ratione personae 8
real alternative, defined 194
recipients in HTOR 125–6
Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking (UN) 343, 421
recorded conversations 231
recruitment: agencies for 115; child soldiering 136–7; exploitation by agencies 115; illegal recruitment and migration 61; Thai fishing sector trafficking 71; trafficking in human beings 137–42, 537–8
Recruitment and Job-Seekers Protection Act (1985) 70
red light districts 325–6, 492, 542
Red Thread organisation 488, 490
reflection period for trafficking victims 248
Refugee Convention 199, 203
Regional Cooperation Framework (RCF) 86
regional statistics on human trafficking 383, 383–6, 384, 385
reintegration see family reintegration
Reisen, Van 147–8
relationship damage after family reintegration 284–6
religious freedom 359–63
religious practices and trafficking 57
religious privilege: anti-trafficking activism/advocacy in US 359–62; Code of Conduct 358–9; introduction to 355–7; overview of 357–8; power and freedom 362–3; summary 363
Residence Permit Directive 47
Resolution of the Human Rights Commission 434
restaurant industry labour demands 479–80
re-traumatisation 172
re-victimisation 172
right not to be found 334–6
rights-based approach 31, 254, 257–8
Rijken, C. 147
Riswold, Caryn 357–8
Robertson, Phil 351
Robinson, Mary 343
Roehl, Philipp 152
Rosen, D.M. 136
Ruggie, John 343
rukun (harmonious unity) 276
Rustin, M. 324
Sacra Corona Unita group 543
sanctions on commercial carriers 30
Save the Children 158–9
Schütz 395
Secretary-General’s Bulletin (SGB) on Sexual Exploitation and Abuse 445
Seifert, Tricia 357
self-blaming 241, 296
self-identify victimhood 240
Sen, Amartya 147
sentencing in common law systems 221–2
Seo-Young Cho 424
seriousness threshold 253
service-providing NGOs 420
severe labour exploitation 113–14
sex discrimination 56–7
sexual abuse pre-trafficking 295
sexual autonomy 17
sexual commerce: globalisation and 319–24; introduction to 319–20; migration and 324–5; neoliberalism and 319–22; red light districts 325–6, 492; summary of 326; terminology problems 320–2; see also brothel bans; prostitution
sexual exploitation: evangelical Christianity 361; mental health concerns after 291; Middle East 94–5; overview 15–16, 30; peacekeeping operations 447–50; research interviews on 399; victim perspective on 240–1
sexual harassment after family reintegration 280–1
sexually transmitted diseases 6
sex workers see prostitution; sexual commerce
sex work migration 505–7
shame after family reintegration 282–4
Sharia Law 97
Shimazono, Y. 121
Simmons, F. 266
Sinai trafficking 148–9
slavery: African Slave Trade 3–5; artisan slave trade 4; Atlantic Slave Trade 3–6, 9–10; Black Slave Traffic 9; modern-day slavery 531; Nigerian child slaves 512; opposition to 359; trafficking in human beings vs. 9–10; victim identification 331; White Slavery 3, 5–9, 505
Slavery Convention (1926) 4
slavery-like practices 254
SMART criteria 438
smuggling organisations 110
Sneep case 492–3
Snowden, Edward 410
social groups: consent and 208; ground of 205–8; persecution and 206; summary of 208–9; vulnerability and 207
social inspections 228
social network exploitation 110
Social Penal Code 226
socio-economic issues: Action Plans on child trafficking 257; anti-trafficking legal frameworks 78, 425; awareness-raising campaigns 130; community perceptions of 513, 519; criminality discourse 523; education 160; human rights 420; local recruiters 123–4; post-trafficking social support 296; pre-trafficking stressors 293; status of women and children 54; supply-demand chain and 88
sociology of knowledge 395–7
South African Human Tissue Act (1983) 127
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) 73–4
Southeast Asian human trafficking see Thai fishing sector trafficking
Southern African Development Community (SADC) of the Protocol on Gender and Development 59
Soviet Union 334
special intent (dolus specialis) 186
specialist knowledge 398
Special Representative to the Secretary General on Children in Armed Conflict (SRSG) 137
standard utilisation 329
State Immunity Act 263
States of Denial (Cohen) 530
statistics on human trafficking see international statistics on human trafficking
Strathern, Marilyn 322
stressors and mental health concerns 293–6
Structuralist school 527
Sudan-Libya smuggling and trafficking routes 150
Sundanese ceremonies 275
supermarket exploitation 110
Supplementary Slavery Convention 4
‘supply-demand’ model of human trafficking 477–80, 500
Support for Trafficked People Program (STPP) 85
Surtees, R. 243, 247
Sustainable Development Goals8 (SDGs) 61–2
Swift Action Teams (SATs) 407
Swiss law 192
Szep, J. 149
temporary marriages 94–5
Ten Rules: Code of Personal Conduct for Blue Helmets 452
tensions after family reintegration 280–2
Thai fishing sector trafficking: government efforts to address 71–3; industrialisation impact 69; initiatives against 73–4; introduction to 68–9; legal/policy framework 69–70; overview of 69–74; recruitment and working conditions 71; summary of 74
third-country nationals 245
3P Anti-Trafficking Policy Index 424
tied accommodation 115
TIP reports 389
tool for on-call duty 229
tourism industry 59
trafficking in human beings (THB): business process of 536, 537–40; control and 539–40; data sources 537; facilitation of 538–9; framework for analysis 536–7; as human rights violations 14–17, 15; introduction 3, 535–6; legal definition of 345–6; manifestations of 14–16, 15; measures to prevent 346; misleading concept of 16–17; multi-tasking criminals 542–3; Netherlands 538, 541, 541–3; organ trafficking 46; primary needs of 244–5; recruitment 537–8; skills and connections 536, 540–1; slavery vs. 9–10; specialists vs. generalists 536, 541, 541–3; summary of 10, 543; ‘supply-demand’ model of 477–80, 500; White Slave Traffic 5–9; see also African human trafficking; human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal
Trafficking in Persons (TIP) Report 79–80, 162, 529
Trafficking in Persons Protocol 185, 186–8
Trafficking Protocol: ambiguous definition challenge 34–5; criminalisation obligations 26–7, 27; defined, purpose, and scope 25–6; drafting process 25; human rights protection challenges 31–2; impacts and challenges 30–5; introduction to 21–2; Organized Crime Convention 22–4, 26; overview of 24–30; prevention and co-operation obligations 29–30; summary of 35; victim protection and support 28; weak implementation machinery challenges 32–4
trafficking victims: compensation to 247; defined 240–1; escaping exploitive situations 241–2; information on 246; introduction to 239–40; needs of 242�
��8; needs over time 248; protection for 245; psychological support 247; recognition and treatment 246; summary of 249; why victims don’t report 242; why victims report 242; see also victim protection
transgender sex workers 499
Trans Pacific Partnership agreement 351
transplant tourism 120–1, 121
trans-sectoral communication 397
travaux préparatoires 24, 28, 187
travel identity documents 30
treatment implications for mental health concerns 296–8
treaty obligations, compliance statistics 389–91, 390
UN Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice 24
UN Convention on Transnational Organised Crime 216, 261
UN Declaration on the Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power 240
UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) 443–4
UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations Policy Paper 443
unemployment concerns 55–60, 527
UN General Assembly 409
UN Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking (UN.GIFT) 425
UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights 531
UN High Commissioner for Human Rights 31
Uniform Code of Military Justice 446
United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) 97–8
United Nations Children’s Agency (UNICEF) 138, 173
United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (UNCTOC) 22, 29, 138
United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) 448
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 438
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 435
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 381
United Nations Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking law 30, 31, 172–3
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4, 17
unlawful deductions 115
UN Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) 444
UN Model Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) 449
UNODC Global Trends Report 53, 83
UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights 97–8
UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC): abuse of a position of vulnerability 185, 187; definition of human trafficking 346; failure to report data to 387; Global Reports on Trafficking in Persons 157, 251, 383–4; Guidelines on Trafficking 202, 203, 205–6; Issue Paper on The Concept of Exploitation in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol 370; multinational crime control treaty 329; push-pull model of migration 502–3; understanding of APOV 194–205; women as victims 78–9
unsafe sex 16, 491
UN Security Council 445
UN Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children: access to remedies 261, 265–6; communications by 439–40; country visits 438–9; ensuring effectiveness 161, 437–8; guarantees of independence 431–2; illegal recruitment and migration 61; introduction to 431–4; mandate-holders’ duties and obligations 432–4; sources and scope of 434–7; summary of 441; thematic reports 440
UN Trafficking Principles and Guidelines 32
UN Trafficking Protocol see Palermo Protocol
UN Transnational Crime Convention 330
UN Voluntary Trust Fund for Victims of Trafficking in Persons 438
UN Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery 437–8
U.S. v. Afolabi 367–8
U.S. v. Cook 369, 373
U.S. v. Farrell 369, 373
US Department of Defense 446
US Department of Labor 72
US Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report 33, 79–80, 332
US Government and International Organisations 34
ustad (religious teacher) 284
US Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) 505–6
Vadlamannati, K., Chaitanya 83
Van Dijk, J. 382, 389
Van Minnen, A. 298
Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) 72
victims in HTOR 124–5
victim-centred approach to trafficking 62
victim consequences of HTOR 126
victim credibility 372
victim feminism 337
Victim Personal Statement (VPS) 219
victim protection: Australasia 85–6; compensation to victims 48; culture of disbelief 177; human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal 128–9; lack of, in Middle East 101–2; non-punishment provision 179–81; overview of 23–4, 245; prosecution in civil law systems 230; restoring privacy 412–13; Trafficking Protocol 28; voluntary nature of 44; see also non-punishment provision; trafficking victims
victim protection in international context: agents of persecution 203; in context of trafficking 199–200; grounds of persecution 204–5; international protection systems 309–11; introduction 198; in legal instruments 200–1; past persecution and fear of return 202–3; place of persecution 204; social groups 205–8; state protection 203–4; trafficking amounting to persecution 201–3
victim-related statistics 382–6, 383, 384, 385
victim reparation remedy: ancillary rights and portable justice 268–70; civil claims 265–6; claims against the State 262–4; criminal compensation fund 266–7; introduction 261–2; national level claims for 264–5; remedial framework needed 264–70; settlement and dispute resolution 267–70; summary of 270
Victims’ Right to Review (VRR) 219
victims trafficked into criminality 222–3
Victorian paternalism 5
Vienna Ministerial Council Decision No.1 (OSCE) 173
violence after family reintegration 280
Vismann, Cornelia 412, 414
Vogel, D. 475
voluntary sexual services 15
vulnerability: fact of 192; International Labour Organization and 187; poverty and 186, 189, 207, 349; social groups and 207; to trafficking 349; trafficking vs. 186; see also abuse of a position of vulnerability
Walk Free 386
Warren, Samuel 413
weak implementation machinery challenges 32–4
Weldehaimot, S. 148
White Slavery 3, 5–9, 505
Wilberforce, William 359
Wilbrin, Anne-Laure 10
window prostitution 491–2
Winter, C. 136–7
withholding wages coercion 461–3
women: Asian women victims of violence 500; collateral damage 347; as collateral damage 437; female sexual victimhood 505; gender-based violence 186; gender inequalities 56–7, 207; mother’s centrality in social life 275; residential patterns after trafficking 277; socio-economic status of women and children 54; temporary marriages 94–5; unsafe sex 16, 491; victim feminism 337; as victims 78–9; see also prostitution; UN Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children
work agencies 110
worker exploitation 110
Working Group on Trafficking in Persons 33, 174
World Charter for Prostitutes’ Rights 488
World Trade Organization 526, 527
Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (1999) 142
Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act (1999) 219
Yusuff 529
Zaid Report 448, 449
Zeid (Prince) 443
Zimmerman, C. 237, 243–4, 293
Routledge Handbook of Human Trafficking Page 110
