1. A. S. Eddington, “The Internal Constitution of the Stars,” Observatory 43 (1920): 341–58.
2. I. T. Chapman, “Modelling the Stability of the N=1 Internal Kink Mode in Tokamak Plasmas” (Imperial College London, 2008).
3. “The Joint European Torus Is Going Out with a Bang,” Science Business (2019), https://sciencebusiness.net/news/joint-european-torus-going-out-bang.
4. J. Bairstow, “Tokamak Energy Wins $580k from US Government to Tackle Fusion Challenges,” Energy Live News (2020), https://www.energylivenews.com/2020/09/07/tokamak-energy-wins-580k-from-us-government-to-tackle-fusion-challenges/.
5. “Oxford Startup Promises Fusion Gain by 2024,” EENews Europe (2019), https://www.eenewseurope.com/news/oxford-startup-promises-fusion-gain-2024#.
Chapter 2: Build a Star, Save the Planet
1. “Gods of Science: Stephen Hawking and Brian Cox Discuss Mind Over Matter,” Guardian (2010), https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/sep/11/science-stephen-hawking-brian-cox.
2. Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit, “One-Sixth of Global Economy Under Net Zero Targets” (2019), https://eciu.net/news-and-events/press-releases/2019/one-sixth-of-global-economy-under-net-zero-targets.
3. R. N. Carmody and R. W. Wrangham, “The Energetic Significance of Cooking,” Journal of Human Evolution 57 (2009): 379–91; R. Wrangham and N. Conklin-Brittain, “Cooking as a Biological Trait,” Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 136 (2003): 35–46.
4. R. J. Gordon, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The US Standard of Living Since the Civil War (Princeton University Press, 2016).
5. BP, Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 (British Petroleum, 2020); UK Government, Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics 2020 (UK Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 2020); R. Fouquet, Heat, Power and Light: Revolutions in Energy Services (Cheltanham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2008); R. Fouquet, “Consumer Surplus from Energy Transitions, Energy Journal 39 (2018); V. Smil, Energy Transitions: History, Requirements, Prospects (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2010); H. Ritchie, Energy. Our World in Data (2014), https://ourworldindata.org/energy.
6. T. Cowan, “Want to Help Fight Climate Change? Have More Children,” Bloomberg (2019), https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-03-14/want-to-help-fight-climate-change-have-more-children; M. Kremer, “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million BC to 1990,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 108 (1993): 681–716.
7. World Bank, Total Population. World Bank Indicators (2019), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=NG-US.
8. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Population Prospects, the 2015 Revision (2015).
9. BP, Statistical Review of World Energy 2019 (British Petroleum, 2019); IEA, World Energy Outlook 2019 (IEA, 2019); A. Kahan, “EIA Projects Nearly 50% Increase in World Energy Usage by 2050, Led by Growth in Asia” (US Energy Information Administration, 2019), https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=41433#; V. Smil, Energy Transitions: History, Requirements, Prospects (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2010); H. Ritchie, Our World in Data (2014), https://ourworldindata.org/energy.
10. BP, Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 (British Petroleum, 2020).
11. BP, Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 (British Petroleum, 2020).
12. D. J. C. MacKay, Sustainable Energy—Without the Hot Air (UIT Cambridge, 2009).
13. BP, Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 (British Petroleum, 2020); D. J. C. MacKay, Sustainable Energy—Without the Hot Air (UIT Cambridge, 2009).
14. J. Heissel, C. Persico, and D. Simon, Does Pollution Drive Achievement? The Effect of Traffic Pollution on Academic Performance (National Bureau of Economic Research), http://www.nber.org/papers/w25489 (2019) doi:10.3386/w25489; J. G. Ayres and J. F. Hurley, The Mortality Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution in the United Kingdom (UK Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs: Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants, 2010); European Environment Agency, Air Pollution Fact Sheet 2013—United Kingdom (European Union, 2013); “Air Pollution Deaths Are Double Previous Estimates, Finds Research,” Guardian (2019), https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/12/air-pollution-deaths-are-double-previous-estimates-finds-research.
15. J. Cook et al., “Quantifying the Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming in the Scientific Literature,” Environmental Research Letters 8 (2013): 024024; T. Stocker et al., Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis—Summary for Policymakers (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013); D. M. Etheridge et al., “Natural and Anthropogenic Changes in Atmospheric CO2 over the Last 1000 Years from Air in Antarctic Ice and Firn,” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 101 (1996): 4115–128; NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Division, Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Dry Air Mole Fractions from Quasi-Continuous Measurements at Mauna Loa, Hawaii (2014).
16. H. E. Huppert and R. S. J. Sparks, “Extreme Natural Hazards: Population Growth, Globalization and Environmental Change,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364 (2006): 1875–888.
17. Berkeley Earth, Global Temperature Report for 2019 (Berkeley Earth, 2020), http://berkeleyearth.org/archive/2019-temperatures/; Z. Hausfather, State of the Climate: How the World Warmed in 2019 (Carbon Brief, 2020), https://www.carbonbrief.org/state-of-the-climate-how-the-world-warmed-in-2019; World Health Organization, Global Health Risks (World Health Organization, 2009).
18. “Climate Change: Where We Are in Seven Charts and What You Can Do to Help,” BBC News (2019), https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-46384067; V. P. Masson-Delmotte et al., “Summary for Policymakers,” in Global Warming of 1.5C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5C Above Pre-Industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty (IPCC; World Meteorological Organization, 2018).
19. BP, Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 (British Petroleum, 2020).
20. BP, Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 (British Petroleum, 2020); V. Smil, Energy Transitions: History, Requirements, Prospects (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2010); H. Ritchie, Our World in Data (2014), https://ourworldindata.org/energy.
21. R. Fouquet, Heat, Power and Light: Revolutions in Energy Services (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2008); V. Smil, Energy Transitions: History, Requirements, Prospects (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2010); H. Ritchie, “Energy,” Our World in Data (2014), https://ourworldindata.org/energy; BP, Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 (British Petroleum, 2020); International Energy Agency, Key World Energy Statistics (International Energy Agency, 2014); “The Pandas Development Team,” Pandas-dev/pandas: Pandas, Zenodo, 2020, doi:10.5281/zenodo.3509134; J. D. Hunter, “Matplotlib: A 2D Graphics Environment,” Computing in Science & Engineering 9 (2007): 90–95.
22. R. Fouquet and P. J. Pearson, “Seven Centuries of Energy Services: The Price and Use of Light in the United Kingdom (1300–2000),” Energy Journal 139 (2006): 177; I. MacLeay, K. Harris, and A. Annut, Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics 2013 (UK Department of Energy; Climate Change, 2013); A. Kharina and D. Rutherford, Fuel Efficiency Trends for New Commercial Jet Aircraft: 1960 to 2014 (The International Council on Clean Transportation, 2015).
23. L. A. Greening, D. L. Greene, and C. Difiglio, “Energy Efficiency and Consumption—The Rebound Effect: A Survey,” Energy Policy 28 (2000): 389–401; H. Herring, “Is Energy Efficiency Environmentally Friendly?,” Energy & Environment 11 (2000): 313–325; S. B. Bruns, A. Moneta, and D. Stern, Macroeconomic Time-Series Evidence That Energy Efficiency Improvements Do Not Save Energy (Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University, 2019), https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:een:camaaa:2019-21.
24. J. J
. Andersson, “Carbon Taxes and CO2 Emissions: Sweden as a Case Study,” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 11 (2019): 1–30; A. Yamazaki, “Jobs and Climate Policy: Evidence from British Columbia’s Revenue-Neutral Carbon Tax,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 83 (2017): 197–216.
25. Initiative on Global Markets. Surveys of Economists on Carbon Taxes (University of Chicago Booth School of Business, 2020), https://www.igmchicago.org/?s=carbon+tax; P. H. Howard and D. Sylvan, “The Economic Climate: Establishing Expert Consensus on the Economics of Climate Change,” Institute for Policy Integrity (2015): 438–41; N. G. Mankiw, “Smart Taxes: An Open Invitation to Join the Pigou Club,” Eastern Economic Journal 35 (2009): 14–23.
26. J. Rogleji et al., “2018: Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5C in the Context of Sustainable Development,” in Global Warming of 1.5C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5C Above Pre-Industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty (IPCC, 2018).
27. International Renewable Energy Agency, How Falling Costs Make Renewables a Cost-Effective Investment (International Renewable Energy Agency, 2020), https://www.irena.org/newsroom/articles/2020/Jun/How-Falling-Costs-Make-Renewables-a-Cost-effective-Investment; UK Government, Electricity Generation Costs 2020 (Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 2020).
28. L. M. Miller and D. W. Keith, “Corrigendum: Observation-Based Solar and Wind Power Capacity Factors and Power Densities,” Environmental Research Letters 14 (2019): 079501.
29. D. J. C. MacKay, Sustainable Energy—Without the Hot Air (UIT Cambridge, 2009); “The Great Myth of Urban Britain,” BBC News (2012), http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18623096.
30. M. Dröes and H. R. A. Koster, Wind Turbines, Solar Farms, and House Prices (C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, 2020), https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:15023; G. Meyer, “The US and Climate: New York’s Bold Green Plans Hit Opposition,” Financial Times (2020), https://www.ft.com/content/61a07f4f-1622-4bea-a71d-f927cf113636.
31. J. Gummer et al., Net Zero—Technical Report (UK Committee on Climate Change, 2019).
32. G. Myhre et al., “Frequency of Extreme Precipitation Increases Extensively with Event Rareness Under Global Warming,” Scientific Reports 9 (2019): 1–10; K. Solaun and E. Cerdá, “Climate Change Impacts on Renewable Energy Generation. A Review of Quantitative Projections,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 116 (2019): 109415.
33. P. Denholm, M. O’Connell, G. Brinkman, and J. Jorgenson, Overgeneration from Solar Energy in California. A Field Guide to the Duck Chart (National Renewable Energy Lab [NREL], Golden, CO, 2015).
34. O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, and K. Seyboth, “Summary for Policymakers,” in Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation of Global Warming of 1.5C Above Pre-Industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty (IPCC, 2011); P. Moriarty and D. Honnery, “What Is the Global Potential for Renewable Energy?,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012): 244–52; P. Moriarty and D. Honnery, “Can Renewable Energy Power the Future?,” Energy Policy 93 (2016): 3–7; J. D. Jenkins, M. Luke, and S. Thernstrom, “Getting to Zero Carbon Emissions in the Electric Power Sector,” Joule 2 (2018): 2498–510.
35. M. Pehl et al. “Understanding Future Emissions from Low-Carbon Power Systems by Integration of Life-Cycle Assessment and Integrated Energy Modelling,” Nature Energy 2 (2017): 939.
36. Ipsos-Mori, Global Citizen Reaction to the Fukushima Nuclear Plant Disaster (Ipsos-Mori, 2011).
37. “UK Renewable Energy Auction Prices Plunge,” Financial Times (2019), https://www.ft.com/content/472e18cc-db7a-11e9-8f9b-77216ebe1f17.
38. M. Pehl et al., “Understanding Future Emissions from Low-Carbon Power Systems by Integration of Life-Cycle Assessment and Integrated Energy Modelling,” Nature Energy 2 (2017): 939.
39. BP, Statistical Review of World Energy 2019 (British Petroleum, 2019).
40. U. Bardi, “Extracting Minerals from Seawater: An Energy Analysis,” Sustainability 2 (2010): 980–92.
41. BP, Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 (British Petroleum, 2020); Pandas Development Team, Pandas-dev/Pandas: Pandas, Zenodo, 2020, doi:10.5281/zenodo.3509134; J. D. Hunter, “Matplotlib: A 2D Graphics Environment,” Computing in Science & Engineering 9 (2007): 90–95; S. Fetter, “How Long Will the World’s Uranium Supplies Last?,” Scientific American (2009), https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-long-will-global-uranium-deposits-last/; Nuclear Energy Agency and the International Atomic Energy Agency, Uranium 2018: Resources, Production and Demand (OECD, 2019), https://doi.org/10.1787/uranium-2018-en; A. M. Bradshaw, T. Hamacher, and U. Fischer, “Is Nuclear Fusion a Sustainable Energy Form?,” Fusion Engineering and Design 86 (2011): 2770–773.
42. C. Liu et al., “Lithium Extraction from Seawater Through Pulsed Electrochemical Intercalation,” Joule 4 (2020): 1459–469.
43. K. Bourzac, “Fusion Start-ups Hope to Revolutionize Energy in the Coming Decades,” Chemical Engineering News (2018), https://cen.acs.org/energy/nuclear-power/Fusion-start-ups-hope-revolutionize/96/i32.
44. J. A. Etzler, The Paradise Within the Reach of All Men: Without Labor, by Powers of Nature and Machinery (J. Cleave, 1842); “SOLAR Energy: What the Sun’s Rays Can Do and May Yet Be Made to Do,” Washington Star (1891); “Use of Solar Energy Is Near a Solution; German Scientist’s Improved Device Held to Rival Hydroelectric,” New York Times (1931).
Chapter 3: Energy from Atoms
1. A. S. Eddington, “The Internal Constitution of the Stars,” Observatory 43 (1920): 341–58.
2. M. Poole, J. Dainton, and S. Chattopadhyay, “Cockcroft’s Subatomic Legacy: Splitting the Atom,” CERN Courier (2007), https://cerncourier.com/a/cockcrofts-subatomic-legacy-splitting-the-atom/; N. Bohr, “The Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1958: Reminiscences of the Founder of Nuclear Science and of Some Developments Based on His Work,” Proceedings of the Physical Society 78 (1961): 1083–115; R. H. Cragg, “Lord Ernest Rutherford of Nelson (1871–1937),” Royal Institute of Chemistry Reviews 4 (1971): 129–45; M. Kumar, “The Man Who Went Nuclear: How Ernest Rutherford Ushered in the Atomic Age,” Independent (2011), https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/the-man-who-went-nuclear-how-ernest-rutherford-ushered-in-the-atomic-age-2230533.html; J. K. Laylin, Nobel Laureates in Chemistry, 1901–1992 (Chemical Heritage Foundation, 1993); H. R. Robinson, “Rutherford: Life and Work to the Year 1919, with Personal Reminiscences of the Manchester Period,” Proceedings of the Physical Society 55 (1943): 161–82; M. A. Ainslie, Principles of Sonar Performance Modelling (Springer, 2010); C. Jarlskog, “Lord Rutherford of Nelson, His 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and Why He Didn’t Get a Second Prize,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series 136 (2008): 012001.
3. J. Navarro, A History of the Electron: JJ and GP Thomson (Cambridge University Press, 2012).
4. E. Rutherford, “The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom,” Philosophical Magazine 92 (1911): 379–98; E. N. da C. Andrade, Rutherford and the Nature of the Atom, vol. 35 (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith Publisher, 1964); W. E. Burcham, “Nuclear Physics in the United Kingdom 1911–1986,” Reports on Progress in Physics 52 (1989): 823–79; E. Rutherford and H. Geiger, “The Charge and Nature of the α-particle,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character 81 (1908): 162–73.
5. B. Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything (Kottayam, India: DC Books, 2003).
6. J. Blackmore, “Ernst Mach Leaves ‘the Church of Physics,’ ” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 40 (1989): 519–540.
7. E. Rutherford, “LIV Collision of α Particles with Ligh
t Atoms IV. An anomalous Effect in Nitrogen,” London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 37 (1919): 581–87; P. M. S. Blackett, “The Ejection of Protons from Nitrogen Nuclei, Photographed by the Wilson Method,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character 107 (1925): 349–60.
8. M. Poole, J. Dainton, and S. Chattopadhyay, “Cockcroft’s Subatomic Legacy: Splitting the Atom,” CERN Courier (2007), https://cerncourier.com/a/cockcrofts-subatomic-legacy-splitting-the-atom/; J. Cockcroft, and E. Walton, “Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions ii. The Disintegration of Elements by High Velocity Protons,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 137 (1932): 229–42; J. Cockcroft and E. Walton, “Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character 129 (1930): 477–89.
9. R. Herman, Fusion: The Search for Endless Energy (Cambridge University Press, 1990); M. L. E. Oliphant, P. Harteck, and E. Rutherford, “Transmutation Effects Observed with Heavy Hydrogen,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character 144 (1934): 692–703.
10. R. Sherr, K. T. Bainbridge, and H. H. Anderson, “Transmutation of Mercury by Fast Neutrons,” Physical Review 60 (1941): 473–79.
11. A. Einstein, “Does the Inertia of a Body Depend on Its Energy Content?,” Annalen der Physik 323 (1905): 639–41; F. W. Dyson, A. S. Eddington, and C. Davidson, “A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Sun’s Gravitational Field, from Observations Made at the Total Eclipse of May 29, 1919,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 220 (1920): 291–333.
12. J. Cockcroft and E. Walton, “Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. ii. The Disintegration of Elements by High Velocity Protons,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 137 (1932): 229–242; M. L. E. Oliphant, P. Harteck, and E. Rutherford, “Transmutation Effects Observed with Heavy Hydrogen,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character 144 (1934): 692–703.
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