Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe: The Story of Blue Babe

Home > Other > Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe: The Story of Blue Babe > Page 30
Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe: The Story of Blue Babe Page 30

by Guthrie, R. Dale


  Table A.1 Pollen Sample from Silt Associated with Blue Babe

  Notes: This sample represents the pollen from one slide—107 grains. Percentages exclude Sphagnum, Bryales, and Fungus spores.

  REFERENCES

  Abramova, Z. A. 1982. Zur Jagd im Jungpalaolithikum: Nach Beispielen des jungpalaolithischen Fundplatzes Kokorevo I in Sibiren. Archäologisches Korrespondenblatt 12:1–9.

  Agenbroad, L. D. 1984. Chronology and diet of Mammuthus from Eurasia and temperate North America. Abstract of the International Geological Congress, Moscow.

  Ager, T. A. 1975. Late Quaternary environmental history of the Tanana Valley, Alaska. Institute of Polar Studies Report No. 4. Ohio State University, Columbus.

  . 1982. Vegetational history of western Alaska during the Wisconsin Glacial Interval and the Holocene. In D. M. Hopkins et al., eds., Paleoecology of Beringia, 75–94. New York: Academic Press.

  Alexander, R. McN. 1984. Elastic energy stores in running vertebrates. Amer. Zool. 24:85–94.

  Alexander, R. McN., N. J. Dimery, and R. K. Ker. 1985. Elastic structures in the back and their role in galloping in some mammals. J. Zool. 207:467–82.

  Anderson, E. 1973. Ferret from the Pleistocene of central Alaska. J. Mammal. 54:777–78.

  . 1977. Pleistocene Mustelidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Fairbanks, Alaska. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 148:1–21.

  Anderson, P. M. 1982. Reconstructing the past: A synthesis of archaeological and palynological data, northern Alaska and northwestern Canada. Ph.D. diss., Brown University.

  . 1985. Late Quaternary vegetational change in the Kotzebue Sound area, Northwestern Alaska. Quart. Res. 24:307–21.

  . 1988. Late Quaternary pollen records from the Kobuk and Noatak River drainages, northwest Alaska. Quart. Res. 29:1–14.

  Azzaroli, A. 1983. Quaternary mammals and the “end-Villifranchian” dispersal event: A turning point in the history of Eurasia. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, and Paleoecology 44:117–39.

  Baker, F., L. H. P. Jones, and I. D. Wardrop. 1959. Cause of wear in sheep’s teeth. Nature 184:1583–84.

  Barnicot, C. R. 1957. Wear in sheep’s teeth. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology 38:583–632.

  Baskirov, I. 1939. Kavkazskij zubr. Glav. Upr. Po Zapov. Zooparks I Zoosadam. SNK. RSFSR (Moscow), 1–72.

  Batzli, G. O., and H. G. J. Juna. 1980. Nutritional geology of microtine rodents: Resource utilization near Atkasook, Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research 12:483–99.

  Bertram, B. C. R. 1973. Lion population regulation. E. Afr. Wildl. J. 11:215–25.

  . 1975. Social factors influencing reproduction in wild lions. J. Zool. Lond. 177:463–82.

  Beug, H.-J. 1968. Problems der Vegetationsgeschichte in Sudeuropa. Deutche Bot. Ges. Ber. 80:682–89.

  Bohlken, H. 1967. Beitnog zur Systematik der rezenten Formen der Gattung Bison. Z. f. zool. Syst. u. Evolut.-forsch. 5:54–110.

  Bombin, M. 1984. On information evolutionary theory, phytoliths, and the Late Quaternary ecology of Beringia. Ph.D. diss., Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton.

  Bonnichsen, R. 1979. Pleistocene bone technology in the Beringian refugium. Canadian Museum of Man, Mercury Series (Archaeological Survey of Canada) No. 89. Ottawa.

  Boriskovskij, P. I., and N. D. Praslov. 1964. Paleolithic of the upper Dnepr basin and the Praizove. Svodarkheloquicheskikh istochnikov A 1-5. Moscow and Leningrad: Academy of Sciences.

  Borowski, S., Z. Kra, and L. Milkowski. 1967. Food and the role of the European bison in the forest ecosystems. Acta Theriol. 12:367–76.

  Bosinski, G. 1981. Gönnersdorf: Eiszeitjager am Mittelrhein. Landesmuseum Koblenz: Rheinlandpfalz.

  Bowen, D. Q. 1981. Quaternary geology: A stratigraphic framework for multidisciplinary work. New York: Pergamon Press.

  Braack, L. E. O. 1986. Arthropods associated with carcasses in northern Kruger National Park. S. Afr. Tydskr. Natuurnav. 16:91–98.

  Brandt, J. F. 1866. Zur Levensgeschichte des Mammuth. Bull. Acad. Sci. (Academy of Science, St. Petersburg) 10:111–18.

  Brantas, G. C. 1968. On the dominance order in Friesian-Dutch dairy cows. Z. Tierzucht. Zuchtbiol. 84:127–51.

  Brubaker, L. B., H. L. Garfinkel, and M. E. Edwards. 1983. A late Wisconsin and Holocene vegetation history from the Central Brooks Range: Implications for Alaskan Paleoecology. Quart. Res. 20:194–214.

  Brunnacker, K. 1974. Results of Quaternary stratigraphy on the middle and lower courses of the Rhine. In V. Sibrava, IUGS-UNESCO international geological correlation programme. Geological Survey of Prague.

  . 1980. Young Pleistocene loess as an indicator for the climate in the Mediterranean. Palaeoecol. Afr. 12:99–113.

  Bryant, J. and P. J. Kuropat. 1980. Selection of winter forage by subarctic browsing vertebrates. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 11:261–68.

  Bryant, S. P., F. S. Chapin III, P. Reichardt, and T. Clausen. 1985. Adaptation to resource availability as a determinant of chemical defense strategies in woody plants. In G. A. Cooper-Driver, T. Swain, and E. E. Conn, eds., Chemically mediated interactions between plants and other organisms. New York: Plenum Press.

  Budel, J. 1951. Die Klimazonen des Eiszeitalters. Eiszeitalter u. Gegenw. 1:16–26.

  Campbell, B. H, and M. Hinkes. 1983. Winter diets and habitat use of Alaska bison after wildfire. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 11:16–21.

  Carbyn, L. N. 1975. Wolf predation and behavioral interactions with elk and other ungulates in an area of high prey diversity. Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto.

  Cassoli, P. F. 1972. Le Pteroclide (Aves, Pteroclidae) fossile nei livelli del paleolitico superiore e medionel Pleistocene dell’Italia meridionale. Quaternaria 16:225–45.

  Chaline, J. 1972. Le Quaternaire. Paris: Doin.

  Chaney, R. W., and H. L. Mason. 1936. The Pleistocene flora of Fairbanks, Alaska. Amer. Mus. Novitates 887:1–17.

  Chapin, F. S., III. 1980. The mineral nutrition of wild plants. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 11:233–60.

  Churcher, C. S. 1980. Did the North American mammoths migrate? Can. J. Anthropol. 1:103–6.

  Cinq-Mars, J. 1979. Bluefish Cave I: A late Pleistocene eastern Beringian cave deposit in the northern Yukon. Can. J. Archaeol. 3:1–32.

  Clutton-Brock, T. H., F. E. Guinness, and S. D. Albon. 1982. Red deer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  Clutton-Brock, T. H., and P. H. Harvey. 1976. Evolutionary rules and primate societies. In P. P. G. Bateson and R. A. Hinde, eds., Growing points in ethology. 195–238. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Colinvaux, P. A. 1964. The environment of the Bering Land Bridge. Ecol. Monog. 34:297–329.

  . 1980. Vegetation of the Bering Land Bridge revisited. Quart. Rev. Archaeol. 1:2–15.

  . 1981. Historical ecology of Beringia: The south land bridge coast of St. Paul Island. Quart. Res. 16:18–36.

  . 1984. The Beringian ecosystem, a book review of Paleoecology of Beringia by D. M. Hopkins et al. (eds). Quart. Rev. Archaeol. 5:10–16.

  . 1986. Plain thinking on Bering Land Bridge vegetation and mammoth populations. Quart. Rev. Archaeol. 7:8–9.

  Colinvaux, P. A., and F. H. West. 1984. The Beringian ecosystem. Quart. Rev. Archaeol. 5:10–16.

  Cuvier, G. 1825. Recherches sur les ossements fossiles, ou l’on retablit les charactères des plusieurs animaux dont les revolutions du globe ont détruit les espèces. 3d ed. Paris.

  Cwynar, L. C. 1980. A Late-Quaternary vegetation history from Hanging Lake, northern Yukon. Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto.

  . 1982. A Late-Quaternary vegetation history from Hanging Lake, northern Yukon. Ecol. Monog. 52:1–24.

  Cwynar, L. C., and J. C. Ritchie. 1980. Arctic steppe-tundra: A Yukon perspective. Science 208:1375–78.

  Davis, B. M. 1983. Holocene vegetational history of the eastern United States. In H. E. Wright, Jr., ed., Late-Quaternary environments of the United States, vol. 2, The Holocene, 166–81. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

  Degerbol, M., and J. Iv
ersen. 1945. The bison of Denmark. Danmarks Geoloske Undesogelse. 73:1–62.

  Digby, B. 1926. The mammoth—and mammoth hunting in north-east Siberia. New York: D. Appleton.

  Dikov, N. N. 1979. Drevmiye kul’tury severo-vostochnoy Azzi (The early cultures of northeastern Asia). Moscow: Nauka.

  Dixon, E. J. 1984. Context and environment in taphonomic analysis: Examples from Alaska’s Porcupine River caves. Quart. Res. 22:201–15.

  Dolitsky, A. B. 1985. Siberian Paleolithic archaeology: Approaches and analytic methods. Curr. Anthropol. 26:361–78.

  Duffield, L. F. 1973. Aging and sexing the post-cranial skeleton of bison. Plains Anthropol 18:132–39.

  Eisenmann, V. 1984. Sur quelques charactères adaptatifs du squelette d’Equus (Mammalia, Périssodaqctyla) et leurs implications paléoecologiques. Bull. Mus. National Hist. Nat. Paris 2:185–95.

  Estes, R. F. 1974. Social organization of the African bovidae. IUCN Publication No. 24. Morges, Switzerland.

  Ewer, R. F. 1973. Carnivores. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

  Farrand, W. R. 1961. Frozen mammoths and modern geology. Science 133:729–835.

  Flerov, C. C. 1967. The origins of the mammalian fauna in Canada. In D. M. Hopkins, ed., The Bering Land Bridge. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

  . 1977. Bison of northeastern Asia (in Russian). Trudy Akad. Nauk SSSR, Zoologicheskie Instituta 73:39–56.

  . 1979. Bison systematics and evolution (in Russian). In V. E. Sokolov, ed., 9–127. Zubr. M. Izd. Nauka.

  Frazer, A. F. 1968. Reproductive behavior in ungulates. New York: Academic Press.

  Frenzel, B. 1968. The Pleistocene vegetation of northern Eurasia. Science 161:637–49.

  Frison, G. C., and C. A. Reher. 1970. Age determination of buffalo by teeth eruption and wear. Plains Anthropol. 15, memoir 7.

  Fuller, W. A. 1959. The horns and teeth as indicators of age in bison. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 23:342–44.

  Garut, V. E, Ye. P. Metel’tseva, and B. A. Tikhomirov. 1970. New data on the food of the woolly rhinoceros in Siberia (in Russian). In Severo ledovityy okean i ego poberez’e v Kainozoe. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat.

  Geikie, J. 1881. Prehistoric Europe: A geologic sketch. London: Stanford.

  Geist, V. 1966. The evolution of horn-like organs. Behavior 27:175–214.

  . 1971a. Mountain sheep: A study in behavior and evolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  . 1971b. The relation of social evolution and dispersal in ungulates during the Pleistocene with emphasis on the Old World deer and the genus Bison. Quart. Res. 1:283–315.

  . 1974. On the relationship of social evolution and ecology in ungulates. Amer. Zool. 14:205–20.

  . 1977. A comparison of social adaptations in relation to ecology in gallinaceous birds and ungulate societies. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 8:193–208.

  Geist, V., and P. Karsten. 1977. The wood bison in relation to hypothesis on the origin of the American bison Z. Säugetierk. 42:119–22.

  Gentry, A. W. 1967. Pelorovis oldowayensis Reck, an extinct bovid from East Africa. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Geol. 14:245–99.

  Gilbert, M. B., and L. D. Martin. 1984. Late Pleistocene fossils in Natural Trap Cave, Wyoming, and the Climatic Model of Extinction. In P. S. Martin and R. G. Klein, eds., Quaternary extinctions, 138–47. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

  Gipson, P. S., and J. D. McKendrick. 1981. Bison depredation of grain fields in interior Alaska. Fifth Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop 5:116–21.

  Giterman, R. E., and L. V. Globeva. 1967. Vegetation of eastern Siberia during the Anthropogene Period. In D. M. Hopkins, ed., The Bering Land Bridge, 232–44. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

  Gonyea, W., and R. Ashworth. 1975. The form and function of retractable claws in the Felidae and other carnivores. J. Morphol. 145:229–38.

  Gorlova, R. N. 1982. Macroremains of plants from the stomach of the Shandrin mammoth. In: N. K. Vereshchagin and A. I. Nikolaev, eds., The mammoth fauna of the Asiatic part of the U.S.S.R., 34–35. Akademiya Nauk, Trudy Zoologischeskologo Institute, vol. 3.

  Grime, J. P. 1979. Plant strategies and vegetation processes. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

  Gromova, V. 1965. Kratkiy obzor chetvertichnykh mlekopitaiushchikh Evropy (opyt sopostavleniia). Moscow: Nauka.

  Groves, C. P. 1980. Systematic relationships in the Bovini (Artiodactyla, Bovidae). Z. zool. Syst. Evolut-forsch. 19:264–78.

  Guthrie, R. D. 1966a. Bison horn cores: Character choice and systematics. J. Paleontol. 40:328–340.

  . 1966b. Pelage of fossil bison: A new osteological index. J. Mammal. 47:735–37.

  . 1968. Paleoecology of a late Pleistocene small mammal community from interior Alaska. Arctic 22:213–24.

  . 1970. Bison evolution and zoogeography in North America during the Pleistocene. Quart. Rev. Biol. 45:1–15.

  . 1973. Mummified pika (Ochotona) carcass and dung pellets from Pleistocene deposits in interior Alaska. J. Mammal. 54:970–71.

  . 1976. Body hot spots: The anatomy of human social organs and behavior. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

  . 1980. Bison and man in North America. Can. J. Anthropol. 1:55–73.

  . 1982. Mammals of the Mammoth Steppe as paleoenvironmental indicators. In D. M. Hopkins et al., eds., Paleoecology of Beringia, 307–29. New York: Academic Press.

  . 1983. Osseous projectile points: Biological considerations affecting raw material selection and design among Paleolithic and Paleoindian peoples. In J. Clutton-Brock and C. Grigson, eds., Animals and Archaeology vol. 1, Hunters and their prey. BAR International Series No. 163. London.

  . 1984a. Alaskan megabucks, megabulls, and megarams: The issue of Pleistocene gigantism. In H. H. Genoways and M. R. Dawson, eds., Contributions in Quaternary vertebrate paleontology: A volume in memorial to John E. Guilday, 482–510. Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication, no. 8. Pittsburgh.

  . 1984b. Mosaics, allelochemics, and nutrients: An ecological theory of late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions. In P. S. Martin and R. G. Klein, eds., Quaternary extinctions, 259–98. Tucson: University of Arizona.

  . 1984c. Ethological observations from Paleolithic art. In H-G. Bandi, W. Huber, M-R. Sauter, and B. Sitter, eds., La contribution de la zoologie et de l’éthologie à l’interprétation de l’art des peuples chasseurs préhistorique. Fribourg: Editions Universitaires Suisse.

  . 1985a. Bone litter from an Alaskan Pleistocene carnivore den. Curr. Res. 5:69–70.

  . 1985b. Woolly arguments against the Mammoth Steppe: A new look at the palynological data. Quart. Rev. Archaeol. 6:9–16.

  . 1988. Bone litter from an Alaskan Pleistocene carnivore den. Current Res. in the Pleistocene 5:69–71.

  . In prep. The Holocene survival of bison and wapiti in Alaska.

  Guthrie, R. D., and J. V. Matthews, Jr. 1971. The Cape Deceit fauna: Early Pleistocene mammalian assemblage from the Alaskan Arctic Quart. Res. 1:474–510.

  Haféz, E. S. E. 1975. The behavior of domestic animals. London: Baillière Tindall.

  Hamilton, T. D. 1979. Quaternary stratigraphic sections with radiocarbon dates, Weisman quadrangle, Alaska. United States Geological Survey Open File Report 80–791.

  Hamilton, T. D., J. L. Craig, and P. V. Sellmann. 1988. The Fox permafrost tunnel. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 100:948–69.

  Hanks, J. 1979. A struggle for survival. London: Country Life Books.

  Hansen, R. M. 1976. Foods of free-roaming horses in southern New Mexico. J. Range Mgmt. 29:347.

  Hansen, R. M., R. C. Clark, and H. Lawhorn. 1977. Foods of wild horse, deer, and cattle in the Douglas Mountain area, Colorado. J. Range Mgmt. 30:116–18.

  Harington, C. R. 1969. Pleistocene remains of the lion-like cat (Pathera atrox) from the Yukon Territory and northern Alaska. Can. J. Earth Sci. 6:1277–88.

  . 1978. Quaternary vertebrate faunas of Canada and Alaska and their suggested chronological sequence. Syllogeus No. 15. National Museum of Canada, Ottawa.

 
. 1981. Pleistocene saiga antelopes of North America and their paleoecological implications. In W. C. Mahoney, ed., Quaternary paleo-climate, 193–225. Norwich, Conn.: Geoabstracts.

  Haynes, G. 1982. Utilization and skeletal disturbances of North American prey carcasses. Arctic 35:266–81.

  . 1984. Tooth wear in northern bison. J. Mammal. 65:487–90.

  Hedenstrom, M. 1830. Otrivki o Sibiri. Academy of Science, St. Petersburg.

  Hofmann, R. R., and D. R. M. Stewart. 1972. Grazer or browser: A classification based on the stomach-structure and feeding habits of east African ruminants. Mammalia 36:226–40.

  Hopkins, D. M. 1982. Aspects of paleogeography of Beringia during the late Pleistocene. In D. M. Hopkins et al., Paleoecology of Beringia, 3–28. New York: Academic Press.

  Hopkins, D. M., J. V. Matthews, Jr., C. E. Schweger, and S. B. Young, eds. 1982. Paleoecology of Beringia. New York: Academic Press.

  Hopkins, D. M., P. A. Smith, and J. V. Matthews, Jr. 1981. Dated wood from Alaska and the Yukon: Implications for forest refugia in Beringia. Quart. Res. 15:217–49.

  Howorth, H. H. 1887. The mammoth in Siberia. Geological Magazine 7:408–561.

  Hubbard, R. E., and R. M. Hansen. 1976. Diets of wild horses, cattle, and mule deer in the Piceance Basin, Colorado. J. Range Mgmt. 29:389–92.

  Hultén, E. 1968. Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

  Irving, W. N. 1985. Context and chronology of Early Man in the Americas. Ann. Rev. Anthropol. 14:529–55.

  Jaczewski, Z. 1958. Reproduction of the European bison Bison bonasus in reserves. Acta Theriol. 1:333–76.

  Jones, R. L., and H. C. Hansen. 1985. Mineral licks, geophagy, and biogeo-chemistry of North American ungulates. Springfield, Ill.: Stackpole.

  Kahlke, H. D. 1975. Der Saiga-Fundvon Bottrop/Wesphalen. Quartar 26:135–46.

  Kislev, S. V., and V. I. Nazarov. 1985. Late Pleistocene insects. In A. A. Veichko, ed., Late Quaternary environments of the Soviet Union, 3:223–26. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

  Koch, W. 1932. Über Wachstume und Alterveränderung am Skelett des Wisents. Abh. Bayer. Acad. Wiss. Math.-naturwiss. Suppl.-Bd., Munchen 15:555–678.

 

‹ Prev