The Kaiser's Holocaust
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Notes – Introduction: Cell 5
1. Leonard Mosley, The Reich Marshal: A Biography of Hermann Goering (London: Pan, 1977), pp. 427–8.
2. The Trial of German Major War Criminals: Proceedings of the International Military Tribunal Sitting at Nuremberg, Germany, 20th November, 1945, to 1st October, 1946 (London: HM Stationery Office, 1946–51), Part 9 (12–22 March 1946), p. 63.
3. Ibid., p. 81.
4. G. M. Gilbert, Nuremberg Diary, p. 202.
5. Trial of German Major War Criminals 9, p. 63.
6. Erich Gritzbach, Hermann Goering: The Man and His Work (London: Hurst & Blackett, 1939), p. 222.
7. Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness with The Congo Diary (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1995), p. 58.
Notes – 1 The World behind the Fog
1. Eric Axelson, Congo to Cape: Early Portuguese Explorers (London: Faber and Faber, 1973), p. 84.
2. Ibid., p. 87.
3. Ibid., p. 85.
4. Phillip D. Curtin, The Image of Africa (Madison, WI, and London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1973), vol. 1, p. 94.
5. See P. I. Hoogenhout, ‘An Abbe and an Administrator’, in SWA Annual 21 (1965), pp. 24–5.
6. F. Williams, Precolonial Communities of Southwestern Africa: A History of Owambo Kingdoms 1600–1920 (Windhoek: National Archives of Namibia, 1991), pp. 30–5; P. Hayes and D. Haipinge (eds), ‘Healing the Land’: Kaulinge’s History of Kwanyama (Cologne: Ruediger Koeppe Verlag, 1997).
7. The matrilineal Lele people of the Congo (Kinshasa) also worship the deity called Njambi.
8. B. Lau, Namibia in Jonker Afrikaner’s Time (Windhoek: National Archives of Namibia, 1987).
9. Oral history interviews with various Nama elders (NAN, NiD/NaDS Accession), some of which are published in C. W. Erichsen, What the Elders Used to Say (Windhoek: Namibia Institute for Democracy, 2008).
10. Namibia in Jonker Afrikaner’s Time.
11. Ibid.
12. B. Lau (ed.), Charles John Andersson: Trade and Politics in Central Namibia 1860–1864 (Windhoek: National Archives of Namibia, 1989); idem (ed.), Carl Hugo Hahn: Tagebuecher 1837–1860 (Windhoek: National Archives of Namibia, 1984).
Notes – 2 The Iron Chancellor and the Guano King
1. The Times, 27 August 1884.
2. Journals of the London Mission Society (Schmelen, 1819), Cape Archives, Cape Town.
3. J. C. G. Röhl, From Bismarck to Hitler: Problems and Perspectives in History (London: Longmans, 1970), p. 61.
4. Helmuth Stoecker (ed.), Bernard Zöller (trans.), German Imperialism in Africa: From the Beginnings until the Second World War (London: Hurst, 1986), p. 18.
5. Ibid., p. 31.
6. Hans Ulrich Wehler, ‘Bismarck’s Imperialism’, Past and Present 48 (1991), p. 129.
7. Ibid., p. 269.
8. The Times, 25 June 1888.
9. The Times, 16 September 1885.
10. The London Globe, 11 December 1884. Quoted in Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann, ‘Domestic Origins of Germany’s Colonial Expansion under Bismarck’, Past and Present 42 (1969), p. 127.
11. Woodruff D. Smith, The German Colonial Empire (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1978), p. 30.
12. Stoecker, German Imperialism, p. 31.
13. H. Drechsler, Let Us Die Fighting (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1986), p. 23.
14. Prosser Gifford and William Roger Louis, Britain and Germany in Africa: Imperial Rivalry and Colonial Rule (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1967), p. 68.
15. Mary Evelyn Townsend, The Rise and Fall of Germany’s Colonial Empire 1884–1918 (New York: Macmillan, 1930), p. 129.
Notes – 3 ‘This Is My Land’
1. H. Vedder, ‘Was Dr Göring vor 55 Jahren in Okahandja erlebte’, in Afrikanischer Heimatskalender (Windhoek, 1940), pp. 33–5; O. Hintrager, Suedwestafrika in der deutschen Zeit (Munich: Kommissionsverlag, 1955); Anonymous, ‘Dr Göring, Heinrich Ernst’, in W. J. DeKock (ed.), Dictionary of South African Biography, vol. 1 (Cape Town: Nasionale Boekhandel for the National Council for Social Research, 1968); H. E. Göring, ‘Anfang in Deutsch-Suedwest’, in W. von Langdorff, Deutsche Flagge ueber Sand un Palmen (Guetersloh: C. Bertelsmann, 1936), pp. 29–40.
2. National Archives of Namibia (NAN), Heinrich Göring, ‘Allerhöchste Vollmacht fuer den Kommissar in dem suedwestafrikanischen Schitzgeniete Dr. Jur. Heinrich Ernst Göring’.
3. G. Pool, Samuel Maharero (Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan, 1991), pp. 38–43.
4. Göring, ‘Anfang’, pp. 32, 35, 37. In the last week of September, Göring and his colleagues had similarly dressed up to meet the chief of Otjimbingwe; Vedder, ‘Was Dr Göring’.
5. A. Heywood and E. Maasdorp (eds), The Hendrik Witbooi Papers (Windhoek: National Archives of Namibia, 1995), pp. xiv, 6–13.
6. H. Vedder, ‘Was Dr Göring’; Heywood and Maasdorp, Witbooi Papers, pp. 6–13. 363
7. Göring, ‘Anfang’, p. 38.
8. Heywood and Maasdorp, Witbooi Papers, p. 7.
9. T. Leutwein, Elf Jahre Gouverneur in Deutsch-Suedwestafrika (Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn, 1907), quoted in Heywood and Maasdorp, Witbooi Papers, p. 224.
10. Heywood and Maasdorp, Witbooi Papers, p. 12.
11. Ibid., p. 15.
12. Ibid., p. 33.
13. H. Drechsler, Let Us Die Fighting (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1986), p. 34.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., p. 38.
16. Archives of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (ELCN), RMS I, Konferenzen und Synoden 1.3 (1873–1905), ‘Protokollbuch der Konferenzen in Hereroland/Bericht Uber die Verhandlungen zwischen der Herero Konferenz und Maharero gehalten zu Okahandja am 17–18 Dec 1888’ (courtesy of Dr Jan-Bart Gewald).
17. Drechsler, Let Us Die Fighting, p. 41.
18. J. Gewald, Towards Redemption (Leiden: CNWS, 1996), pp. 40–6.
Notes – 4 Soldier of Darkness
1. J. Gewald, Towards Redemption (Leiden: CNWS, 1996); idem, ‘Learning to Wage and Win Wars in Africa’ (Leiden: ASC Working Paper 06/2005); H. Drechsler, Let Us Die Fighting (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1986); W. Tabel, ‘Die literature der Kolonialzeit Suewestafrikas: Memoiren beruehmter Persoenlichkeiten: Curt von Francois’, in Afrikanischer Heimatskalender (Windhoek, Informationsausschuss der Deutschen Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirche in Suedwestafrika, 1984); G. Pool, Samuel Maharero (Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan, 1991).
2. Drechsler, Let Us Die Fighting, p. 43.
3. Ibid.
4. Tabel, ‘Die literature’, p. 78.
5. Klaus Dierks, Chronology of Namibian History (Windhoek: Namibia Scientific Society, 2002), p. 68 (18 August 1889).
6. Gewald, Towards Redemption, pp. 39–46.
7. Drechsler, Let Us Die Fighting, p. 43.
8. C. von François, Deutsch-Suedwestafrika: Geschichte der Kolonisation bis zum Ausbruch des Krieges mit Witbooi, April 1893 (Berlin, 1899), pp. 75–6; H. von François, Nama und Damara (Magdeburg, 1895), p. 122.
9. A. Heywood and E. Maasdorp (eds), The Hendrik Witbooi Papers (Windhoek: National Archives of Namibia, 1995), p. 98. Witbooi might also have been referring to the Anglo-German Conference of 1890.
10. Ibid., p. 50.
11. Ibid., pp. 84–9.
12. Ibid., p. 102.
13. Ibid., p. 101.
14. Drechsler, Let Us Die Fighting, pp. 70–4; Union of South Africa, Report on the Natives of South-West Africa and Their Treatment by Germany (London: HMSO, 1918), section V; K. Schwabe, Mit Schwert und Pflug in Deutsch-suedwestafrika (Berlin, 1904); Heywood and Maasdorp, Witbooi Papers, pp. 126–41, 207–10; National Archives of South Africa, GG office 9/269/3, Witbooi to Cleverly (2 May 1893).
15. Heywood and Maasdorp, Witbooi Papers, pp. 207–210.
16. Ibid.
17. For Petrus Jafta Statement, ibid., p. 210.
18. Schwabe, Mit Schwert.
19. Ibid.
20. Heywood and Maasdorp, Witbooi Papers, p. 210.
; 21. H. Drechsler, Let Us Die Fighting, p. 71.
Notes – 5 ‘European Nations Do Not Make War in That Way’
1. Sven Linqvist, Exterminate All the Brutes (New York: New Press, 1996), p. 135.
2. William Winwood Reade, Savage Africa (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1864), p. 452.
3. Ibid.
4. Richard Weikart, From Darwin to Hitler (New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 10.
5. A. Heywood and E. Maasdorp (eds), The Hendrik Witbooi Papers (Windhoek: National Archives of Namibia, 1995), p. 130.
6. Ibid.
7. H. Drechsler, Let Us Die Fighting (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1986), p. 71.
8. Ibid., p. 72.
9. Ibid., p. 73.
10. Heywood and Maasdorp, Witbooi Papers, p. 148.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., p. 175.
13. Ibid., p. 177.
14. L. Von Estorff, ‘Kriegserlebnisse in Suedwestafrika’, in Militaerwochenblatt (1911), Beiheft 3.
15. Heywood and Maasdorp, Witbooi Papers, p. 207–8.
16. Ibid., p. 209.
17. Ibid.
18. Drechsler, Let Us Die Fighting, p. 78.
Notes – 6 ‘A Piece of Natural Savagery’
1. J. C. G. Röhl, From Bismarck to Hitler: Problems and Perspectives in History (London: Longmans, 1970), p. 61.
2. R. d’O. Butler, The Roots of National Socialism, 1783–1933 (London: Faber and Faber, 1941), p. 193.
3. Alexandra Richie, Faust’s Metropolis, A History of Berlin (London: HarperCollins, 1998), p. 228.
4. Graf von Schweinitz et al, Deutschland und seine Kolonien im Jahre 1896: Amtlicher Bericht ueber die Erste deutsche Kolonial-Ausstellung (Berlin: Verlag von Dietrich Reimer, 1897); G. Meinerke (ed.), Deutsche Kolonialzeitung: Organ der Deutschen Kollonialgesellschaft, Compendium, vol. 9 (Berlin: Verlag der Deutschen Kolonialgesellschaft, 1896); Felix von Luschan, Beitraege zur Voelkerkunde der deutschen Schutzgebiete: Erweiterte Sonderausgabe aus dem ‘Amtlichen Bericht ueber die erste deutsche Kolonial-Ausstellung’ in Treptow 1896 (Berlin: Verlag von Dietrich Reimer, 1897); J. Zeller, ‘Friedrich Maharero: Ein Herero in Berlin’, in U. Van der Heyde and J. Zeller, Kolonial metropole Berlin (Berlin: Berlin Edition, 2002), pp. 206–11.
5. Schweinitz, Deutschland und seine Kolonien, p. 25.
6. Luschan, Beitraege zur Voelkerkunde, p. 221.
7. Ibid.
8. A. Zimmerman, Anthropology and Antihumanism in Imperial Germany (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 27.
9. Schweinitz, Deutschland und seine Kolonien, p. 63.
10. J. Gewald, Herero Heroes (Oxford: James Currey, 1999), p. 112; H. Drechsler, Let Us Die Fighting (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1986), pp. 88–119; N. Waterberg, Mossolow (Windhoek: John Meinert (Pty) Ltd, 1993).
Notes – 7 King of Huns
1. J. C. G. Röhl, Wilhelm II: The Kaiser’s Personal Monarchy, 1888–1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 1053.
2. M. Goertemaker, ‘Deutschland im 19. Jahrhundert’, Schriftenreihe der Bundeszentrale fuer politische Bildung 274 (1996), p. 357.
3. Dietlind Wünsch, Feldpostbriefe aus China (Berlin: Chr. Links Verlag, 2008), p. 197.
4. Richard Weikart, From Darwin to Hitler (New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 205.
5. Theodore Roosevelt, The Winning of the West (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), vol. 1, p. 63.
6. The US census of 1890 suggested that westward migration into unsettled regions had, to all intents and purposes, come to an end and the frontier had ceased to exist – other than in the American psyche.
7. See for example K. May, Winnetou (Bamberg: Karl-May-Verlag, 1953) or discussion thereof in S. Friedrichsmeyer, S. Lennox and S. Zantop, The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1998).
8. F. Ratzel, Deutschland (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1943); idem, Anthropo-Geographie (Stuttgart: Elibron Classics Series, 2005); A. Dorpalen, The World of General Haushofer (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, Inc., 1942); C. O. Sauer, ‘The Formative Years of Ratzel in the United States’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 61.2 (June 1971); G. Buttmann, Friedrich Ratzel: Leben und Werk eines deutschen Geographen 1844–1904 (Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliches Verlagsgesellschaft, 1977).
9. See, for example, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Ratzeliana I.2, Luschan to Ratzel (March 1897).
10. Sven Linqvist, Exterminate All the Brutes (New York: New Press, 1996), p. 144.
11. Weikart, From Darwin to Hitler, p. 194.
12. Jon M. Bridgeman, The Revolt of the Hereros (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1981), p. 57.
13. Paul Rohrbach, Der Deutsche Gedanke in der Welt (Düsseldorf: Langewiesche, 1912), pp. 141–2.
14. Clarence Lusane, Hitler’s Black Victims (New York and London: Routledge, 2002), p. 43.
15. Rohrbach, Der Deutsche Gedanke, pp. 141–2.
16. H. Drechsler, Let Us Die Fighting (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1986), p. 106.
17. Helmut Bley, Namibia under German Rule (Hamburg: LIT, 1996), p. 130; Brenda Bravenboer and Walter Rusch, The First 100 Years of State Railways in Namibia (Windhoek: TransNamib Museum, 1997), p. 16.
18. Bley, Namibia under German Rule, p. 133.
19. NAN, BKE 222, B. II.74. d, vol. 6, p. 48.
20. Quoted in Klaus Dierks, Chronology of Namibian History (Windhoek: Namibia Scientific Society, 2002), p. 92.
21. Bley, Namibia under German Rule, pp. 139–40.
22. Drechsler, Let Us Die Fighting, p. 136.
23. J. Silvester and J. Gewald, Words Cannot Be Found: German Colonial Rule in Namibia (Leiden: Brill, 2003), p. 96.
24. C. W. Erichsen, What the Elders Used to Say (Windhoek: Namibia Institute for Democracy, 2008), pp. 22–3.
Notes – 8 ‘Rivers of Blood and Money’
1. G. Pool, Samuel Maharero (Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan, 1991); J. Gewald, Herero Heroes (Oxford: James Currey, 1999); H. Drechsler, Let Us Die Fighting (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1986); I. Hull, Absolute Destruction (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005); J. Zimmerer and J. Zeller (eds), Genocide in German South-West Africa: the Colonial War of 1904–1908 and Its Aftermath (Monmouth: Merlin Press Ltd., 2008); C. W. Erichsen, What the Elders Used to Say (Windhoek: Namibia Institute for Democracy, 2008).
2. J. Gewald, Towards Redemption (Leiden: CNWS, 1996), pp. 188–9.
3. Ibid., p. 193.
4. Ibid., pp. 185–6.
5. National Archives of Namibia, Accession 71, ‘Ludwig Conradt’, Erinnerungen aus zwanzigjährigem Händler- und Farmerleben in Deutsch-Südwestafrika, p. 250.
6. A. Zimmerman, ‘Adventures in the Skin Trade’, in H. Glenn Penny and Matti Bunzl (eds), Worldly Provincialism: German Anthropology in the Age of Empire (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2003), p. 175.
7. This official tally is inscribed at the foot of a German colonial monument still standing in the Namibian capital Windhoek.
8. Pool, Samuel Maharero, p. 211.
9. C. Rust, Krieg und Frieden im Hereroland (Berlin, 1905), pp. 190–5.
10. Cape Times, 23 April 1904.
11. One of very few voices of reason came from Missionary Irle, who wrote to the influential newspaper Der Reichsbote: ‘Certain newspapers report that the Herero have perpetrated terrible atrocities, alleging that they have massacred settler wives as well as castrating many men. With reference to the latter allegation, they have done this with the whites who have raped their women in a most brutal manner. With reference to the [white] women who are supposed to have been butchered and disembowelled, this is pure fabrication. Mrs Pilet and her sister Frauenstein, Mrs Külbel and her children in Oriambo, Mrs Lange and her sister in Klein Barmen, Mrs Bremen and her five children in Otjonjati … all are alive and well, they are not dead.’ Quoted in Drechsler, Let Us Die Fighting, p. 146.
12. See Gesine Kruger, ‘Beasts & Victims’, in Zimmerer and
Zeller (eds), Genocide in German South-West Africa.
13. Drechsler, Let Us Die Fighting, p. 142.
14. Quoted ibid., p. 147.
15. J. Krumbach, Franz Ritter von Epp: Ein Leben Fuer Deutschland (Munich: NSDAP, 1940), p. 185.
16. M. Bayer, Der Krieg in Südwestafrika und seine Bedeutung für die Entwicklung der Kolonie (Leipzig: Verlag von Friedrich Engelmann, 1906), p. 9.
17. A. Eckl, S’ist ein uebles Land hier (Cologne: Ruediger Koeppe Verlag, 2005), p. 220.
18. Bundesarchiv Berlin (Lichterfelde-West), Colonial Department, File 2133, pp. 89–90.
19. Pool, Samuel Maharero, pp. 232–9; I. Hull, Absolute Destruction, pp. 13–22; NAN, Accession 510, ‘Tagebuch von Emil Malzahn 1901–1904 (Unteroffizier)’, pp. 20–4.
20. Drechsler, Let Us Die Fighting, p. 149.
21. Hull, Absolute Destruction, pp. 26–7.
22. Drechsler, Let Us Die Fighting, p. 154.
23. G. Pape, Lorang (Göttingen: Klaus Hesse Verlag, 2003), p. 186.
24. H. Kuehne, ‘Die Ausrottungsfeldzuege der “Kaiserlichen Schutztruppen in Afrika” und die sozialdemokratischen Reichstagsfraktion’, Militaergeschichte 18 (1979), p. 211.
25. Quoted in Hull, Absolute Destruction, p. 33, from Otto Dannhauer.
26. NAN, Accession 453, ‘Helene Gathman’s Diary’, Sunday 17 July 1904, p. 69.
27. Pool, Samuel Maharero, p. 251.
28. Helmut Bley, Namibia under German Rule (Hamburg: LIT, 1996), p. 156.
29. J. Gewald, Towards Redemption, p. 205.
30. Eckl, S’ist ein uebles Land hier; NAN, Acession 510, Tagebuch Malzahn; Pape, Lorang; Kriegsgeschichtlichen Abteilung I des Grossen Generalstabes, Die Kaempfe der deutschen Truppen in Suedwestafrika (Berlin, Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn, 1907).
31. B. von Bülow, Denkwürdigkeiten: Band 2 (Berlin: Ullstein, 1930) p. 21; Drechsler, Let Us Die Fighting, p. 155.