2 FDR to WSC, 10/16/41, FDR-PL 2:1223–24; Ickes 3:629; HLS, 10/16/41 (“radically”); Toland 132 (“hara-kiri”).
3 GCM to Leonard Gerow, 1/17/41, MP 2:391–92; GCM to George Grunert, 2/8/41, MP 2:414–16; Morton, Fall, 62–64.
4 GCM, Biennial Report, 1941–1943, 6; Morton, Fall, 12–18; Pogue 2:178, quoting GCM to Stark, 11/29/40.
5 GCM, interview, 1/15/57, GCML; GCM and Stark to FDR, 11/5/41, PHH 14:1061; Pogue 2:174–77, 183, 186–89; Morton, Fall, 18; Stoler 58–59.
6 GCM and Stark to FDR, 11/5/41, PHH 14:1061–62 (“weaken”); Pogue 2:159.
7 Joint Board, minutes, 11/3/41, PHH 14:1064 (“It appeared”); Pogue 2:159.
8 Foreign Office to Nomura, 11/4/41, PHH, 12:91–95 (“bargain”); Toland 134–35; Keiichiro Komatsu, “Misunderstanding and Mistranslation in the Origins of the Pacific War 1941–1945,” presentation to Japan Society, 7/5/01.
9 Nomura to Foreign Office, 11/14/41, PHH, 12:127–28 (“pacification”).
10 Foreign Office to Nomura, 11/22/41, PHH 12:165 (“things”); FDR to WSC, 11/24/41, FDR-PL 2:1245.
11 FDR, handwritten note, n.d., PHH 14:1109; Hull to FDR, 11/26/41, PHH 14:1176; FDR to WSC, 11/24/41, FDR-PL 2:1245–446; Nomura to Foreign Office, 11/17–18/41, PHH 12:146–48; Foreign Office to Hong Kong, 11/14/41, PHH 12:126; Henry Morgenthau, notes of conversation with FDR, 11/22/41, 11/25/41, FDRL (Morgenthau Papers, box 515); Henry Morgenthau, notes of conversation with T. V. Soong, 11/27/41, FDRL (Morgenthau Papers, box 515); HLS, 11/6/41; Adolf Berle, 12/1/41, FDRL (Berle Papers, box 213); Toland 94, 137–39; Hull, memorandum, 11/25/41, PHH 14:1167; FDR, press conference, 11/18/41, FDR-PP, 1941, 502; Perkins, interview, Part VIII, 30, COHP (“If Cordell Hull”); Ickes 3:650; Tully 174.
12 Office of Naval Intelligence, Intelligence Report, 11/26–27/41, PHH 15:1886, 1889; Sherman Miles to Marshall, 11/26/41, PHH 14:1366; HLS, 11/25/41.
13 HLS, 11/25/41 (“jumped,” “maneuver”).
14 Hull to Nomura, 11/26/41, Department of State Bulletin, 12/13/41.
15 GCM and Stark to FDR, 11/27/41, PHH, 14:1083 (“Japan may”); WSC to FDR, 11/26/41, PHH, 14:1300; FDR, press conference, 11/28/41, FDR-PP, 1941, 501; HLS, 11/27/41.
16 Adolf Berle, 11/27–28/41, 12/1/41, FDRL (Berle Papers, box 213); HLS, 11/27/41 (“washed”); Toland 173.
17 HLS, 12/1/41; Morison 529; Pogue 2:201.
18 Office of Naval Intelligence, “Memorandum: Japanese Fleet Locations,” 12/1/41, PHH 15: 1896; “Memorandum for the President,” 12/5/41, PHH 20:4116; Hanyok 114–18.
19 GCM to Short et al., 11/27/41, PHH 11:5424; HLS, 11/27/41 (“negotiations”).
20 Stenographer’s Diary, 11/28/41, FDRL; HLS, 11/28/41.
21 HLS, 11/28/41 (“the opinion”).
22 U.S. Department of State, “Outline of Proposed Basis for Agreement Between United States and Japan,” 11/25/41, PHH 14:1155; Hull, “Proposed Message from the President to the Emperor of Japan,” 11/29/41, PHH, 14:1224; Ickes 3:654–55; Hull 2:188–89; Tully 248–49; Toland 144–45.
23 Hull 2:1089–90; Ickes 3:655; Joseph Grew to Hull and Welles, 12/1/41, PHH, 14:1302; “Hull Relays Data,” NYT, 11/30/41 (“exploitation”); “U.S. Principles Rejected,” NYT, 12/1/41; Toland 180–81.
24 “President Is Grim,” NYT, 12/1/41; “Battle Stations,” Time, 12/8/41; Tully 251 (“last time”).
25 Foreign Office to Nomura, 11/15/41, PHH 12:137; Stark to CINCPAC, 12/3/41, PHH, 14:1407.
26 Frances Perkins, interview, part viii, 50, COHP (“expect”); Sherman Miles, testimony, 11/29/45, PHH 2:790; GCM to FDR, 2/2/44, MP 4:293–94; Wohlstetter 180; Toland 188.
27 FDR to Hirohito, 12/6/41, FDRL (PSF, box 43) (“dynamite”); Tully 253.
28 Sherman Miles, testimony, 11/29/45, PHH 2:941; GCM, testimony, 12/7/45, 12/13/45, PHH 3:1108–10, 3:1509; W. B. Smith, interview, 7/29/58, 12, 14 PL (“safe”).
29 Leonard T. Gerow, “Memorandum for the Record,” 12/15/41, PHH 14:1409; W. B. Smith, “Memorandum for the Record,” 12/15/41, PHH 14:1410; Sherman Miles to GCM, 12/15/41, PHH 14:1410; Pogue 2:227; Sherman Miles, testimony, 11/29/45, PHH 2:931–35.
30 Sherwood 434; W. B. Smith, interview, 7/29/58, PL; Leonard T. Gerow, interview, 2/24/58, PL; Toland 202.
THIRTEEN KICKING OVER ANTHILLS
1 FDR, address, 12/8/41, FDR-PP, 1941, 514–16 (“December 7”).
2 “Unity in Congress,” NYT, 12/9/41; Ickes 3:665–66.
3 “What the People Said,” Time, 12/15/41 (“every American”); Olson 443.
4 FDR to Stimson and Knox, 12/15/41, FDR-PL 2:1259; Smith, Thank You, 117; Reilly 4–5, 26–29; Tully 258–59; Goodwin 298, quoting Lorena Hickok, manuscript, FDRL (“Fala”).
5 Claude R. Wickard, 12/7/41, FDRL (Wickard Papers, Cabinet Meetings, box 13); HLS, 12/7/41; Sherwood 430; Shirer 1169, fn.
6 FDR, fireside chat, 12/9/41, FDR-PP, 1941, 522 (“reinforce”); Shirer 1173–77 (“considers”).
7 Leahy, interview, 5/24/48, FDRL (Oral History Collection, box 1); EJK, interview, 5/6/46, KP (box 2); R. S. Edwards, interview, 1/30/46, KP (box 7); Knox, flight log, 12/7/41, LC (Knox Papers, box 1); EJK, interview, 5/6/46, KP (box 2); EJK, interview, 4/28–30/48, KP (box 2); FDR to EJK, 12/20/41, KP (box 5); Knox to EJK, 12/20/41, KP (box 5).
8 EJK, 6/13/46, KP (box 9); EJK, interview, 5/6/46, 4/28–30/48, KP (box 2).
9 EJK, interview, 5/6/46, KP (box 2); Buell 139.
10 EJK, interview, 12/11/46, KP (box 7) (“sink us”); Low 24; Neil Dietrich, interview, 12/10/74, KP (box 11); Buell 139.
11 EJK to Harold Stark, 11/5/41, KP (box 5); J. R. Topper to Thomas Buell, 9/27/74, KP (box 2); Harry Sanders, “Assorted Notes re FAdm King,” n.d., KP (box 2); EJK, interview, 7/4/50, KP (box 7); Neil Dietrich, interview, 12/10/74, KP (box 11); Ernest K. Lindley to EJK, 8/20/42, 11/4/42, KP (box 5).
12 EJK, interview, 8/26/50, KP (box 7) (“Marshall would”); Pogue 2:149–50; Pogue 3:505, citing Frederick L. Allen, “Marshall, Arnold, King: Three Snapshots,” Harper’s Magazine (Feb. 1945), 287.
13 Neil Dietrich, interview, 12/10/74, KP (box 11); George Russell to Thomas Buell, 11/18/74, KP (box 2) (“I have”); George Russell, interview, 12/11/74, KP (box 11).
14 Neil Dietrich, interview, 12/10/74, KP (box 11).
15 EJK, interview, 8/24/49, KP (box 4); EJK, interview, 8/27/50, KP (box 6); Neil Dietrich, interview, 12/10/74, KP (box 11).
16 EJK, interview, 12/11/46, KP (box 8); Executive Order No. 8984, 12/18/41, in Buell, Appendix III.
17 Buell 140 (“appreciate”).
18 Ruthven E. Libby, interview, 2/8/70, 5, KP (box 13) (“decrepit”); Ruthven E. Libby, interview, 6/7/70, 222, KP (box 13); Whitehill 353; Buell 138, quoting Harry Sanders, “King of the Oceans,” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings (August 1974) (“anthill”).
19 J. R. Topper to Thomas Buell, 9/27/74, KP (box 2); George Russell to Thomas Buell, 11/18/74, KP (box 2) (“His desk”); George Russell, interview, 12/11/74, KP (box 11) (“miserable housekeeper”).
20 Forrest Davis, “King’s Way to Tokyo,” Saturday Evening Post, 12/3/44, 103, KP (box 9) (“If I”).
21 A. R. McCann, interview, 9/74, KP (box 10); Howard Orem, interview, 12/12/74, KP (box 11); G. A. McLean to Thomas Buell, 8/9/74, KP (box 2); Eunice H. Rice, 7/2/76, KP (box 7); George C. Dyer, interview, 8/1/45, KP (box 13); C. M. Keyes, interview, 8/8–10/74, KP (box 2); Buell 230. “Memorandum for Captain S. E. Morison,” 1/25/47, KP (box 5) (“Washington mentality”).
22 C. M. Keyes, interview, 8/8–10/74, KP (box 2); Robert B. Pirie, interview, 147, KP (box 10) (“He didn’t”).
23 Low 19; R. D. Shepherd to Thomas Buell, 8/9/74, KP (box 2); Forrest Davis, “King’s Way to Tokyo,” Saturday Evening Post, 12/3/44, 103, KP (box 9); Howard Orem, interview, 12/12/74, KP (box 11); Neil Dietrich, interview, 12/10/74, KP
(box 11); Malcolm Schoeffel to Thomas Buell, 9/27/74, KP (box 2) (“?”); Buell 160, 211.
24 J. R. Topper to Thomas Buell, 9/27/74, KP (box 2); Omar T. Pfeiffer, interview, 233, KP (box 10); Buell 215–16.
25 William Smedberg to Thomas Buell, 2/10/75, KP (box 2) (“lone wolf”); J. R. Topper to Thomas Buell, 9/27/74, KP (box 2); Kenneth Knowles to Thomas Buell, 9/22/74, KP (box 2) (“armor-plated steel”).
26 William Smedberg to Thomas Buell, 2/10/75, KP (box 2) (“within a few minutes”); William R. Smedberg III, interview, 6/9/76, 43, KP (box 11).
27 C. M. Keyes, interview, 8/8–10/74, KP (box 2).
28 John Hyland to Thomas Buell, 5/5/76, KP (box 9); John Hyland, interview, 3/8/76, 126, KP (box 13); Buell, notes on Cadillac, n.d., KP (box 7) (citing EJK to CNO, 4/13/46, and EJK to H. R. Stark, 12/22/41).
29 EJK to Fleet Commanders, 12/30/41, KP (box 5); “Memorandum for Captain S. E. Morison,” 1/25/47, KP (box 5); EJK to C. F. Grisham, 1/2/42, KP (box 5); “Adm. King’s Flag is Hoisted on Yacht ‘Made in Germany,’” n.d., KP (box 7).
30 EJK to C. F. Grisham, 1/2/42, KP (box 5); EJK to Fleet Commanders, 12/30/41, KP (box 5); “Memorandum for Captain S. E. Morison,” 1/25/47, KP (box 5); “US at War,” Time, 9/7/42; EJK to Staff, 1/9/42, KP (box 5); G. B. Turnbull to EJK, 5/27/42, KP (box 5); EJK to C. F. Grisham, 1/2/42, KP (box 5); Eunice H. Rice to Buell, 7/2/76, KP (box 7); Forrest Davis, “King’s Way to Tokyo,” Saturday Evening Post, 12/3/44, 103, KP (box 9); Neil Dietrich, interview, 12/10/74, KP (box 11); Charles Griffins to Buell, 12/19/74, KP (box 2); Howard Orem, interview, 12/12/74, KP (box 11); George Dyer, interview, 8/1/45, 465–66, KP (box 10); George Russell to Buell, 11/18/74, KP (box 2); Buell 143–44, 379, 392, 397; A. R. Taylor to Thomas Buell, 9/25/74, KP (box 2).
FOURTEEN “DO YOUR BEST TO SAVE THEM”
1 Richard L. Watson, “Pearl Harbor and Clark Field,” in Craven and Cate 1:212–13; Sherman Miles to Edwin Watson, 12/12/41, FDRL (Map Room Papers, box 38); Keegan, Atlas, 57.
2 DDE, Crusade, 21–22 (“your best”).
3 HLS, 12/12/41, 12/14/41; Pogue 2:242–46 (“out-shipped”).
4 Pogue 2:240, 246, citing MacArthur to GCM, 2/4/42.
5 DDE, 1/19/42, EL (DDE Diaries, box 1) (“big a baby”); DDE, 2/3/42, DDE, Prewar Diaries 46 (“nerve”).
6 Cray 119.
7 DDE, 1/8/42, DDE, Prewar Diaries 42; MP 3:51–52, quoting DDE, memorandum, 1/9/42 (“You may”).
8 Morton, Fall, 399; Pogue 2:242–43.
FIFTEEN “O.K. F.D.R.”
1 Goodwin 302, quoting Mrs. Charles Hamlin, “Memories,” FDRL, and “Old River Friend,” New Republic, 4/15/45 (“common cause”).
2 GCM, memorandum, 12/23/41, FRUS, Arcadia, 69–72; CCS, minutes, 12/24/41.
3 HLS, 12/24/41; Sherwood 442; WSC, Grand Alliance, 663 (“maps”).
4 Goodwin 311, quoting James Roosevelt, interview (“wonderful”).
5 WSC, Grand Alliance, 662 (“outstanding”); Goodwin 302–03.
6 Reilly 125 (“awe”); Hassett 5/27/43 (“fish”).
7 Goodwin 302, quoting Elliott Roosevelt, interview.
8 Betty Hight to family, 8/20/42, FDRL (Betty Hight Papers); Goodwin 311, quoting Justine Polier, interview.
9 HLS, 12/24/41.
10 HLS, 12/25/41 (“resignation”).
11 HLS, 1/16/42, 12/25/41 (“This incident”).
12 Reginald Winn, memoirs, 2, 48, GCML (Small MS Collections, box 3); ARCADIA Minutes, 12/24/41, World War II Inter-Allied Conferences, 1; GCM, interview, 10/29/56 (“best mind”); EJK, interview, 8/28/49, KP (box 7); Davis, History of the Joint Chiefs, 139; Lawrence Kuter, interview, 11/10/60, in Pogue 2:271; Robinett, 12/24/41, in Pogue 2:271.
13 Roberts 71, quoting Thomas T. Handy, interview, 1974 (“babes”).
14 Paul Robinett, 12/24/41, GCML (Robinett Papers, box 16); Paul Robinett, “Saving National Face,” GCML (Robinett Papers, box 16).
15 HLS, “Memorandum of Decisions at White House, Sunday, December 21, 1941,” in HLS, 12/21/41; CCS, Minutes, 12/24/41; Paul Robinett, 12/24/41, GCML (Robinett Papers, box 16); Davis 145; Roberts 73; Buell 146.
16 WSC, strategy memoranda, 12/16–20/41, FRUS, First Washington Conference, 21–31; BCS, “American-British Strategy,” in CCS, minutes, 12/24/41, Annex 1; BCS, “WW-1,” FDRL (PSF Safe File, box 1); BCS, General Strategy Review, 7/31/41, in Watson, Chief of Staff, 403.
17 HHA, notes, 12/22/41, in FRUS, Arcadia, 66; Matloff and Snell, 113 n.59.
18 HLS to FDR, 12/20/41, FRUS, Arcadia, 44; Joint Board, No. 325, 12/21/41, FRUS, Arcadia, 50–51; HLS, 1/3/42.
19 GCM, notes, 12/23/41, FRUS, Arcadia, 72 (“considered”).
20 Katherine Marshall 100–102; GCM, interview, 2/20/57; Parrish 221.
21 CCS, minutes, 12/25/41 (“I am convinced”).
22 CCS, minutes, 12/25/41 (“highest authority”); Robinett, 12/25/41, in Pogue 2:276–77; Davis 152.
23 CCS, minutes, 12/26/41, FRUS, Arcadia, 102–04; DDE, “Notes Taken at Jt. Conference of Chiefs of Staff, on afternoon, 25 Dec. 41,” EP 1:25–26; HLS, 12/27/41; Davis, History of the Joint Chiefs, 153, 156.
24 EJK to H. R. Stark, 1/14/41, KP (box 2); EJK to C. S. Freeman, 1/5/42, KP (box 7) (“I have”); EJK to J. G. Scrugham, 2/11/42, KP (box 7).
25 HLS, 12/28/41; Pogue 2:278; Buell 148, quoting Robinett, 12/27/41 (“When King”); BCS, “Procedure for Assumption of Command by General Wavell,” 1/10/42, World War II Inter-Allied Conferences, 135.
26 HLS, 12/28/41 (“bay steers”); Beaverbrook to HLH, n.d., FDRL (Hopkins Papers, box 136) (“You should”).
27 Pogue, interview notes, 10/5/56 and 11/21/56; Roberts 80.
28 Pogue, interview notes, 10/5/56 (“Frobisher”).
29 Moran, Struggle for Survival, 20, 22 (“Marshall remains”).
30 Davis, History of the Joint Chiefs, 154–55; Pogue, interview notes, 10/5/56 and 11/21/56.
31 Lord Privy Seal to WSC, 12/29/41, FDRL (Hopkins Papers, box 136); CCS, minutes, 12/29/41, World War II Inter-Allied Conferences, 66–67; Sherwood 467; Davis 156–57.
32 HLS, “Memorandum of Decisions at White House, Sunday, December 21, 1941,” in HLS, 12/21/41; CCS, minutes, 12/29/41; Matloff, Strategic Planning, 125; Buell 151
33 CCS to FDR, 12/29/41, Sherwood 467 (“existing machinery”); CCS, minutes, 1/13/42; BCS, “Post-ARCADIA Collaboration” (WW-8), 1/8/42; CCS, “Post-ARCADIA Collaboration” (ABC-4/CS-4), 1/14/42; EJK to Thomas Dobyns, 9/18/50, KP (box 8).
34 CCS, minutes, 12/29/41; HLH to Stark, 12/30/41, in World War II Inter-Allied Conferences, 80–81; Moran 20–21; Sherwood 468.
35 Sherwood 469; CCS, “Post-ARCADIA Collaboration” (ABC-4/CS4), 1/14/42; Leahy 130; Davis 163; Larrabee 17–18; Moran 23; Roberts 95 and Crosswell 246, quoting Thomas T. Handy, interview, USAMHI.
36 HLS, 1/27/42, 5/12/43; Davis 180–81; Pogue 2:283; Roberts 60.
37 GCM to FDR, 3/16/43, MP 3:589–90; Pogue 2:283; GCM, interview, 2/14/57, GCML (“I tried”).
38 Executive Order 9082, 2/28/42, FDR-PP, 1942, 140–41; Davis 235–37; Morison 543–44.
39 Leahy to FDR, 6/16/43, FDRL (PSF, box 6); CCS, minutes, 1/23/42; EJK to Harriet Wedeen, 1/8/43, KP (box 6); Davis 226–32, 252.
40 Leahy to Harold D. Smith, 7/16/43, KP (box 10); FDR to Leahy, 7/16/43, KP (box 10); Leahy 126 (“chit”); Stoler, Allies, 108.
41 Bryant 234, quoting Dill to Brooke, 1/3/42 (“George Washington”).
42 CCS, minutes, 1/23/42; HLS to FDR, 3/20/42, in Davis, History of the Joint Chiefs, 191 n.22.
43 Davis, History of the Joint Chiefs, 256 (“O.K.”); Buell 164.
SIXTEEN “THERE ARE TIMES WHEN MEN HAVE TO DIE”
1 Neil Dietrich, interview, 12/10/74, KP (box 11); EJK, “Note,” n.d., KP (box 7); EJK, interview, 1/5/46,
KP (box 7); EJK to Knox, 2/20/42, KP (box 5).
2 Glenn Perry to E. P. Bartnett, 11/30/42, KP (box 11); Buell 176 (“No fighter”).
3 Hayes 51, 88, citing War Department minutes, 2/16/42.
4 Coordinator of Information, “The War This Week,” 3/5–12/42, FDRL (Hopkins Papers, box 330); FDR to WSC, 1/18/42, Sherwood 510, Matloff 165–66; FDR to WSC, 2/18/42, FDRL (Hopkins Papers, box 136); Hayes 88–89, citing FDR to WSC, 2/18/42 (draft initialed by HLS and GCM), and War Department minutes, 2/16/42; Davis, History of the Joint Chiefs, 200–03; CCS, minutes, 2/17/42, 2/23/42, 3/3/42; Hayes 90–91, citing Admiralty to BAD Washington, 2/23/42; WSC to FDR, 2/21/42, FDRL (Hopkins Papers, box 136); FDR to WSC, 3/9/42.
5 DAM, Japanese Operations, 106–10.
6 “U.S. Speeds Men, Arms to Far East,” NYT, 1/23/42; GCM to FDR, 3/3/42, FDRL (PSF Safe File, box 3); FDR to WSC, 3/7/42; HLS, 1/23/42.
7 Frances Perkins, interview, part VIII, 47, COHP; Stark to FDR, 11/12/40, FDRL (PSF File); Watson 413–15; Simpson 65, 75.
8 Manuel Quezon to FDR, 2/8/42, accessed at http://www.gov.ph/1942/02/08/telegram-of-president-quezon-to-president-roosevelt-february-8-1942/.
9 DAM to GCM, 2/8/42, in HLS, 2/13/42 (“The temper”); Morton, Fall, 354.
10 HLS, 2/8–9/42; Hayes 92.
11 Morison 550, quoting George Roberts, interview, 9/14/55 (“There are times”); HLS, 2/9/42; Bundy, Active Service, 404.
12 HLS, 2/9/42; FDR to Quezon, 2/9/42, in HLS, 2/13/42; Pogue 3:70, 316.
13 GCM, interview, 11/14/56; Pogue 2:23, 247–48 (“great man”).
14 FDR to Quezon, 2/9/42, in HLS, 2/13/42 (“flag”); FDR to DAM, 2/9/42, in HLS, 2/13/42 (“mandatory”); Morton, Fall, 354; Bundy, Active Service, 400–04.
15 DAM to Adjutant General, 2/11/42, in HLS, 2/13/42 (“share the fate”).
16 Pogue 2:249.
17 HLS, 2/12/42; Congressional Record, 77th Cong., 2d. Sess., vol. 88, part 1, 1249, and part 2, 1266, in Pogue 2:249; “The People: Bring Home MacArthur!” Time, 2/23/42 (“the air”).
18 Stenographer’s Diary, Usher’s Log, 2/22/42, FDRL; Hayes 93–94, quoting GCM to DAM, 2/22/42; Sherwood 509; Buell 171.
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