school funding, 25, 38–39, 50–51, 85–86, 125
school “resegregation,” 128
school vouchers, 156–57
Seattle case. See Parents v. Seattle School District
segregation: housing, 44–45, 48–49, 88, 96–97; Jim Crow–era, 4, 17, 19, 26, 42; Louisville, 36–37; separate but equal doctrine and, 43, 47, 50; sexual stereotypes and, 43
Shawnee High School: graduation rates, 138; integration of, 67, 95, 160; as majority black school, 15–16; reputation of, 13, 18, 142–43
Shawnee Junior High School, 110
Shawnee neighborhood, 68
Shields, Terrell, 146
Shively, Kentucky, 5, 48, 74–75, 75–76, 97
Shively Newsweek, 48, 74, 81
Silent Majority, 89, 197–98
Simple Justice (Kluger), 147
Sims, Robert, 70, 71–72
single-parent black families, 26
sit-ins, x, 57
Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, 181, 182
Sizemore, Barbara, 128
“small schools” movement, 177
SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), 71
social issues and black achievement, 26, 104
socioeconomic status, 189–90, 197. See also poverty
SOCS (Save Our Community Schools), 84–85, 87, 89, 91, 127
Souls of Black Folk (Du Bois), 147
South End neighborhood, xi, 5
Southern Baptists, 19
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 70
Southern High School, 22, 93, 94
“The Southern Strategy” (Nixon), 79
special education tracks, 15, 161
Spond, Joyce: early years of, 74, 75–76; as school volunteer, 76–77, 91, 92; as SOCS activist, 84–85, 87, 88–89, 90, 91, 103, 127, 173–74
Stallworth, Deborah, 133, 151, 154, 163, 166, 186, 187
standards. See accountability and outcomes
Stanley, Frank, 57
Stevenson, Adlai, 55
Stoner, Jacquelyn: activism of, 28; as Hampton lawsuit plaintiff, 133, 138; high school experience of, 15–17, 93, 95, 143; as a parent, 13–14, 15, 17, 18; personality of, 15
Stoner, Ja’Mekia: Central High admissions efforts of, 13–14, 17–18, 27, 138; on discrimination, 192; elementary school experience of, 14–15, 142; as Hampton lawsuit plaintiff, 133, 143; high school experience of, 142–43, 192; lessons learned from her mother, 17; middle school experience of, 15, 28, 142
Stoner, La’Quinn, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18
student assignment plans, 81, 129, 132–33, 189–90
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 71
suburban black population, 97, 113
suburban development, 36, 74–75
suburban school districts, 84, 97, 198
suburban students, 97, 113
summer learning loss, 188
summer riots of 1960s, 68, 70, 76, 77
Supreme Court, U.S.: on affirmative action, 175–76, 182, 191; assassination threat, 54; on busing, 118, 119, 120; on desegregation, 32; on racial integration, 186–87, 199; on school desegregation, ix, 43, 45, 76, 78–80, 83–84, 117, 127, 181–87, 189; segregated housing law ruling, 37, 43
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 79–80, 83, 117, 155
“teaching the test,” 125
teen pregnancy rates, 116
Tenth Ward School, 108
Thernstrom, Abigail, 178
Thernstrom, Stephan, 178
Thomas, Clarence, 119–20, 185, 186
Thomas, Fran Newton: activism of, 21–22, 23, 25, 28, 58–59, 130–31, 132, 137, 159, 168, 169, 187–88; on all-black schools, 163–64, 166; early years of, 34–35, 37–38, 39–40, 64, 66; education of, 37–38, 39, 50; personality of, 21; Deborah Stallworth and, 133
Thomas, Virgil, 58–59
Thomas Jefferson High School, 110, 111, 142
Till, Emmett, 65–66, 69
Time, 55, 85
Todd, Pat, 162–63, 174, 175
To Die for the People (Newton), 72
traditional schools, 173–76, 177–78, 181–82
Traxler, William Byrd, Jr., 155
truancy, 114
Truman, Harry, 58
“twoness” and identity, 96, 147, 197
2011 pupil reassignment plan lawsuit, 190–91
unemployment, 26, 37, 72
UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association), 37
unitary school districts, 117, 148, 150, 152, 154, 155, 169
United Theological Seminary, 127
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 37
University of California v. Bakke, 144
University of Kentucky, 24, 43
University of Louisville, 39, 97
University of Michigan, 175–76, 182, 191
University of Mississippi, x
urban decay, 62–63
urban population, 75
urban renewal, 50, 62–65, 67, 188, 196
urban school district decline, 116
Valley Station, Kentucky, 97
values and community strength, 199
Vietnam War protests, 68–69
Vinson, Fred, 46
violence. See racial turmoil and violence
Virginia Union University, 33
VISTA, 70
vouchers, school, 156–57
Wade, Andrew, 44–45, 48, 53, 74, 76
Walcott, Dennis, 26
Walker, Newman, 81
Walker, Vanessa Siddle, 32
Wallace, George, 79, 85
War on Poverty, 70, 105
Warren, Earl, 46–48, 78–79, 117
Washington, Booker T., 32–33, 42, 49, 69
Washington, DC, 196
Washington Post, 85–86, 119, 120
Watergate scandal, 88, 90
wealth gap, 26
Weathers, Carman: activism of, 20, 22, 23, 27, 28, 137, 140, 163, 168, 187, 188; on all-black high schools, 115, 164–65, 166; appearance of, 20; coaching career of, 109–10; on desegregation, 194, 197; early years of, 107–8; Lyman Johnson and, 108; as SAVE founder, 130, 146; school closures and, 110, 111; on school desegregation, 124–25, 131–32, 140, 153; self-advocacy of, 109; Deborah Stallworth and, 133; views on race, 20–21, 168
weighted lottery, 154–55
West Chestnut Street Baptist Church, 180
West End Community Council, 70
Whitaker, Stanley, 110
white activists, 84–85, 87–91, 127, 173–74
White Citizens Council, 53, 54
white flight: civil rights movement and, 64–65; prevention of, 192; school desegregation and, 4, 9, 88, 97, 102–3, 112–13, 116; suburbanization and, 68, 176; urbanization and, 75
white majority schools, 56, 95, 96, 108, 110–11
white parents: on busing, 84–85, 87, 89, 91, 103, 112; school choice and, 157, 170; traditional schools and, 174. See also white flight
white school districts, 198
white school officials, 124
white students: assessment testing of, 121, 177; busing of, 112–13; magnet schools and, 55–56, 129, 132–33, 133–34; school choice and, 157, 170; socioeconomic status and, 190
Whiting, John, 95, 160–61
Whitney Young Elementary School, 173
Wilkins, Roger, 85–86
Williams, Aubrey, 159, 160, 166
Wilson, Atwood, 50–51, 66–67
Withers, Daniel, 180
Woodward, C. Vann, 75
X, Malcolm, 22, 68, 69, 96, 119, 127, 130
X, Riccardo: activism of, 24, 27, 70, 179–81, 187; as African Studies teacher, 22, 179, 189; on busing, 98; as CEASE member, 151; early years of, 22, 62–63, 65, 67–68, 69–70, 188; education of, 72–73; as high school history teacher, 93, 94, 95, 98, 132; retirement of, 189
zoning, use in school desegregation, 81
Beacon Press
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Boston, Massachusetts 02108-2892
www.beacon.org
Beacon Press books
are published under the auspices of
the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations.
© 2013 by Sarah Garland
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Garland, Sarah.
Divided we fail : the story of an African American community that ended the era of school desegregation / Sarah Garland.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8070-0177-6 (hardcover : alk. paper)
E-ISBN 978-0-8070-0178-3
1. Parents Involved in Community Schools—Trials, litigation, etc. 2. Seattle Public
Schools—Trials, litigation, etc. 3. Jefferson County Public Schools—Trials, litigation, etc.
4. School integration—Law and legislation—Kentucky—Louisville. 5. Affirmative action
programs in education—Law and legislation—Kentucky—Louisville. I. Title.
KF229.G37 2012
344.73’0798—dc23 2012027732
Divided we Fail Page 30
