, Pope, 12, 13, 79

  Greiser, Arthur, 144, 590n

  Griesa, Thomas, 294, 297, 298, 299

  Groër, Cardinal Hans Hermann, 372n, 434

  Grösz, Jósef, 84, 571n

  Groupement Financier Luxembourgeois (Grolux S.A.), 57, 59, 112, 115, 550n, 573n, 575n

  Guardia di Finanza, 287, 300, 468

  Guardian, 357, 424, 440, 456, 574n–75n

  Guerri, Cardinal Sergio, 297, 642n

  Gugel, Angelo, 304, 466–67

  Guilfoyle, Bishop George, 280–82

  Guzzi, Rodolfo, 242, 243n, 293, 295, 626n

  Gypsies, 125, 146, 387

  charge that Vatican was repository of looted gold of, 387

  Hadrian VI, Pope, 114, 255, 277

  Hague, The, 30, 427, 697n

  Haig, Alexander, 306, 623n

  Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, 68, 70

  Hambros Bank, 177, 223n, 607n, 615n, 620n

  Hammer, Richard, 335, 337, 617n, 618n

  Harvey, James, 428, 466–67

  Hebblethwaite, Peter, 172, 255n

  Heir, Marvin, 339, 340, 341, 384, 385

  Herranz Casado, Cardinal Julián, 402, 470

  Herzl, Theodor, 67–68

  Himmler, Heinrich, 135, 570n

  Hiroshima, Japan, 252, 335

  Hitler, Adolf, xii, 10, 34n, 49, 65–67, 72, 73, 79, 85–86, 88, 91, 92, 93, 99, 100, 102, 103, 107, 112, 119, 123, 132, 133, 135, 149, 164, 390n, 422, 435, 552n, 555n, 556n, 557n, 559n, 560n, 564n, 565n, 572n, 656n

  anti-Catholic sentiment, 62

  Final Solution and, 76, 90, 109, 570n

  Pius XII and, 62–63, 78, 82

  secular ideology of, 62

  Sudetenland claims of, 71

  Vatican’s endorsement of, 65

  Hitler Youth, 421–22

  Hlond, August, 86, 561n

  Hnilica, Pavel, 370–71, 666n

  Hoffman, Paul, 161n, 183, 558n, 598n, 610n

  Höffner, Joseph, 321, 606n, 658n

  Holocaust, xii, 76–77, 145, 164, 308, 395, 434, 435, 482, 496, 560n, 572n, 582n

  Allies’ condemnation of, 95, 97

  Allies’ silence about, 109

  in Croatia, 88–90

  Final Solution in, 90–92, 109

  in Hungary, 105, 106, 107–8

  insurance companies’ profits from, 127–28

  John XXIII and, 164–65

  Pius XII and, 86–87, 90–94, 95, 96–98, 101–10, 143, 165, 386

  in Poland, 91, 96, 105, 125, 144

  restitution claims and, 383–94, 398, 423, 426, 482

  in Romania, 125–26

  in Slovakia, 84�
��85

  U.N. condemnation of, 96

  Holt Rinehart, 335, 337

  Holy See, see Vatican

  Holy Year Jubilee, 343, 348, 657n

  Holy Years, 55, 343, 549n, 657n

  Hornblow, Michael, 307, 331, 334–35, 413, 665n

  Horne, J. Paul, 607n, 614n

  Horthy, Miklós, 107–8, 571n

  Hudal, Alois, 102–3, 146–48, 150, 151, 155, 566n, 570n, 591n, 594n

  Hume, Cardinal Basil, 257, 277

  Hummes, Cardinal Claudio, 418, 423, 496

  Hungary, 43, 84, 86, 128, 132n, 164, 306, 308, 423, 568n, 571n

  Holocaust in, 105, 106, 107–8

  Soviet takeover of, 141

  Huntley, Anthony, 1, 531n

  IBM, 180, 213

  I. G. Farben, 131, 340

  Imperial Papacy, 53–54, 166, 498

  Independent Commission of Experts, 390–91, 392, 584n

  Index of Prohibited Books, 11, 34

  indulgences, 534n, 657n

  as source of Vatican income, 9–11, 14–15

  condemned by Martin Luther, 10–11

  Industrial Reconstruction Institute (IRI), 58–59, 176n

  Infallible? An Inquiry (Küng), 247

  In God’s Name (Yallop), 272n–73n, 349, 635n, 639n

  Innocent X, Pope, 536n

  Inquisition, 98n, 552n

  Institute for the Works of Religion (IOR), see Vatican Bank

  Institutional Investor, 188, 233, 607n, 614n

  insurance companies:

  as profiting from Holocaust, 127–28

  in World War II, 122–29

  use of reinsurance to launder profits, 126–127

  Inter-Allied Commission, 51, 53, 134

  Intermax, 240, 343

  International Commission on Holocaust-Era Insurance Claims (ICHEIC), 392, 394n

  International Eucharistic Conference, 555n

  International Herald Tribune, 230, 598n

  International Red Cross, 89, 589n

  Interpol, 209–10, 293, 364, 600n

  Interracial Justice as a Principle of Order (LaFarge), 73

  IOR, see Vatican Bank

  Ireland, 35, 400

  Iron Curtain, 151, 152, 279, 334

  Islam, 37, 69, 304, 432, 433, 437, 539n, 684n

  Israel, 104n, 249, 253, 391, 393, 648n

  Italcementi, 157, 158, 159, 180, 604n, 658n

  Italgas, 59, 158, 161, 180

  Italian East Africa, 70–71, 99

  Italian-Ethiopian Wars, 69, 182

  Italian nationalists:

  Austria and, 13–14

  France and, 14

  Pius IX and, 13–14, 18

  Rome captured by, 20–21

  Italian People’s Party, 44, 46, 49

  Italmobiliare, 158–59, 347, 350, 658n

  Italy:

  Allied bombing of, 95, 99, 106

  Allied invasion of, 98

  Ambrosiano liquidation forced by, 344

  Anti-Semitism in, 72, 73, 74–75, 84, 122

  Arab oil boycotts and, 221

  communism in, 142, 152–53, 169, 220, 241

  construction industry in, 179–80

  currency control laws in, 287, 312

  deportation of Jews from, 104–5

  “Economic Miracle” in, 170

  election of 1948 in, 152–53, 155, 166

  election of 1962 in, 172

  Ethiopia invaded by, 68–69, 110, 554n

  Finance Ministry of, 460

  financial crisis in, 457

  financial probes in, 340

  Freemasonry outlawed in, 48

  Foreign Ministry of, 347

  global financial recession and, 437

  Great Depression in, 54, 58

  Health Ministry of, 369

  Justice Ministry of, 352, 377

  kidnappings in, 220–21, 248

  Lateran Pacts and, 48–49, 349

  Left-wing movements in, 200, 220, 248–49

  Libya invaded by, 37

  Mafia-related violence in, 221, 292

  money laundering law (2007) of, 448

  Nazi occupation of, 99–100, 128–29

  Neo-fascists in, 220

  Papal States annexed by, 18–19, 21, 47

  Parliament of, 330, 546n, 600n, 641n

  political and social instability in, 156, 220–21, 235, 248

  Senate of, 441, 575n

  Sindona extradited to, 350, 351

  Sindona’s extradition requested by, 231, 234–35, 240, 244–45, 257–58, 260, 262, 289, 300, 640n

  socialists in, 36

  Supreme Court of, 241, 651n

  terrorism in, 167, 200n, 248–49, 253, 279, 287, 292

  Treasury Ministry of, 59, 182, 330, 331–32, 443, 653n

  unification of, 17

  Vatican Bank investigated by, 286, 344–45, 374–77

  Vatican Bank investments in, 157–58, 160, 176, 179–80, 181–82

  Vatican immunity to laws of, 357–58

  Vatican investments of, 58–59, 70, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 185–86

  Vatican relations with, 28, 29, 36, 41, 47, 68, 100, 114, 182, 342, 345–47, 348–49, 352–53, 354–55, 356–58, 377, 379, 382, 444n, 447–49

  in World War I, 41, 43

  Izzi, Domingo, 379–80

  Jacobs, Peter, 395, 396, 415

  Japan, 90, 189, 221, 359n, 566n, 576n

  Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 308, 646n

  Jasenovac concentration camp, 89, 387

  Jauch and Hübener, 126, 133, 585n, 586n

  Jerusalem, 68, 104n, 192, 249, 419

  Jesuits, 73–76, 264, 365n, 424, 495, 497, 537n, 552n, 607n

  Jewish Agency for Palestine, 92, 93, 106

  Jews, Judaism, 12, 14, 15–18, 65n, 66, 67–68, 72, 76–77, 79, 84–93, 97, 99, 100, 107–10, 122–23, 125–29, 135, 144–48, 164–65, 180n, 278n, 340, 341, 342, 423, 433, 435, 535n–36n, 542n, 548n, 552n–55n, 556n, 561n, 563n–68n, 570n–72n, 579n, 585n, 589n, 591n, 594n

  capitalism linked to, 23

  Catholics’ aid to, 104n, 105

  coerced conversion of, 66, 278n, 537n, 538n, 553n

  Croatian massacres of, 89–90

  deportation from Italy of, 101–5

  expelled from Papal States, 51, 537n

  Nazi attacks on, 63–64, 67, 74, 75, 76–77, 278n, 552n; see also Holocaust

  Nazi seizure of property of, 340, 383–93

  John XXIII, antipope, 163

  John XXIII, Pope, 106, 170, 173, 258, 259, 262, 272n, 408, 420, 571n, 592n, 597n, 598n, 599n, 604n, 606n, 609n, 630n, 631n, 634n

  background of, 164

  birth control and, 606n

  communism as seen by, 166

  death of, 172

  election of, 163

  Holocaust and, 164–65

  Marcinkus and, 191

  popular enthusiasm for, 174–75

  Second Vatican Council called by, 166–67, 171, 191–92

  television and, 165

  John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 409, 678n

  John Paul I, Pope, 206, 207–8, 258–74, 280, 311, 349, 630n–31n, 634n, 682n

  background of, 259

  death of, 265–72, 282, 283, 349, 632n, 633n, 635n, 645n

  election of, 258

  embalming of, 268, 271–72

  Marcinkus and, 262–63

  John Paul II, Pope, 5, 144, 195, 275–77, 286, 295–96, 301, 305–10, 312, 314n, 321, 324–27, 331, 332, 338, 353, 362, 363, 365n, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372n, 379, 381, 382, 384–87, 394, 396, 400, 403, 405–6, 409, 410–11, 412, 415, 416–22, 424, 429, 430, 431n, 432, 433, 434, 441, 466, 474, 495, 497, 500, 502, 629n, 631n, 634n, 641n, 645n, 650n, 657n, 658n, 666n, 673n, 679n

  Abs and, 339–41

  anticommunism of, 279, 283, 305–6

  anti-Semitism denounced by, 341, 393

  assassination attempt on, 304–5, 312, 356–57

  background of, 278–79, 636n

  Caloia and, 366, 397

  Calvi’s letter to, 5, 326<
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  Castillo Lara and, 371

  character of, 279

  CIA and, 307, 308

  Croatia visited by, 390

  Curial reforms of, 347–48, 359, 360

  death of, 415

  doctrinal orthodoxy of, 419

  election of, 273–77

  forced labor of, 341

  Holy Year declared by, 343

  Jews supported by, 278n

  letter to Brezhnev written by, 306

  Marcinkus and, 280, 282–84, 286, 308, 309, 321, 334, 335, 342, 354, 355, 360, 366

  naked photo of, 302, 644n

  Opus Dei and, 365n

  Pauline monks and, 282–83

  poor health of, 412–13, 680n

  Reagan and, 279, 305, 306, 307, 308

  secular politics and, 279

  sexual abuse scandal and, 400–401, 403, 405–6, 408–9, 410–11, 434

  Sodano and, 375, 378

  Vatican Bank and, 510–11

  Johnson, Lyndon, 193, 610n

  J. P. Morgan, 116n, 117, 448, 472, 479, 481, 554n, 573n

  see also Morgan Bank

  JPMorgan Chase, 177n, 472

  Justice Department, U.S., 240, 241, 284–85, 335, 336, 349, 351

  counterfeit securities investigation of, 209–19, 220

  Kaas, Ludwig, 94–95, 566n, 567n

  Kappler, Herbert, 100, 102, 129, 570n

  Katz, Robert, 567n, 605n

  Kennan, George, 561n, 593n

  Kennedy, David, 205–6, 289, 615n, 639n

  Kennedy, John F., 170n, 172, 200n

  Kertzer, David, 535n, 537n

  KGB, 262, 283, 304, 305, 308

  Kirchensteuer, 65, 111, 111n–12n, 359

  Knights of Columbus, 43, 381, 442

  Knights of Malta, 362–63, 376, 429, 644n, 649n

  König, Cardinal Franz, 255, 257, 270–71, 275, 276, 306n

  Koran, 34n, 539n

  Kraków, Poland, 278–79, 280

  Kristallnacht, 75, 579n

  Krol, Cardinal John, 282–83, 306, 321, 360, 637n

  Kroll Security Group, 6, 533n

  Krupp, Bertha, 53

  Küng, Hans, 247, 264, 419

  Ladbrokes, 257, 258, 273, 495, 630n

  LaFarge, John, 73–74, 76

  Laghi, Cardinal Pio, 306–7, 396, 405, 645n

  Lai, Benny, 360, 554n, 662n, 673n

  Lajolo, Cardinal Giovanni, 427, 460

  Lambertini, Loreta, 27, 540n

  Lamont, Tom, 58, 116n

  Lang, Joseph, 673n–74n

  Langrand-Dumonceau, André, 16, 23

  Lateran Pacts (1929), 48–49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 75, 79, 83, 112, 114, 121, 149, 152, 155, 182, 183, 184, 349, 352, 353, 450, 547n, 559n, 575n, 592n

  Latin America, 288, 309–10, 494, 497, 574n, 598n

  Lausanne Immobilier, 57, 112, 126

  Law, Cardinal Bernard, 400, 421n, 674n, 681n

  Law of Papal Guarantees (1871), 24

  Lead Us Not into Temptation (Berry), 399–400

  League of Nations, 69, 70, 79, 554n

  Ledl, Leopold, 210–14, 217, 218

 

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