by Nick Drake
When Suppiluliuma heard of the slaying of Zannanza, he began to lament for Zannanza, and to the Gods he spoke thus: ‘Oh Gods! I did no evil, yet the people of Egypt did this to me, and they also attacked the frontier of my country.’
And in the end, what Ankhesenamun might have intended as a radical solution to the problem of her succession, and an attempt to forge a peace treaty through marriage between the two empires, actually raised the stakes of the conflict, and would eventually lead to one of the most famous confrontations of the Ancient World, the Battle of Qadesh, in 1274 BC.
The dramatic geopolitics of the region–and the sophisticated diplomatic methods of the time–make up the historical panorama of this novel; and I hope the resonances for our modern world, with today’s great powers vying for influence for commercial and political reasons in the Middle East, are part of the pleasure of the story. I’ve drawn on the best available historical and archaeological evidence to reconstruct both the daily world and the drama of high politics in Egypt, Syria and Hatti; and through the eyes and mind of Rahotep, Seeker of Mysteries, I have imagined my way into the events as they might have been experienced by the key players. Above all, I have attempted to tell the story behind Ankhesenamun’s mysterious letters, and to solve the twin mysteries of what might have compelled her to resort to such desperate measures, and of who killed Zannanza, and how, and why.
There is no evidence, other than the Hittite annals, for what happened on that return journey to Egypt. However, the Apiru (or Habiru in some translations) are well-attested in Egyptian, Hittite and Mittanian sources. Inanna (known in Akkadian as Ishtar) was the Sumerian goddess of love, fertility and war. She is stunningly depicted in the British Museum’s Queen of the Night relief (also known as the Burney Relief), winged, with taloned feet and a headdress of horns topped by a disc, her hands raised to the viewer. (You can see the life, head and heart lines on her palms.) She is holding rod-and-ring symbols. (These appear frequently; what they symbolize is uncertain, but they were only ever held by gods.) She is also attended by lions and owls, standing upon a range of stylized mountains. Her symbol was an eight-pointed star, which in the novel becomes the sign of the Army of Chaos. ‘She stirs confusion and chaos against those who are disobedient to her, speeding carnage and inciting the devastating flood, clothed in terrifying radiance,’ according to the ‘Hymn to Inanna’.
My character has borrowed the name and the powers of her goddess. For her, opium is both a commodity and something sacred. Of course psychotropic drugs, especially hallucinogens, have been used for religious and shamanic purposes from prehistoric times. ‘Soma’ was a ritual drink of great importance among the early Indo-Iranians, for whom it had the status of a god. There is wide evidence for the cultivation and ritual use of opium throughout the Ancient World–in Neolithic settlements in western Europe, and then in Mesopotamia where the Sumerians called it the ‘joy plant’. The Assyrians and Babylonians also collected ‘poppy juice’. The Ancient Egyptians used mandrake (a fruit) and the lotus (blue water lily) for medicinal narcotic purposes, although it must be said that any exact identification of opium within the herbals and medical papyri is problematic. One likely reference appears in the Ebers Papyrus as a ‘remedy for driving out much crying [in children]’. Base ring juglets, which were shaped to resemble an inverted poppy seed-pod, were probably used to import opium juice from Cyprus. It has also been proposed that opium and lotus flowers were mixed with wine for recreational as well as religious use, because the effective alkaloids were soluble in alcohol. In the novel, the ‘lost valley’ of the Army of Chaos is based on the Beqaa valley, where the production of wine and opium, and the rule of tribal militias, remain as active today as they were in the Late Bronze Age.
Alas, there is no other evidence at the time of writing to suggest what might have happened to Ankhesenamun after the murder of Zannanza. Horemheb (1323–1295 BC) succeeded Ay on the throne of Egypt, and she disappears completely from the historical record. And with her vanishing the great eighteenth dynasty of Akhenaten and Nefertiti, of Tutankhamun and Ankhesenamun, also came to an end; Horemheb, in the iconoclastic custom of new kings, dismantled their temples and usurped their monuments. And then he adopted as his heir a military officer from the delta (Horemheb’s own home), who would found a new dynasty: the Ramesside, which would comprise eleven rulers in the nineteenth and twentieth dynasties.
Ankhesenamun’s tomb and mummy have never been found. She was neither named nor depicted in Tutankhamun’s tomb, and despite the custom of burying personal items belonging to the Great Royal Wife in the tomb, nothing of hers was found there. The very absence of such things is significant. Similarly, as Ay’s Great Royal Wife, she should have been depicted in Ay’s tomb; but its walls are decorated with images of another wife, Tiy. KV63 (i.e. the sixty-third tomb to be discovered in the Valley of the Kings) lies near Tutankhamun’s, and some fragments of pottery suggest a possible connection to Ankhesenamun. Another recent nearby excavation has also been identified as a possible tomb: in February 2010, DNA tests encouraged speculation that one of two late eighteenth-dynasty female mummies from the Valley of the Kings might be Ankhesenamun. But as of the time of writing she remains missing. All we have are fragments of evidence, some glorious images of her such as that on Tutankhamun’s golden throne, and the great mystery of the Hittite letters. ‘I am afraid,’ she wrote; and she had good reason to be.
Bibliography
Andrews, Carol, Egyptian Mummies, British Museum Press, 1998 Bryce, Trevor, Hittite Warrior, Osprey Publishing, 2007
—, The Kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford University Press, 2005
—, Life and Society in the Hittite World, Oxford University Press, 2002
Cohen, Raymond and Westbrook, Raymond (editors) Amarna Diplomacy, The John Hopkins University Press, 2000
Collins, Paul, From Egypt to Babylon, British Museum Press, 2008
David, Rosalie, Religion and Magic in Ancient Egypt, Penguin, 2002
Faulkner, R. O. (edited by Carol Andrews), The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead, The British Museum Press, 1985
Jones, Dilwyn, Boats, British Museum Press, 1995
Kemp, Barry J., 100 Hieroglyphs, Granta, 2005
—, Ancient Egypt, Anatomy of a Civilization, Routledge, 2006
Manley, Bill, The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Egypt, Penguin, 1996
Meskell, Lynn, Private Life in Ancient Egypt, Princeton University Trust, 2002
Nossov, Konstantin, Hittite Fortifications, Osprey Publishing, 2008
Nunn, John F., Ancient Egyptian Medicine, British Museum Press, 1997
Pinch, Geraldine, Egyptian Myth, A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2004
—, Magic in Ancient Egypt, British Museum Press, 1994
Redford, Donald B., Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, Princeton University Press, 1992
Reeves, Nick, The Complete Tutankhamun, Thames and Hudson, 1990
Shaw, Ian, and Nicholson, Paul, The British Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, British Museum Press, 1995
Vernus, Pascal (translated by David Lorton), Affairs and Scandals in Ancient Egypt, Cornell University Press, 2003
Wilson, Penelope, Hieroglyphs, A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2003
Acknowledgements
Howard Belgard inspired the writing of this story in many ways, and guided me through to the end with patience and generosity. I can’t thank him enough.
Carol Andrews, BA, PADipEG, once again scrutinized the drafts, meticulously correcting the factual errors of my ways, and constructively disputing some of my ideas and decisions. Any liberties taken with the known facts are my responsibility.
My thanks to Bill Scott-Kerr, and to Sarah Adams–my wise, patient and encouraging editor; and to Alison Barrow, Vivien Garrett, Lucy Pinney, Ben Willis (tour manager supremo), Matt Johnson and Neil Gower at Transworld.
Thank you, too, to my agent Peter Straus, and Jenny Hewson; also to Laurenc
e Laluyaux and Stephen Edwards at Rogers, Coleridge and White; and to Julia Kreitman at The Agency.
Walter Donohue and Iain Cox read drafts of the novel, and their responses helped me to find my way.
And thanks to Cara, Grainne and Siofra, the glorious girls, to Dominic Dromgoole and Sasha Hails, to Broo Doherty, Paul Sussman, and Jackie Kay.
Thank you from my innermost heart to my partner Edward Gonzalez Gomez.
About the Author
Nick Drake is the author of two critically acclaimed novels featuring Rahotep: Nefertiti, which was shortlisted for the Crime Writers’ Association Ellis Peters Historical Crime Award, and Tutankhamun, a Publishers Weekly top 100 books selection. He has published two award-winning collections of poetry, and his play Success was performed at the National Theatre in London, where he is a literary associate. His screenplays include the critically acclaimed Romulus, My Father (starring Eric Bana), which won Best Film at the Australian Film Awards in 2007. He lives in London.
Visit www.AuthorTracker.com for exclusive information on your favorite HarperCollins authors.
Also by Nick Drake
Tutankhamun: The Book of Shadows
Nefertiti: The Book of the Dead
Credits
Cover illustrations: head of Ramesses courtesy AISA/Bridgeman Art Library; moon & hieroglyphics © Shutterstock
Cover design by the Bookdesigners
Maps © Neil Gower
Copyright
EGYPT. Copyright © 2011 by Nick Drake. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this ebook on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
First published in Great Britain in 2011 by Bantam Press,
an imprint of Transworld Publishers.
FIRST U.S. EDITION
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
has been applied for.
ISBN: 978-0-06-076594-1
EPub Edition © NOVEMBER 2011 ISBN: 9780062097200
11 12 13 14 15 OFF/RRD 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
About the Publisher
Australia
HarperCollins Publishers (Australia) Pty. Ltd.
25 Ryde Road (P.O. Box 321)
Pymble, NSW 2073, Australia
www.harpercollins.com.au
Canada
HarperCollins Canada
2 Bloor Street East - 20th Floor
Toronto, ON, M4W, 1A8, Canada
http://www.harpercollins.ca
New Zealand
HarperCollins Publishers (New Zealand) Limited
P.O. Box 1
Auckland, New Zealand
http://www.harpercollins.co.nz
United Kingdom
HarperCollins Publishers Ltd.
77–85 Fulham Palace Road
London, W6 8JB, UK
http://www.harpercollins.co.uk
United States
HarperCollins Publishers Inc.
10 East 53rd Street
New York, NY 10022
http://www.harpercollins.com
