Routledge Handbook of Human Trafficking

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Routledge Handbook of Human Trafficking Page 108

by Piotrowicz, Ryszard; Rijken, Conny; Uhl, Baerbel Heide

Attorney General of the Federation v. Okoya 372

  Attorney General of the Federation v. Omoruyi 368, 372

  Australasia trafficking: anti-trafficking legislation 81–3; criminal justice responses to 83–4; introduction to 78; regional arrangements 86–7; scale of 78–80; summary of 87–8; victim protection 85–6

  Australia anti-trafficking legislation 81

  Australian Federal Police (AFP) 79

  Bacchi, B. 529

  Bales, Kevin 503–4

  Bali Process Working Group on Trafficking in Persons 86, 87

  Ban, Ki Moon 448

  bank account control 115

  Ban Ki Moon 448

  Beacroft, L. 80

  begging exploitation: common characteristics 160–1; identification of trafficking through 163–4; introduction to 157–8; overview of 158–61; recognition and identification of 161–4; summary of 164–5

  being home see family reintegration

  Belgian Anti-Trafficking Law 163

  Belgian Code of Criminal Procedure 224–6

  Belgian Federal Prosecutor 227

  Bellagio-Harvard Guidelines (2012) 4–5

  Benin 523

  Benin-Nigeria case 514

  Benton, M. 110, 114, 118

  Berger, P.L. 395

  Bernstein, Elizabeth 356, 506

  best interests of the child principle 344

  Big Data 409–10

  Black Slave Traffic 9

  blame after family reintegration 282–4

  Bloom, M. 136–7

  Board of General Prosecutors 229

  Boko Haram insurgency 57

  Booth, Catherine 359

  Booth, William 359

  border control 30

  Borland, R. 269

  Bourdieu, P. 399

  bottom-up research on governance 399–403, 400

  Bradley, R. 298

  Brandeis, Louis 413

  brokers in HTOR 123

  brothel bans: criticism over 490; first attempt to lift 489–90; human trafficking and 492–3; labour position of sex workers 493; legislation for 494; licensing system 491–2; lifting aims 491; lifting of 487; political and public debate 487–8; pro-rights and anti-violence 489; second attempt to lift 490–1; summary of 494–5

  Brunovskis, A. 243, 247

  Brussels Conference (1890) 4

  Brussels I Regulation 463

  business process of trafficking in human beings 536, 537–40

  camel racing 96–7

  Canada 350–1

  caporale framing in anti-trafficking discourses 511–13, 514, 518

  caporali framing in anti-trafficking discourses 511–13, 514, 516

  Captive Daughters website 323

  catch per unit effort (CPUE) index 69

  centralised administrative structures 398

  Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union 199

  Chaumont, Jean-Michel 6, 10

  Chen, M.A. 528

  Cherneva, I. 158

  child abuse 295, 298

  child begging 160–1

  Child Centre’s Expert Group for Cooperation on Children at Risk in Lithuania, Poland, Norway and Sweden 158

  child rights-based framework 254–7

  child soldiering: competing principles 141–2; introduction to 135–6; prohibition against 139–41; recruitment in armed conflict 136–7; role of consent 141; summary of 143; trafficking as recruitment 137–42

  Child Soldier Protocol 141

  child trafficking: in Africa 53; child rights-based framework 254–7; collateral damage 347–9; introduction to 251–2; Nigerian child slaves 512; non-punishment provision 176–7, 179; regional standards 256; struggle to define 252–4; summary of 257–8

  Chin, K. 502

  Cho, Seo-Young 83, 207, 389, 391, 504, 507

  Chowdhury v. Greece 461

  Christian theology 356

  Chuang 425

  Churches’ Commission for Migrants in Europe 463

  cleaning industry labour demands 477–9

  Clinton, Bill 359

  Cloitre, M. 298

  closed-circuit television (CCTV) evidence 215, 218

  C.N. v. United Kingdom 263

  Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers 140

  Code for Crown Prosecutors (the Code) 213–14, 217

  Code of Conduct for Religious Institutions, Faith Communities, and Faith-Based Organizations for Their Work with Survivors of Forced Labour, Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery 358–9, 432, 438

  Code of Criminal Procedure 232

  Cohen, S. 530

  collateral damage: anti-trafficking principles 344–51; children 347–9; five categories of 345–51; inadequate protection/assistance 349–50; introduction to 342–3; legal definition of human trafficking 345–6; politically motivated inaccuracies 351; on sex workers/prostitutes 350–1; summary of 351–2; women from Nepal 437

  collective agreements 480

  collective trauma 152–3

  Command Centre for Combating Illegal Fishing (CCCIF) 72

  Committee of the Parties 46

  Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women 200

  Committee on the Rights of the Child (CoRC) 99, 309

  common law systems: disclosure 217–18; duty to investigate 214; English law 213; investigator and prosecutor role 213–14; Joint Investigation Team 160, 216; obligation to call witness, prosecutor 217; overseas evidence 215–16; pre-charge stage and evidence gathering 214–15; presentation of case at court 220–1; role of witnesses and victims 218–23; sentencing and ancillary orders 221–2; special measures 219; summary of 223; victims trafficked into criminality 222–3

  common mental disorders (CMD) 279

  compensation to trafficking victims 48, 247

  competent authorities in investigations 226–7

  compliance with treaty obligations 389–91, 390

  conditional intent 192

  Conference of Parties to the Organized Crime Convention 32–3

  Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 435

  conflicts after family reintegration 280–2

  consent and social groups 208

  consent-nullifying means 191

  consumer exploitation 110

  continuum of exploitation 109–11

  control and trafficking in human beings 539–40

  control methods of traffickers 367–9

  Convention Against Trafficking in Persons of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 474

  Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 454

  Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others (1949) 8, 21

  Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings 41–6

  Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 58

  Convention on Forced or Compulsory Labour 58

  Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) 21

  Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 21, 58, 135, 139–40, 162, 255, 344

  Coomaraswamy, Radhika 343

  Council of Europe: Action against Trafficking in Human Beings 381; Anti-Trafficking Convention 222; Convention against Trafficking in Human Beings 187, 261, 268–9, 421; Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings 13, 33, 173, 252, 382, 474; Convention on Violence against Women 268, 306; Council Conclusions 307–8; human rights perspective 179; monitoring efforts 308; non-punishment clause 175; overview 41–2; protective measures of 424; short term residence permit for victims 243; 3P Anti-Trafficking Policy Index 424

  Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) 158

  Council of the League of Nations 8

  counter terrorist financing (CTF) standards 87

  counter-trafficking policies 381

  county statistics on human trafficking 383, 383–6, 384, 385

  Court Indictment Division 225


  Court of Appeal of England and Wales 178, 262–3

  Court of Indictment Division 232

  Court on Human Rights 264

  Covenant of the League of Nations (1919) 7

  Crime and Disorder Act (1998) 217

  criminal activities exploitation 115–17

  Criminal Code (CC) 487

  criminal compensation fund 266–7

  criminalisation: obligations of Trafficking Protocol 26–7, 27; of trafficked persons 171–3; victims trafficked into criminality 222–3

  criminal justice solution to human rights protection 420–2

  cross-border co-operation 30

  cross-border sexual exploitation 30

  cross-functional communication 397

  Crown Court 216–17, 220

  culture impact on trafficking: African context 57; control methods of traffickers 367–9; court cases 371–3; defences for perpetrators 369–71; expert testimony 372–3; future of 374; introduction to 366–7; substantive law 367–71; victim credibility 372

  culture of disbelief 177

  cycle of criminality 53

  Cyrus, N. 475

  Czech Republic 15

  dark figure studies 386

  da Silva, Ana Paula 506

  data collection in anti-trafficking policies see anti-trafficking data collection

  David, F. 266

  debt after family reintegration 278–80

  decent work 14

  defences for perpetrators 369–71

  De Graaf, A. 493

  Delap, 163

  Denmark 47, 161

  Department of Emancipation Affairs (DCE) 488

  Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) 447, 453

  depression in trafficked persons 292

  d’Estree, Claude 358

  development-centred approach to trafficking 61–2

  deviant behaviour of individuals 423

  Directive on Temporary Residence Permits (EU) 305

  Director Disqualification Orders 222

  direct participation in hostilities (DPH) 142

  direct poverty and labour exploitation 480–1

  domestic labor trafficking 56, 95–6, 100

  domestic servitude 208

  Domestic Workers Convention 99

  Dottridge, M. 253

  Draft Convention on the Criminal Accountability of UN Officials and Experts on Mission 449

  Dreher, A. 389

  Dualist school of thought 527

  Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee 324

  Dutch Penal Code 487

  Dutch sex industry 487

  Dutch victims 241

  duty to investigate 214

  dysfunctional families and prostitution 16

  Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 474

  ECOWAS region 52, 57

  Eisenstein, H. 531

  employees’ need for labour 480–1

  employer offences 110

  Employer Sanctions Directive (EU) 114

  English law 213

  Eunjung Kim 507

  EUROJUST 461

  European Asylum Support Office (EASO) 310–11

  European colonialism 3, 5

  European Commission 113, 163, 305, 407, 461, 527

  European Convention on Human Rights 49

  European Convention on the Compensation of Victims of Violent Crimes 266, 267

  European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) 179–80, 263–4, 461

  European Judicial Network 216

  European legal regime on trafficking: Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings 41–6; European Union 46–9; human rights laws 49; introduction to 41; organ trafficking 46; summary of 49–50

  European Union (EU): Anti-Trafficking Directive 222, 243, 254; Charter of Fundamental Rights 304; Directive on Temporary Residence Permits 305; Employers Sanctions Directive 464; Fundamental Rights Agency 309; harmonised indicators/variables 410–11; Human Trafficking Directive 218, 304, 308; illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing 72; National Referral Mechanism 304–6; overview 46–9; Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Human Beings and Protecting its Victims 381; Qualification Directive 200, 202; Study on High-risk Groups for Trafficking in Human Beings 255; Victims’ Directive 305

  Eurostat 381

  EUROSTAT Report 251

  EU Strategy towards the Eradication of Trafficking in Human Beings 307

  evidentiary issues with APOV 192–3

  expert interviews 398–9

  expert knowledge 397–401

  expert testimony 372–3

  Explanatory Memorandum to the Directive 474

  Explanatory Report of the Istanbul Convention 201

  exploitation/exploitive acts: access to rights 117–18; business process of 539; continuum of 109–11; criminal activities 115–17; identifiers of 111–13; introduction to 109; recruitment agencies 115; severe labour exploitation 113–14; summary of 118; see also begging exploitation; labour exploitation/trafficking; sexual exploitation

  extreme necessity clause 172

  Ezeilo, N. 161

  facilitators in HTOR 124

  fact of vulnerability 192

  false imprisonment 214

  family reintegration: coming home 277, 277–8; damage to relationships 284–6; defined 274–5; economic roles/responsibilities 276; family composition 275; financial problems 278–80; gender roles 275–6; introduction to 273–4; methodology of 274; residential patterns 276; shame and blame after 282–4; social roles/expectations 276; summary of 286; tensions and conflicts 280–2

  Fazenda Brasil Verde case (2016) 5

  fear of return 202–3

  female sexual victimhood 505

  female traffickers 53, 56–7

  field-specific expert knowledge 397

  filial responsibility 276

  Filipina domestic workers 100

  Filipina entertainers in US military camps 500

  Final Act of the Brussels Conference (1890) 3

  financial investigation 232

  financial problems after family reintegration 278–80

  Finckenauer, J.O. 502

  FINE TUNE project 464

  Finland, labour exploitation/trafficking 476–7

  First World Whores’ Congress 488

  Flexner, Abraham 7

  Foggian tomato labour exploitation 516–18, 517, 523–4

  ‘folk devil’ criminal figures 513, 520–1

  forced begging 160

  Forced Labour Convention 58, 98–9, 261

  Forced Labour Protocol 174

  forced labour trafficking: approaches to 459–60; defined 112; increases in 391–2; introduction to 14–15, 15, 459; Palermo Protocol 464; severe labour exploitation 113–14; withholding wages coercion 461–3; see also labour exploitation/trafficking

  Foundation against Trafficking in Women (STV) 488

  Francis, Pope 355

  fraud offences 214

  free trade policies 320, 323

  French Office for Immigration and Integration 269

  Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) 113, 265, 269, 425

  Gallagher, Anne 253, 331, 333–4, 420, 529, 531

  gangmasters 110

  Gascoigne 519

  gender-based violence 186

  gender inequalities 56–7, 207

  gender roles in family reintegration 275–6

  gender-sensitive interpretation 205

  Generic Standards of Behaviour for ESDP Operations 446

  Geneva Conventions 139

  German Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof) 15

  Ghetto communities 514, 518

  Giammarinaro, Maria Grazia 425

  Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW) 342, 344–51, 419

  global data instruments 408–10, 409

  global economic disparities 481

  globalisation and sexual commerce 319–24

  global supply chains 463–4

  Gozdziak, E. 529

  Group of E
xperts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA) 42–6, 48–9, 163–4; challenges with 308–9; child trafficking 251, 252; comprehensive statistical systems 381; Council of Europe Convention monitoring efforts 308; country evaluation reports of 389–91, 390; non-punishment provision 177; poor implementation of protection mechanisms 421; Report on Spain 204; shortcomings in the implementation of protective 424; victims of forced labour 391–2

  Guidance Document on the transposition of the Victims’ Directive (EC) 305

  Guidance Note 195

  guidelines for prosecution in civil law systems 228–9

  Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights 343

  habeas corpus 13

  Hague Ministerial Declaration 307

  Hall, S. 324

  Hart, Keith 526

  Haynes 482

  healthcare consequences of HTOR 127

  healthcare professionals in HTOR 124

  Hennessey, Louisa 6

  Hertzke, Allen 361

  HIV/AIDS concerns 528

  Honoré, Anthony 5

  Horgan, J. 136–7

  Horowitz, Michael 360

  Hossain, M. 293–4

  Hotline for Migrant Workers 148

  house searches 231

  HTOR see human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal

  human rights-based service providers 424–5

  human rights-centred approach to trafficking 62, 439

  Human Rights Council 432–4, 437, 440, 531

  human rights protection: challenge of 31–2; criminal justice solution 420–2; data collection formats/politics 410–12; laws for 49; restoring victim privacy 412–13

  human rights violations: case law 17–18; collective action against 22; human trafficking as 14–17, 15; introduction to 13; labor exploitation 14–15, 15; overview of rights 13–14; sexual exploitation 15–16, 30; summary of 18

  Human Slavery Index 391

  human trafficking for ransom: in Asia and Latin America 149; collective trauma 152–3; expanding communication networks 150; ICTs for tracking 149–53; introduction to 146–7; mobile phones and 151–2; overview of 147; Sinai trafficking 148–9; social group linking 152; summary of 153–4; trafficking networks and groups 147–8; see also trafficking in human beings

  human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal (HTOR) 46, 53; actors involved in 123–5; consequences of 126–7; healthcare professionals, role in prevention 130; international legal framework 121–3; introduction to 120–1, 121; law enforcement challenges 127–8; preventative measures against 129–30; summary of 130–1; victim protection 128–9; see also informal economy and human trafficking

 

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