by Bill Schutt
114 Whitehead argues that since the English: Whitehead, “Carib cannibalism,” pp. 78–80.
115 “very difficult to track”: W. Raleigh, The Discovery of the Large, Rich and Beautiful Empire of Guiana, edited by R. Schomburgk (London: Hakluyt Society, 1868), p. 85.
115 he was not part of the landing party: P. Hulme, “Making sense of the native Caribbean,” New West Indian Guide (Nieuwe West-Indische Gids) 67, nos. 3–4 (1993): 207.
116 In 1828, author and historian Washington Irving: W. Irving, “The life and voyages of Christopher Columbus,” in The Complete Works of Washington Irving, vol. 11, edited by John Harmon McElroy (Boston: Twayne, 1981), p. 192. Originally published in 1828.
116 In what would become a blueprint: For example, F. MacNutt, De Orbe Novo: The Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D’Anghera, vol. 1 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1912), p. 72; J. Blaine, J. Buel, J. Ridpath, and B. Butterworth, Columbus and Columbia: A Pictorial History of the Man and the Nation (Richmond, VA: B. F. Johnson, 1892), p. 172; J. Cummins, Cannibals (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2001), p. x.; D. Korn, M. Radice, and C. Hawes, Cannibal: The History of the People-Eaters (London: Channel 4 Books, 2001), p. 11.
117 It was then that Stony Brook: William Arens, The Man-Eating Myth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979), p. 206.
118 “The most certain thing to be said: Ibid., p.139.
118 “unsophisticated”: I. Brady, Review of The Man-Eating Myth, American Anthropologist 84, no. 3 (1982): 595–611.
118 “dangerous”: P. G. Riviere, Review of The Man-Eating Myth, Man 15, no. 1 (1980): 203–5.
118 “does not advance our knowledge of cannibalism”: J. W. Springer, Review of The Man-Eating Myth, Anthropological Quarterly 53, no. 2 (1980): 148–50.
118 Some critics also took the opportunity to attack Arens personally: William Arens, with a reply by M. Sahlins, “Cannibalism: An exchange,” New York Review of Books 26, no. 4 (March 22, 1979): 46–47.
118 One anthropologist, who believed: G. Obeyesekere, Cannibal Talk: The Man-Eating Myth and Human Sacrifice in the South Seas (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2005), p. 2.
119 “seldom the first outsiders to set foot: Conklin, Consuming Grief, p. 14.
120 Like the many priests: Ibid., p. 6.
Chapter 11—Cannibalism and the Bible
126 “His body and blood are truly contained: Legion of Mary (Tidewater, VA), “Fourth Lateran Council (1215),” http://www.legionofmarytidewater .com/faith/ECUM12.HTM.
126 In 1520, though, Martin Luther: M. Luther, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church (October 6, 1520).
126 In their entertaining book: D. Diehl and M. Donnelly, Eat Thy Neighbor: A History of Cannibalism (Phoenix Mill, UK: Sutton, 2006), p. 22.
127 In the celebration of [the Eucharist]: J. H. Leith, ed., Creeds of the Churches: A Reader in Christian Doctrine, from the Bible to the Present (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1982), pp. 502–3.
127 Even as recently as 1965: Pope Paul VI, “Mysterium Fedei: Encyclical of Pope Paul VI on the Holy Eucharist,” September 3, 1965, http://www .vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc _03091965_mysterium_en.html.
130 In 1994, Dr. Johanna Cullen: J. Cullen, “The miracle of Bolsena,” ASM News 60 (1994): 187–91.
131 The renowned organic chemist: L. Garlaschelli, “Starch and hemoglobin: The miracle of Bolsena,” Chemistry and Industry 80 (1998): 1201.
132 “We were hungry, we were cold: T. Taylor, The Buried Soul (Boston: Beacon Press, 2002), p. 74.
Chapter 12—The Worst Party Ever
142 Prolonged hunger carves the body: S. A. Russell, Hunger: An Unnatural History (New York: Basic Books, 2005), p. 120.
144 In 1980, anthropologist Robert Dirks wrote: R. Dirks, “Social responses during severe food shortages and famine,” Current Anthropology 21, no. 1 (1980): 21–44.
144 In his book The Cannibal Within: L. Petrinovich, The Cannibal Within (Piscataway, NJ: Transaction, 2000), p. 232.
144 “It is not advantageous: Ibid., p. 36.
145 which came to be called the Minnesota Experiment: L. Kalm and R. Semba, “They starved so that others be better fed: Remembering Ancel Keys and the Minnesota Experiment,” Journal of Nutrition 135 (2005): 1347–52.
145 “All offers of surrender from Leningrad: M. Jones, Leningrad: State of Siege (New York: Basic Books, 2008); Hitler quote from inside cover.
145 “Leningrad must die of starvation”: D. King, Red Star Over Russia: A Visual History of the Soviet Union from the Revolution to the Death of Stalin (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2009), p. 318.
146 According to historian David Glantz: Ibid., p. 89.
146 Archivist Nadezhda Cherepenina reported: Nadezhda Cherepenina, “Assessing the scale of famine and death in the besieged city,” in Life and Death in Besieged Leningrad, 1941–44, edited by John Barber and Andrei Dzeniskevich (Hampshire, UK: Palgrave MacMillan, 2005), p. 44.
146 Pulitzer Prize–winning New York Times correspondent: H. Salisbury, The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad (New York: Harper and Row, 1969), pp. 478–79.
146 In a system designed to maximize: M. Jones, Leningrad, pp. xxi–xxii.
146 Rations were reduced a total of five times: David M. Glantz, The Siege of Leningrad (London: Cassell Military Paperbacks, 2001), p. 83.
147 “because their flesh was so much more tender”: Salisbury, The 900 Days, p. 479.
147 “In the worst period of the siege”: Ibid., p. 478.
147 According to numerous survivor accounts: Jones, Leningrad, pp. 242–44.
148 “[the men] noticed as they piled: H. Askenasy, Cannibalism: From Sacrifice to Survival (New York: Prometheus Books, 1994), p. 75.
148 “You will look in vain: Salisbury, The 900 Days, p. 474.
148 the official reports made right after the war: D. Korn, M. Radice, and C. Hawes, Cannibal: The History of the People-Eaters (London: Channel 4 Books, 2001), pp. 83–86.
150 Although the “poor Ethiopian” begged: E. Leslie, “The ownership of the plank: David Harrison on the wreck of the Peggy,” in Cannibals: Shocking True Tales of the Last Taboo on Land and Sea, edited by Joseph S. Cummins (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2001), p. 50.
151 Someone suggested that two of the men: K. Johnson, “J. Quinn Thornton (1810-1888),” in “Unfortunate Emigrants”: Narratives of the Donner Party, edited by Kristin Johnson (Logan, UT: Utah State University Press, 1996), p. 52.
152 “his miserable companions cut the flesh: Ibid., p. 53.
152 “Being nearly out of provisions: Edwin Bryant, What I Saw in California (1848; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985), chap. 3.
152 Foster, who survived the whole ordeal: K. Johnson, “The Murphy family,” New Light on the Donner Party (website), http://www.utahcrossroads .org/DonnerParty/Murphy.htm#William%20McFadden%20Foster.
154 We looked all around but no living thing: Esarey/Esrey/Esry Genealogy and Reunion (website), “Esarey-Esrey & Rhoads-Esrey letters: Records of a 19th century American migration,” http://www.esarey.us /reunion/1873.htm.
156 [Reed’s] party immediately commenced distributing: J. Merryman, “Adventures in California—Narrative of J. F. Reed—Life in the Wilderness—Sufferings of the Emigrants,” Illinois State Register, November 19, 1847, p. 1, c. 6–7; p. 2, c. 1; November 26, 1847, p. 1, c. 2. Also published as “Narrative of the Sufferings of a Company of Emigrants in the Mountains of California, in the winter of ’46 and ’7 by J. F. Reed, late of Sangamon County, Illinois,” Illinois Journal (Springfield), December 8, 1847, p. 1, c. 2–4.
156 The mutilated body of a friend: Johnson, “J. Quinn Thornton (1810–1888),” p. 90.
156 They had consumed four bodies: Ibid., p. 91.
157 “No traces of her person could be found”: Dale Lowell Morton, ed., Overland in 1846, vol. 1: Diaries and Letters of the California-Oregon Trail (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993), p. 362.
158 “human skeletons . . . in every
variety: E. Rarick, Desperate Passage (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 229.
159 “Analysis Finally Clears Donner Party: R. Preidt, “Analysis finally clears Donner Party of rumored cannibalism,” MedicineNet, April 19, 2010, http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey =115529.
160 “Donners Ate Family Dog, Maybe Not People”: J. Viegas, “Donner Party ate family dog, maybe not people,” Discovery News, April 15, 2010, http://news.discovery.com/history/donner-party-cannibalism.html.
160 Even the New York Times got into the act: S. Dubner, “No cannibalism among the Donner Party?” Freakonomics (New York Times blog), April 16, 2010, http://freakonomics.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/16/no -cannibalism-among-the-donner-party/.
160 “Scientists Crash Donner Party”: The Rat (blog), “Scientists crash the Donner Party,” January 13, 2006, http://therat.blogspot.com/2006 _01_01_archive.html.
161 Research conducted by Dr. Gwen Robbins: Appalachian State University News, “Appalachian professor’s research finds no evidence of cannibalism at Donner Party campsite,” April 15, 2010, http://www .freerepublic.com/focus/chat/2493838/posts.
165 “Professor’s Research Demonstrates Starvation Diet: Appalachian State University News, “Professor’s research demonstrates starvation diet at the Donner Party’s Alder Creek camp,” April 23, 2010, http://www.news.appstate.edu/2010/04/23/professor%E2%80%99s-research -demonstrates-starvation-diet-at-the-donner-party%E2%80%99s-alder -creek-camp/.
165 The actual research paper (published three months later: K. J. Dixon, S. Novak, G. Robbins, J. Schablitsky, G. R. Scott, and G. Tasa, “ ‘Men, women and children starving’: Archaeology of the Donner family camp,” American Antiquity 75, no. 3 (2010): 626–56.
166 “ ‘Cannibal’ Doc Eats Her Words”: D. K. Li, “ ‘Cannibal’ doc eats her words,” New York Post, April 22, 2010.
167 In 1990, anthropologist Donald Grayson: D. K. Grayson, “Donner Party deaths: A demographic assessment,” Journal of Anthropological Research 46, no. 3 (1990): 223–42.
168 When the Donner Party hacked a trail: D. Grayson, “The timing of Donner Party deaths, Appendix 3,” in The Archaeology of the Donner Party, edited by Donald Hardesty (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1997), p. 125.
169 single and unpaired individuals are more responsive: D. Maestripieri, N. Baran, P. Sapienza, and L. Zingales, “Between- and within-sex variation in hormonal responses to psychological stress in a large sample of college students,” Stress 13, no. 5 (2010): 413–24.
169 Grebenkemper told me that in 2011 and 2012: J. Grebenkemper and K. Johnson, “Forensic canine search for the Donner family winter camps at Alder Creek,” Overland Journal 33, no. 2 (Summer 2015): 65–89.
Chapter 13—Eating People Is Bad
174 Baby, baby, naughty baby: Iona Opie and Peter Opie, eds., The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951), p. 59.
175 “They immediately shewed [sic] as much horror: G. Obeyesekere, “British cannibals: Contemplation of an event in the death and resurrection of James Cook, explorer,” in Beyond Textuality: Asceticism and Violence in Anthropological Interpretation, edited by Gilles Bibeau and Ellen Corin (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1994), p. 146.
175 “belief that a man needed his body after death: R. Tannahill, Flesh & Blood: A History of the Cannibal Complex (New York: Little Brown, 1975), p. 45.
175 “an unprecedented and almost pathological: Ibid., p. 47.
176 “you are what you eat”: M. Kilgore, “The function of cannibalism at the present time,” in Cannibalism and the Colonial World, edited by F. Baker, P. Hulme, and M. Iversen (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 239.
176 “defined in terms of how: Ibid., p. 239.
177 Lurching up, he lunged out: Homer, The Odyssey, translated by Robert Fagles (New York: Penguin Books, 1996), p. 222.
177 “as wine came spurting: Ibid., p. 223.
179 “No price in the world”: Herodotus, The History, translated by David Grene (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), p. 228.
179 “These are matters of settled custom”: Ibid.
179 Herodotus was also the first writer: C. Avramescu, An Intellectual History of Cannibalism, translated by Alister Ian Blyth (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009), p. 33.
179 “some of them did something dreadful”: Herodotus, The History, p. 222.
179 The Father of History also wrote extensively about the Scythians: Ibid., pp. 303–4.
180 “[made] water so greatly that she filled: Ibid., p. 84.
180 “his daughter’s privy parts”: Ibid., p. 84.
181 When Harpagus’s son came to Astyages: Ibid., pp. 89–90.
185 as translated by Paul Larue: J. Zipes, Trials and Tribulations of Little Red Riding Hood (New York: Routledge, 1993), p. 348.
185 “cruel Ogre who eats little children”: Charles Perrault, ed., The Tales of Mother Goose (New York: D. C. Heath, 1901), p. 36.
186 “great scarcity fell on the land”: Brothers Grimm, Hansel and Gretel and Other Tales (London: Sovereign, 2013), p. 7.
186 “When he is fat I will eat him”: Ibid., p. 11.
186 “Let Hansel be fat or lean: Ibid., p. 11.
186 According to Maria Tatar: M. Tatar, Off with Their Heads (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 295.
187 In Tabart’s story, Jack is “indolent: Maria Tatar, ed. and trans., The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2002), p. 133.
187 “My man is an ogre and there’s nothing: Ibid., p. 136.
187 Fe-fi-fo-fum: Ibid., p. 136.
188 In Joseph Jacobs’s revised epilogue, a “good fairy”: Ibid., 143.
188 “Jack and his mother became very rich: Ibid., p. 144.
188 “the foundation stones of nursery literature: M. Warner, “Fee fie fo fum: The child in the jaws of history,” in Baker et al., Cannibalism and the Colonial World, p. 160.
189 I was perfectly confounded and amazed: D. Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, New York Post Family Classics Library (New York: Paperview Group, 2004), p. 122.
190 “the wretched, inhuman custom of their devouring: Ibid., p. 123.
190 “justify the conduct of the Spaniards: Ibid., p. 127.
191 The place was covered with human bones: Ibid., p. 153.
191 Friday “still had a hankering stomach: Ibid., p. 153.
191 “would never eat man’s flesh anymore”: Ibid., p. 157.
191 “now a good Christian”: Ibid., p. 163.
191 “Let fly . . . in the name of God”: Ibid., p. 173.
191 “Defoe’s work is an effective contribution: F. Lestringant, Cannibals: The Discovery and Representation of the Cannibal from Columbus to Jules Verne, translated by Rosemarie Morris (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997), p. 141.
192 “judging the savage by the standard: J. G. Frazer, The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (New York: MacMillan Publishing Company, 1922), p. 342.
192 “the custom of tearing in pieces: Ibid., p. 454.
193 “The natives are superficially agreeable but they go in: H. Lapsley, M. Mead, and R. Benedict, The Kinship of Women (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001), p. 217.
193 “Cannibal savages as they were: Avaramescu, An Intellectual History of Cannibalism, p. 160.
194 “mankind’s earliest festival”: S. Freud, Totem and Taboo (New York: W. W. Norton, 1950), pp. x, 142.
194 As Stony Brook University anthropologist Bill Arens wrote: W. Arens, The Man-Eating Myth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979), p. 145.
Chapter 14—Eating People Is Good
196 “The Anonymous Conquistador”: Anonymous Conquistador, “The chronicle of the Anonymous Conquistador,” in The Conquistadores, edited by Patricia de Fuentes (New York: Orion Press, 1963), pp. 165–81.
197 “an institutionalized practice of consuming certain: Key Ray Chong, Cannibalism in China (Wakefield, NH: Longwood Aca
demic, 1990), p. 2.
197 “publicly and culturally sanctioned”: Ibid., p. 2.
197 Chong’s investigation provided three examples of siege-related: Ibid., pp. 45–46.
198 153 and 177 incidents of war-related and natural disaster–related: Ibid., pp. 160–61.
198 in the 2008 book Mubei (Tombstone): J. Yang, Mubei (Tombstone) (Hong Kong: Tiandi Chubanshe, 2008; reprinted 2010 [8th ed.]).
199 “people ate tree bark, weeds, bird droppings: Perry Link, “China: From famine to Oslo,” New York Review of Books 58, no. 1 (January 13, 2011): 52.
199 also believes that 36 million deaths: R. MacFarquahar, “The worst man-made catastrophe, ever,” New York Review of Books 58, no. 2 (February 10, 2011): 28.
200 Mao decided to install an “improved” version: J. Becker, Hungry Ghosts: Mao’s Secret Famine (New York: Free Press, 1996), pp. 64–70.
201 Another of Mao’s brainstorms: Ibid., 76–77.
201 “Traveling around the region over thirty years later: Ibid., pp. 118–19.
202 “hate, love, loyalty, filial piety: Chong, Cannibalism in China, p. 2.
202 “Methods of Cooking Human Flesh”: Ibid., pp. 145–57.
202 “Baking, Roasting, Broiling: Ibid., p. 149.
202 “children’s meat was the best food of all: Ibid., p. 137.
203 In Shui Hu Chuan (The Tales of Water Margins): Becker, Hungry Ghosts, p. 216.
203 “five regional cuisines”: Chong, Cannibalism in China, p. 145.
203 “many examples of steaming or boiling: Ibid., p. 153.
203 Prisoners of war were preferred ingredients: Ibid., p. 153.
203 Once victims had been subjected to criticism: “The slaughter at Wuxuan, Zhengi Yi,” from Scarlet Memorial: Tales of Cannibalism in Modern China, in Cannibals: Shocking True Tales of the Last Taboo on Land and Sea, edited by Joseph S. Cummins (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2001), p. 210.
204 “children would cut off parts of their body: Chong, Cannibalism in China, p. 154.
204 Far less frequent, but recorded nonetheless: Ibid., pp. 100–101.
Chapter 15—Chia Skulls and Mummy Powder
207 Arens had previously acknowledged: W. Arens, “Rethinking anthropophagy,” in Cannibalism and the Colonial World, edited by Francis Barker, Peter Hulme, and Margaret Iverson (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 39–63.
