by Henry Kamen
Northwest Passage, 227–228
Nostradamus, 45
Nuño de Guzmán, Beltrán, 114, 118, 240, 244
O'NNeill, Hugh, earl of Tyrone, 166
Ocampo, Florián de, 154
Olivares, count duke of, 318, 322–324, 326, 344, 383–388, 395, 397, 399, 400–402, 404–405,417, 496
Oñate, Count Iñigo de, 314, 316, 384
Oñate, Adelantado Juan de, 252–254
Oquendo, Admiral Antonio de, 398, 400
Oran, 30–32, 77, 155, 343, 451–452, 455–456, 495–496
Orange, Philibert of Chalons, prince of, 62, 332
Orange, William ‘the Silent’, prince of, 152, 177, 179, 186–187, 189–190, 408
Ordinance on Discoveries (1573), 187, 193, 202, 255–256, 264, 266, 268–269, 276, 305, 359, 492
Oré Jerónimo, 146
Orellana, Francisco de, 120
Orléans, Philippe, duke of, 444–445
Orry, Jean, 442
Ortelius, Abraham, 160, 365
Osnabrück, 409–410
Ostend, siege of (1604), 312
Osuna, Pedro Téllez y Girón, duke of, 381–382
Otomí Indians, 251
Otranto, 26
Ottoman empire, 24, 70, 181, 183–184, 496
Ovando, Juan de, 188, 193
Ovando, Nicolás de, 83, 85
Oviedo see Fernández de Oviedo, Gonzalo
Oxenham, John, 260
pachakuti, 364
Padilla, Pedro de, 184
Padroado Real of Portugal, 232, 234
Palacios Rubios, Juan López de, 97
Palafox, Bishop Juan de, 257, 281
Palatinate, Rhine, 317–319, 322–323
Palencia, Alonso de, 38
Palermo, 406, 415, 453, 457
Palma, Island of, 11–13, 40
Pamplona, 35, 45, 454
Panama, 42, 87, 105–106, 109, 125, 129, 133, 138–139, 141, 170, 197, 229–230, 258, 260, 262, 290–291, 355–356, 358, 428, 435–436, 475, 477
Panipat, battle of, 221
Paoli, Giovanni, 5
papacy, 16–17, 61, 73, 74, 76, 97, 172, 174, 183, 185, 255, 367, 384, 407
papal donation of New World, 192, 201, 249, 372
Papua, 210
Paraguay missions, 279
Paraná, 120, 241, 281, 283
Paredes, Diego de, 68
Pareja, Francisco de, 502
Parian of Manila, 207, 220, 483
Paris, 36, 152, 336, 341, 387, 396, 410, 479
Paris, peace of (1763), 481, 483–484, 508
Parma, dukes of, 66, 299, 407, 446, 455
Parma, Margaret of, governor of Netherlands, 177
Parma, duke Ottavio of, 299
Parral, 248, 435
Paruta, Paolo, 368
Passaro, battle of Cape (1718), 453, 473
pathogens in New World, 128, 512
Patiño, José, 450–453, 455–456, 481, 500
‘patria’, concept of, 331, 335, 349–350, 352–353, 365, 367
Patronato Real of Spain, 256, 264
Paul III, Pope, 74
Pavia, battle of (1524), 60–61, 65, 69, 88, 334
Pawnee Indians, 467
peaceful coexistence of religions, 310, 313, 464
Pech families, 116
Pellicer, José, 393
Peñalosa, Fray Benito de, 489
Peñaranda, Gaspar de Bracamonte y Guzmán, count of, 409, 412, 414
Pensacola, 254, 425–427, 462, 464–465, 484
Pereyns, Simon, 346
Pérez, Antonio, 299, 374
Pernambuco, 329, 344, 384, 398–399, 402
Pescara, Ferran d'Avalos, marquis of, 27, 55, 59–60
Peter Martyr d'Anghiera, 5, 17, 42, 44, 338, 340
Philip II of Spain, 9, 51, 55, 63, 77, 81, 87, 114, 136, 142, 147, 151, 155, 158, 161–162, 165, 167–168, 172–173, 175–178, 180, 185–187, 190–194, 197, 200–202, 206, 217, 224–225, 227, 234, 248–250, 255–256, 260, 266, 287, 293–294, 296, 298–300, 302, 305, 309–311, 313–314, 336, 340, 343, 347, 350, 354, 365, 368, 369, 371–374, 382, 390–391, 403, 440, 492, 494, 496, 501, 504, 506, 509
Philip III of Spain, 164, 234, 310–312, 316, 318, 364, 416, 433
Philip IV of Spain, 167, 298, 318, 321, 324, 328–329, 340, 343, 385, 397, 401, 404, 408, 410–411, 413, 417, 490, 509
Philip the Fair, king of Castile, 33, 37, 49–50, 77
Philip V of Spain, 439–440, 442–443, 445–446, 448–450, 456–458, 474, 476–477, 496
Philippines, 154, 160, 171, 198–200, 202–206, 208–211, 213–214, 216–218, 220–225, 227, 233, 235–236, 282, 291, 304, 315, 320, 338, 353, 359, 361, 372, 419–420, 422, 469, 475, 483, 490, 492, 502, 504, 507
and Chinese, 208
impact of Spanish rule, 205
number of Spaniards in, 222
Spanish neglect of, 215
trade to Japan, 218
Piacenza, 61, 450, 455
picaro novel, 336
Piedrahita, Beata of, 45
Piedrola, Miguel de, 298
Pigafetta, Antonio, 197, 240
pilots, naval, 171–172, 290, 418, 452, 508
Pima Indians, 377, 468
Pinzón, Martín Alonso, 43
Piombino, 175, 382
piracy in Caribbean, 139, 207, 208, 224, 257–260, 283, 325, 395, 421, 426, 427, 429, 473, 509
Pius V, Pope, 185
Pizarro, Francisco, 88, 106–111, 113, 115, 117–119, 129, 192, 221, 239, 246, 271, 277, 287, 350, 364, 497–498, 506
Pizarro, Gonzalo, 110, 115, 120, 139, 141
Pizarro, Hernando, 110, 120
Pizarro, Juan, 110
Pizarro, Maria, 369
Pocock, Admiral Sir George, 482
Poland, 209, 325, 456
Ponce de León, Juan, 98, 244, 246, 250
Pontchartrain, Louis Phélypeaux, count de, 451, 462
Popoli, duke of, 166, 444, 445
porcelain from China, 206–207, 214
Porcio, Niccoló, 430
Porres, Martín de, 357
Portobelo, 428–429, 431, 461, 470–471, 474, 476, 489
Portocarrero, Pedro, 9
Portugal, 7, 10–11, 37–38, 42, 51, 73, 90, 134, 162, 166, 168, 185, 199, 201, 224–225, 294, 299, 301–306, 308, 327, 336, 343, 344, 373, 394, 400–406, 409, 411, 420, 440, 444, 446–447, 490, 508
annexation of, 304
Portuguese
in slave trade, 345, 403
in Spanish empire, 11, 13, 23, 30, 36, 42, 49, 86–87, 105, 120, 130, 133–136, 141, 159, 170–172, 197–201, 205–206, 213–214, 216–218, 220–225, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236, 265, 279–281, 288, 293–294, 297, 299–303, 306–307, 309, 315, 319–323, 327–329, 336, 343–345, 393–394, 398–399, 401–407, 410, 412, 430, 433, 435, 444–445, 471,475, 488–489, 494, 501, 503, 508, 512
postal services, 54, 158, 162, 172, 464
Potosí of Bolivia, 88, 133, 140, 229, 262, 281, 285–287, 349, 362, 370, 435,449, 507
Prague, 316, 317, 500
Prague, peace of (1635), 386, 395
presidios, 268, 463
Prevesa, disaster at, 75
printing press, 4
privateering, 261, 309, 325
privateers in Caribbean, 258, 261, 309, 326, 418
prophetic voices, 45, 47, 144, 185, 390
Protestants, 154, 179, 187, 310, 313, 317, 386–387, 397
Protestants in Spanish armies, 167
Puebla of Mexico, 129–130, 242, 281,348
Pueblo Indians, 246, 252–254, 267, 270, 273, 353, 361, 362, 422–423, 466–467
Pueblo revolt (1680), 423–424
Puerto Rico, 83, 85, 261, 274, 275
Pulgar, Hernando de, 38
Pyrenees, peace of (1659), 17, 23, 34–36, 56, 340, 401, 411, 413
Quadruple Alliance (1718), 453, 455
Quechua language, 106, 146, 276–277, 338, 364, 497–498, 501, 506
Queen Anne's War, 425, 442
&n
bsp; Quesada, Gonzalo Jiménez de, 112, 117–118
Quetzalcoatl, 112
Quevedo, Francisco de, 344, 374–375, 510
Quiroga, Bishop Vasco de, 280
Quirós, Pedro Fernandes de, 223
Quisquis, Inca general, 107
Quito, 115, 117–118, 120, 132, 271, 477, 479
Rada, Martín de, 234
Ralegh, Sir Walter 493
Ramusio, Giovan Battista, 340
Rastatt, treaty of (1714), 448, 450
Ravenna, battle of, 27, 34, 39
recruitment of armies, 11, 73, 164–167, 173, 175, 191, 222, 301, 303, 307, 314, 323, 383, 392, 436, 444, 450, 490–491
of foreign soldiers, 164–167, 451, 490
of officers for Spanish armies, 391–392
of sailors, 393, 418, 480
reductions of Guarani Indians, 279–281
Reformation, Protestant, 10, 46, 68, 70, 80, 144, 264, 314
Renaissance, 4–5, 45–46, 49, 159, 299, 338, 487, 492, 500
Renard, Simon, 90
repartimientos, 123, 141
reputación, 189, 260, 399
requerimiento, 97, 107, 145, 192, 498
Requesens, Luis de, 162, 182, 187–189, 347–348, 373, 390
Requesens, Galcerà de, 15, 25
Ribadeneira, Pedro de, 504
Ribault, Jean, 249, 259
Rica de Oro island, 210, 219
Rica de Plata island, 210, 219
rice cultivation, 206
Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, duke and cardinal, 384–387, 390, 398
Rijswijk, peace of (1697), 416, 427
Rio de la Plata settlement, 119–120, 132–133, 198, 241, 271, 292, 296, 304, 345, 403, 405
Rio Grande, 244, 246, 252–254, 353, 422, 463
Rivas-Iriarte voyage, 426
Rocroi, battle of (1643), 407–408, 410, 490
Rodrigues Cermenho, Sebastião, 230
Rogers, Woodes, 460–461
Rohan, duke of, 387
Rome, 24, 29, 31, 38–40, 55, 57, 62, 68, 74, 185–186, 191, 234, 293, 299, 305, 344, 347, 367, 373, 388, 390, 407, 459, 469, 500, 505
Rome, sack of (1527), 61, 64, 166
Rooke, Admiral Sir George, 443
Rosselló, 22, 36, 391
Rouen, 294, 297
Roy, Gabriel de, 325
royal government in colonies, 141–143, 256
Royal Society of London, 479, 506
rubber, discovery of, 478
Rubens, Peter Paul, 321–325, 328, 340, 346, 367, 382–383, 387, 511
Rudolf II, Emperor, 314
Ruiz, Andrés, 341
Ruiz, Simón, 295
Russians in California, 469, 509
Ruy Gómez see Eboli
Saavedra Fajardo, Diego, 199, 381, 388
Saavedra, Alvaro de, 199
Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de, 147, 149, 233, 376
Saint-Denis, Louis de, 463
Saint-Domingue, 427–428
sakoku, 393–394
Salazar de Mendoza, Pedro, 305
Salazar, Diego de, 27
Salazar, Juan de, 389
Salcedo, Felipe de, 210
Salcedo, Juan de, 202, 215
Samrée, Jean Henri de, 496
samurai, 216, 219
San Antonio, 212, 261, 426, 463–465, 468
San Diego, 228, 468
San Felipe galleon, 217
San Juan de Ulúa, 99, 180, 257, 260–261
San Luis Potosí, 248
San Sebastián, 341, 397, 418, 454–455
San Vitores, Diego de, 419
Sánchez Alonso, 225–226
Sánchez, Miguel, 352
Sande, Francisco de, 224
Sandoval, Alonso de, 136–137, 355, 497
Sandoval, Prudencio de, 58, 334
Sangleys, 207–208, 483, 502; see also Chinese
Santa Cruz, marquis of, 303, 383
Santa Fe (New Mexico), 253, 256, 422, 424, 467
Santa Fe, capitulations of, 19, 41
Santangel, Luis de, 41
Santo Domingo, 82, 97, 109, 134, 138, 142, 145, 169, 243, 259–261, 309, 507
Santo Tomás, Domingo de, 146
Santoña, 454
Saragossa, 17, 33, 35, 223
treaty of (1529), 199
Sardinia, 10, 36, 65, 67, 72, 151, 178, 192, 448, 453, 455
Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro, 211
Savona, 33, 39
Savonarola, 45
Savoy, duchy of, 152, 162, 173, 183, 323, 381–382, 396, 407, 446–448, 453
duke of, 152–153; see also Carlo Emanuele; Emanuele Filiberto
Schmalkaldic League, 80
Schmidt, Huldrich, 120
scientific expeditions, 476
Scotland, 134, 162
Sea Beggars, 186
sea power of Spain, 5, 11, 15, 23, 24, 29–30, 32, 41, 44, 46, 49–50, 56, 62, 76, 77, 86, 111–113, 121, 123, 129, 131, 142, 156, 169–172, 184, 186, 189, 192, 197, 199, 222, 229, 231, 248, 257, 259, 261–262, 290, 303, 306, 312, 317–318, 320, 323–326, 328, 393, 397–398, 409–411, 416–417, 419, 428, 434, 440, 443–444, 481, 488
Sebastian of Portugal, king, 119, 185, 299, 301, 322
Sedelmayr, Jacob, 469
Selkirk, Alexander, 460
Seneff, battle of (1674), 415
sepoys, 482
Sepp, Antonius, 280
Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de, 332, 366, 374
Serra, Antonio, 176, 510
Serra, Fray Junípero, 468
settlers in Spanish colonies, 13, 32,42, 44, 70, 83, 85, 116, 123, 126, 128–129, 131–132, 134, 141–143, 145, 205, 209, 214, 220, 233, 242–245, 253, 255–256, 266, 269, 271, 275, 279–281, 286–287, 315, 344–346, 348–353, 361, 369–371, 378, 395, 422–424, 465, 471–473, 485
Seven Years’ War, 481
Seville, 5, 13, 15–16, 22–23,40, 46, 51–52, 69, 75, 86, 88, 106, 109, 120,122, 129–131, 135, 137, 154, 170,189, 241, 243, 248, 258–259,287, 289–290, 293, 295–298, 311, 334, 345 349, 368, 400, 405 409, 430, 432–433,435, 436, 452, 456, 494, 505, 507
Sforza family in Milan, 65, 75
Sharp, Bartholomew, 428
sheep in New World, 205, 252, 270, 271, 280, 351, 358
Shikoku, 217
Shimabara rebellion, 394
shipbuilding in Spanish empire, 140, 156, 173, 176, 306, 309, 400, 416–417, 434, 452, 454, 480, 507
Shogunate, 216–217, 219
Sicily, 6, 10, 25, 29, 32, 36, 39, 41, 50, 62, 65–67, 73–76, 92, 151, 155, 157, 172–174, 175, 178, 183, 305, 399, 406–407, 415 447–448, 453, 455, 457
Sigüenza y Góngora, Carlos de, 351–352, 424, 462
Silang, Diego, 483
silk trade and production, 40, 89, 154–155, 206–207, 213–214, 218, 230, 269, 291–292, 296, 328, 472
silver in economy of Spanish empire, 17, 31, 56, 75, 82, 88–89, 96, 109, 117, 119, 133, 139, 143, 155, 176, 181, 185, 193, 203, 205, 212–213, 218, 230, 246, 260, 262–263, 285, 287, 291–292, 296–297, 305, 321, 323, 328, 349, 353, 362, 370, 372, 395, 403, 413, 429, 432–436, 442, 469, 471–472, 491–493, 501, 504, 507
exports to Asia, 213, 220, 292
and globalization, 431
from Japan, 213–214, 217–218
mines and production, 82, 88–89, 96, 105, 126, 132, 139–140, 213, 215, 248, 250, 281, 285–286, 370, 372, 435, 448
for Netherlands, 296
Sinaloa river, 128, 245, 282
Sioux Indians, 467
Sitka, 469
situado, 203, 224
slave trade, 125, 134, 136–138, 259, 329, 403, 413, 429–430, 441, 447, 470
statistics of, 137
slaves and slavery, 12–13, 17–18, 20, 42–43, 70, 84, 85, 99, 113, 124–125, 135–140, 172, 209, 213–214, 220, 244, 274, 281, 286, 296, 337, 354–358, 395, 403–404, 405, 431, 432, 470, 471, 472, 492, 497
smuggling, 261, 296
benefits the empire, 264, 472
Society of Jesus see Jesuits
>
Solano, Francisco, 279
Solomon Islands, 211, 223
Solre, Jean de Croÿ, count of, 325
Sonora river, 282, 377
Sopranis, Genoese bankers, 40
Sores, French pirate, 258
Soto, Hernando de, 106–107, 109, 118, 160, 246–247, 250, 271
Soto, Pedro de, 51
Sourdis, Henri, cardinal de, 397
South Sea Company, British, 315, 320, 328–329, 422, 429, 470–471, 473
Spain, idea and identity of, 10, 21, 37, 81, 186, 331, 332, 335, 348
Spanish Fury in Antwerp (1576), 189, 511
Spanish Road, 173, 178, 313, 396, 398
Spanish Succession, War of the, 375, 382, 425, 442–443, 445, 450–451, 455, 460, 465–466, 470, 472, 480, 508
Spanish troops, 25–26, 31, 56–57, 60, 65, 79–81, 175, 177, 182, 190–191, 300, 302–303, 317–318, 335, 396, 398, 414, 452, 457–458; see also infantry
Spice Islands, 82, 86, 198, 199–200, 223, 229
spice trade, 23, 42, 198, 205, 214, 215, 220, 233, 289, 320, 345, 403, 472
Spinelli, Carlo, 316
Spinola, Genoese bankers, 491
Spinola, Ambrogio, 40, 66, 85, 165, 311–314, 318–319, 321, 323–326, 381, 383–384, 397, 407
Spinola, Federigo, 311–312, 324, 325
St Augustine (Florida), 249–251, 254, 256, 260, 267, 425, 462, 465–466, 484
St Bartholomew's eve, massacre of (1572), 187
St Kitts, 315, 427
St Malo, 476
St Quentin, battle of (1557), 152, 248, 301, 304, 314, 391, 489, 512
Stanhope, General James, 1st earl of, 447
Suárez de Figueroa, Cristóbal, 331, 352
Suárez, Inés, 243
sugar in Spanish colonies, 13, 70, 85, 123, 134, 137–139, 205, 207, 273, 282, 292, 295, 305, 309, 327, 403–404, 420, 430, 461
Suleiman the Magnificent, 70, 183
Sumatra, 224
Sweden, 157, 209, 323, 477
Swedish troops, 189, 384, 386, 387
Swiss mercenaries, 16, 28, 60, 68, 163, 173, 265, 334, 381, 451
T'Serclaes Tilly, count of, 444
Tagalog language, 204, 235, 483, 502–503
Tahiti, 210
Tahue Indians, 128
Taiwan, 216, 227, 327, 394, 421
Taki Onqoy, 194, 276–277, 363–364, 499
Talavera, Hernando de, 3–4, 20, 335, 494
Tarahumara tribes, 377, 378
Tarascan people, 245, 251
Tassis, François de, 54
Tassis, Jean Baptiste de, 162
