Attorney General of the Federation v. Okoya 372
Attorney General of the Federation v. Omoruyi 368, 372
Australasia trafficking: anti-trafficking legislation 81–3; criminal justice responses to 83–4; introduction to 78; regional arrangements 86–7; scale of 78–80; summary of 87–8; victim protection 85–6
Australia anti-trafficking legislation 81
Australian Federal Police (AFP) 79
Bacchi, B. 529
Bales, Kevin 503–4
Bali Process Working Group on Trafficking in Persons 86, 87
Ban, Ki Moon 448
bank account control 115
Ban Ki Moon 448
Beacroft, L. 80
begging exploitation: common characteristics 160–1; identification of trafficking through 163–4; introduction to 157–8; overview of 158–61; recognition and identification of 161–4; summary of 164–5
being home see family reintegration
Belgian Anti-Trafficking Law 163
Belgian Code of Criminal Procedure 224–6
Belgian Federal Prosecutor 227
Bellagio-Harvard Guidelines (2012) 4–5
Benin 523
Benin-Nigeria case 514
Benton, M. 110, 114, 118
Berger, P.L. 395
Bernstein, Elizabeth 356, 506
best interests of the child principle 344
Big Data 409–10
Black Slave Traffic 9
blame after family reintegration 282–4
Bloom, M. 136–7
Board of General Prosecutors 229
Boko Haram insurgency 57
Booth, Catherine 359
Booth, William 359
border control 30
Borland, R. 269
Bourdieu, P. 399
bottom-up research on governance 399–403, 400
Bradley, R. 298
Brandeis, Louis 413
brokers in HTOR 123
brothel bans: criticism over 490; first attempt to lift 489–90; human trafficking and 492–3; labour position of sex workers 493; legislation for 494; licensing system 491–2; lifting aims 491; lifting of 487; political and public debate 487–8; pro-rights and anti-violence 489; second attempt to lift 490–1; summary of 494–5
Brunovskis, A. 243, 247
Brussels Conference (1890) 4
Brussels I Regulation 463
business process of trafficking in human beings 536, 537–40
camel racing 96–7
Canada 350–1
caporale framing in anti-trafficking discourses 511–13, 514, 518
caporali framing in anti-trafficking discourses 511–13, 514, 516
Captive Daughters website 323
catch per unit effort (CPUE) index 69
centralised administrative structures 398
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union 199
Chaumont, Jean-Michel 6, 10
Chen, M.A. 528
Cherneva, I. 158
child abuse 295, 298
child begging 160–1
Child Centre’s Expert Group for Cooperation on Children at Risk in Lithuania, Poland, Norway and Sweden 158
child rights-based framework 254–7
child soldiering: competing principles 141–2; introduction to 135–6; prohibition against 139–41; recruitment in armed conflict 136–7; role of consent 141; summary of 143; trafficking as recruitment 137–42
Child Soldier Protocol 141
child trafficking: in Africa 53; child rights-based framework 254–7; collateral damage 347–9; introduction to 251–2; Nigerian child slaves 512; non-punishment provision 176–7, 179; regional standards 256; struggle to define 252–4; summary of 257–8
Chin, K. 502
Cho, Seo-Young 83, 207, 389, 391, 504, 507
Chowdhury v. Greece 461
Christian theology 356
Chuang 425
Churches’ Commission for Migrants in Europe 463
cleaning industry labour demands 477–9
Clinton, Bill 359
Cloitre, M. 298
closed-circuit television (CCTV) evidence 215, 218
C.N. v. United Kingdom 263
Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers 140
Code for Crown Prosecutors (the Code) 213–14, 217
Code of Conduct for Religious Institutions, Faith Communities, and Faith-Based Organizations for Their Work with Survivors of Forced Labour, Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery 358–9, 432, 438
Code of Criminal Procedure 232
Cohen, S. 530
collateral damage: anti-trafficking principles 344–51; children 347–9; five categories of 345–51; inadequate protection/assistance 349–50; introduction to 342–3; legal definition of human trafficking 345–6; politically motivated inaccuracies 351; on sex workers/prostitutes 350–1; summary of 351–2; women from Nepal 437
collective agreements 480
collective trauma 152–3
Command Centre for Combating Illegal Fishing (CCCIF) 72
Committee of the Parties 46
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women 200
Committee on the Rights of the Child (CoRC) 99, 309
common law systems: disclosure 217–18; duty to investigate 214; English law 213; investigator and prosecutor role 213–14; Joint Investigation Team 160, 216; obligation to call witness, prosecutor 217; overseas evidence 215–16; pre-charge stage and evidence gathering 214–15; presentation of case at court 220–1; role of witnesses and victims 218–23; sentencing and ancillary orders 221–2; special measures 219; summary of 223; victims trafficked into criminality 222–3
common mental disorders (CMD) 279
compensation to trafficking victims 48, 247
competent authorities in investigations 226–7
compliance with treaty obligations 389–91, 390
conditional intent 192
Conference of Parties to the Organized Crime Convention 32–3
Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 435
conflicts after family reintegration 280–2
consent and social groups 208
consent-nullifying means 191
consumer exploitation 110
continuum of exploitation 109–11
control and trafficking in human beings 539–40
control methods of traffickers 367–9
Convention Against Trafficking in Persons of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 474
Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 454
Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others (1949) 8, 21
Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings 41–6
Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 58
Convention on Forced or Compulsory Labour 58
Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) 21
Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 21, 58, 135, 139–40, 162, 255, 344
Coomaraswamy, Radhika 343
Council of Europe: Action against Trafficking in Human Beings 381; Anti-Trafficking Convention 222; Convention against Trafficking in Human Beings 187, 261, 268–9, 421; Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings 13, 33, 173, 252, 382, 474; Convention on Violence against Women 268, 306; Council Conclusions 307–8; human rights perspective 179; monitoring efforts 308; non-punishment clause 175; overview 41–2; protective measures of 424; short term residence permit for victims 243; 3P Anti-Trafficking Policy Index 424
Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) 158
Council of the League of Nations 8
counter terrorist financing (CTF) standards 87
counter-trafficking policies 381
county statistics on human trafficking 383, 383–6, 384, 385
Court Indictment Division 225
Court of Appeal of England and Wales 178, 262–3
Court of Indictment Division 232
Court on Human Rights 264
Covenant of the League of Nations (1919) 7
Crime and Disorder Act (1998) 217
criminal activities exploitation 115–17
Criminal Code (CC) 487
criminal compensation fund 266–7
criminalisation: obligations of Trafficking Protocol 26–7, 27; of trafficked persons 171–3; victims trafficked into criminality 222–3
criminal justice solution to human rights protection 420–2
cross-border co-operation 30
cross-border sexual exploitation 30
cross-functional communication 397
Crown Court 216–17, 220
culture impact on trafficking: African context 57; control methods of traffickers 367–9; court cases 371–3; defences for perpetrators 369–71; expert testimony 372–3; future of 374; introduction to 366–7; substantive law 367–71; victim credibility 372
culture of disbelief 177
cycle of criminality 53
Cyrus, N. 475
Czech Republic 15
dark figure studies 386
da Silva, Ana Paula 506
data collection in anti-trafficking policies see anti-trafficking data collection
David, F. 266
debt after family reintegration 278–80
decent work 14
defences for perpetrators 369–71
De Graaf, A. 493
Delap, 163
Denmark 47, 161
Department of Emancipation Affairs (DCE) 488
Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) 447, 453
depression in trafficked persons 292
d’Estree, Claude 358
development-centred approach to trafficking 61–2
deviant behaviour of individuals 423
Directive on Temporary Residence Permits (EU) 305
Director Disqualification Orders 222
direct participation in hostilities (DPH) 142
direct poverty and labour exploitation 480–1
domestic labor trafficking 56, 95–6, 100
domestic servitude 208
Domestic Workers Convention 99
Dottridge, M. 253
Draft Convention on the Criminal Accountability of UN Officials and Experts on Mission 449
Dreher, A. 389
Dualist school of thought 527
Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee 324
Dutch Penal Code 487
Dutch sex industry 487
Dutch victims 241
duty to investigate 214
dysfunctional families and prostitution 16
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 474
ECOWAS region 52, 57
Eisenstein, H. 531
employees’ need for labour 480–1
employer offences 110
Employer Sanctions Directive (EU) 114
English law 213
Eunjung Kim 507
EUROJUST 461
European Asylum Support Office (EASO) 310–11
European colonialism 3, 5
European Commission 113, 163, 305, 407, 461, 527
European Convention on Human Rights 49
European Convention on the Compensation of Victims of Violent Crimes 266, 267
European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) 179–80, 263–4, 461
European Judicial Network 216
European legal regime on trafficking: Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings 41–6; European Union 46–9; human rights laws 49; introduction to 41; organ trafficking 46; summary of 49–50
European Union (EU): Anti-Trafficking Directive 222, 243, 254; Charter of Fundamental Rights 304; Directive on Temporary Residence Permits 305; Employers Sanctions Directive 464; Fundamental Rights Agency 309; harmonised indicators/variables 410–11; Human Trafficking Directive 218, 304, 308; illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing 72; National Referral Mechanism 304–6; overview 46–9; Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Human Beings and Protecting its Victims 381; Qualification Directive 200, 202; Study on High-risk Groups for Trafficking in Human Beings 255; Victims’ Directive 305
Eurostat 381
EUROSTAT Report 251
EU Strategy towards the Eradication of Trafficking in Human Beings 307
evidentiary issues with APOV 192–3
expert interviews 398–9
expert knowledge 397–401
expert testimony 372–3
Explanatory Memorandum to the Directive 474
Explanatory Report of the Istanbul Convention 201
exploitation/exploitive acts: access to rights 117–18; business process of 539; continuum of 109–11; criminal activities 115–17; identifiers of 111–13; introduction to 109; recruitment agencies 115; severe labour exploitation 113–14; summary of 118; see also begging exploitation; labour exploitation/trafficking; sexual exploitation
extreme necessity clause 172
Ezeilo, N. 161
facilitators in HTOR 124
fact of vulnerability 192
false imprisonment 214
family reintegration: coming home 277, 277–8; damage to relationships 284–6; defined 274–5; economic roles/responsibilities 276; family composition 275; financial problems 278–80; gender roles 275–6; introduction to 273–4; methodology of 274; residential patterns 276; shame and blame after 282–4; social roles/expectations 276; summary of 286; tensions and conflicts 280–2
Fazenda Brasil Verde case (2016) 5
fear of return 202–3
female sexual victimhood 505
female traffickers 53, 56–7
field-specific expert knowledge 397
filial responsibility 276
Filipina domestic workers 100
Filipina entertainers in US military camps 500
Final Act of the Brussels Conference (1890) 3
financial investigation 232
financial problems after family reintegration 278–80
Finckenauer, J.O. 502
FINE TUNE project 464
Finland, labour exploitation/trafficking 476–7
First World Whores’ Congress 488
Flexner, Abraham 7
Foggian tomato labour exploitation 516–18, 517, 523–4
‘folk devil’ criminal figures 513, 520–1
forced begging 160
Forced Labour Convention 58, 98–9, 261
Forced Labour Protocol 174
forced labour trafficking: approaches to 459–60; defined 112; increases in 391–2; introduction to 14–15, 15, 459; Palermo Protocol 464; severe labour exploitation 113–14; withholding wages coercion 461–3; see also labour exploitation/trafficking
Foundation against Trafficking in Women (STV) 488
Francis, Pope 355
fraud offences 214
free trade policies 320, 323
French Office for Immigration and Integration 269
Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) 113, 265, 269, 425
Gallagher, Anne 253, 331, 333–4, 420, 529, 531
gangmasters 110
Gascoigne 519
gender-based violence 186
gender inequalities 56–7, 207
gender roles in family reintegration 275–6
gender-sensitive interpretation 205
Generic Standards of Behaviour for ESDP Operations 446
Geneva Conventions 139
German Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof) 15
Ghetto communities 514, 518
Giammarinaro, Maria Grazia 425
Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW) 342, 344–51, 419
global data instruments 408–10, 409
global economic disparities 481
globalisation and sexual commerce 319–24
global supply chains 463–4
Gozdziak, E. 529
Group of E
xperts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA) 42–6, 48–9, 163–4; challenges with 308–9; child trafficking 251, 252; comprehensive statistical systems 381; Council of Europe Convention monitoring efforts 308; country evaluation reports of 389–91, 390; non-punishment provision 177; poor implementation of protection mechanisms 421; Report on Spain 204; shortcomings in the implementation of protective 424; victims of forced labour 391–2
Guidance Document on the transposition of the Victims’ Directive (EC) 305
Guidance Note 195
guidelines for prosecution in civil law systems 228–9
Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights 343
habeas corpus 13
Hague Ministerial Declaration 307
Hall, S. 324
Hart, Keith 526
Haynes 482
healthcare consequences of HTOR 127
healthcare professionals in HTOR 124
Hennessey, Louisa 6
Hertzke, Allen 361
HIV/AIDS concerns 528
Honoré, Anthony 5
Horgan, J. 136–7
Horowitz, Michael 360
Hossain, M. 293–4
Hotline for Migrant Workers 148
house searches 231
HTOR see human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal
human rights-based service providers 424–5
human rights-centred approach to trafficking 62, 439
Human Rights Council 432–4, 437, 440, 531
human rights protection: challenge of 31–2; criminal justice solution 420–2; data collection formats/politics 410–12; laws for 49; restoring victim privacy 412–13
human rights violations: case law 17–18; collective action against 22; human trafficking as 14–17, 15; introduction to 13; labor exploitation 14–15, 15; overview of rights 13–14; sexual exploitation 15–16, 30; summary of 18
Human Slavery Index 391
human trafficking for ransom: in Asia and Latin America 149; collective trauma 152–3; expanding communication networks 150; ICTs for tracking 149–53; introduction to 146–7; mobile phones and 151–2; overview of 147; Sinai trafficking 148–9; social group linking 152; summary of 153–4; trafficking networks and groups 147–8; see also trafficking in human beings
human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal (HTOR) 46, 53; actors involved in 123–5; consequences of 126–7; healthcare professionals, role in prevention 130; international legal framework 121–3; introduction to 120–1, 121; law enforcement challenges 127–8; preventative measures against 129–30; summary of 130–1; victim protection 128–9; see also informal economy and human trafficking
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