Turkey, 258, 259, 293, 308, 309, 460
Turner, Richmond Kelly, 199, 201, 272, 371
Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934, 135n
U-boats, 40, 69, 73–76, 89, 92, 93, 99, 133, 152–53, 155, 193, 211, 220, 232, 242–44, 327
Unconditional surrender, 235–36, 271, 292, 447, 461–63, 467
United Nations, 345–46, 423–25, 428, 434, 435, 445
United States armed forces
First Airborne Army, 405
1st Armored Division, 181, 340
First Army, 335, 405, 411, 429, 430
1st Infantry Division, 358
1st Marine Division, 54, 58–59, 80, 84–86, 90–91, 205, 272, 273
2nd Armored Division, 181
Second Army, 242
II Corps, 241, 242, 275, 335
2nd Marine Division, 272, 317, 370
Third Army, 335, 405, 430
Third Fleet, 320–21, 388
3rd Infantry Division, 275
4th Armored Division, 411
4th Infantry Division, 358
4th Marine Division, 370
Fifth Army, 232, 292, 357
Fifth Fleet, 320
5th Marine Division, 379, 380
Sixth Army Group, 416
VI Corps, 292
Seventh Army, 275, 405
Seventh Fleet, 319, 320
Ninth Army, 411
9th Infantry Division, 232
Tenth Army, 444
Tenth Fleet, 244, 245, 369n
Twelfth Army Group, 416
14th Air Force, 46–50, 54, 58–59, 84–86, 90–91, 219
Twentieth Air Force, 369, 448
27th Infantry Division, 273, 368, 370, 371
82nd Airborne Division, 275, 411
101st Airborne Division, 411
442nd Infantry Regiment, 407
draft, 46–50, 54, 58–59, 80, 84–86, 90–91, 219, 406, 407
integration issue, 54–58, 142–45
military appropriations, 15, 20–22
size of, 16, 20, 46, 47, 50, 54, 97, 140, 219, 406–8
USS Arizona, 4–7, 112
USS Augusta, 5, 86–88, 113, 465
USS Baltimore, 379, 381, 382
USS California, 6
USS Dauntless, 116, 199, 298, 300
USS Enterprise, 161, 198
USS Greer, 92
USS Hornet, 156, 161, 206, 340
USS Houston, 300
USS Indianapolis, 463
USS Iowa, 300–1
USS Kearny, 93
USS Lexington, 70, 71, 161, 162, 273
USS Maryland, 5
USS McDougal, 88
USS Missouri, 467, 468
USS Nevada, 5, 6
USS Oglala, 6
USS Oklahoma, 3–4, 6, 112
USS Panay, 37
USS Pennsylvania, 5
USS Plymouth, 116
USS Potomac, 300
USS Quincy, 416, 419
USS Reuben James, 93
USS Rocky Mount, 368
USS South Dakota, 202
USS Tennessee, 4–6
USS Texas, 71–72, 245, 246
USS Thompson, 361, 362
USS Tuscaloosa, 62
USS Utah, 3, 6
USS Wasp, 198
USS West Virginia, 4, 6, 143
USS William D. Porter, 301
USS Yorktown, 161–63, 169
Van Buren, Martin, 36
Vandenberg, Arthur, 294–95, 355, 398
Vanderbilt, William, 116
Veterans, 344–45, 434
Victory Program, 97, 112
Vinson, Carl, 323–24, 339
Virginia Military Institute, 17–18
Vittorio Emanuele III, King, 291
Voroshilov, Marshal Kliment, 308
Wadsworth, Jim, 91
Wainwright, Jonathan, 471
Wake Island, 82, 118, 179, 194
Waldrop, Frank, 288
Wallace, Henry, 12, 13, 21, 295, 377, 378, 384
Wallenberg, Raoul, 348
Walsh, David, 33, 41, 46
War Manpower Commission, 269
War production, 53, 67–68, 80, 139–40, 209–10, 219
War Production Board, 140, 209, 210, 219, 312
War Refugee Board, 347–48
Ward, Colonel Orlando, 23
Warren, Earl, 146
Washington, George, 48, 59, 131, 195, 414n
Washington Conference (TRIDENT), 256–65, 272
WATCHTOWER, 198, 203
Watson, Edwin “Pa,” 24, 62, 131, 192, 195, 357, 379–80, 404
Wavell, Archibald, 134, 261
Wedemeyer, Albert C., 23n, 98n, 226, 237, 238
Welles, Sumner, 30, 32, 42, 76, 83, 253
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, 91
Wheeler, Burton K., 38, 46, 66, 98n, 267
Whiskey Rebellion, 195
White, Harry Dexter, 395
White, Walter, 57.55
Whitehall, Commander Walter Muir, 473
Why We Fight series, 167
Wickersham, Cornelius, 207–8
Willkie, Wendell, 33, 49–50, 58–60, 67, 137, 194, 218, 247, 254, 295, 310, 346, 353–55, 402, 423
Willson, Russell, 116, 246
Wilson, Field Marshal Henry “Jumbo,” 365–67, 416
Wilson, Woodrow, 38, 73, 90, 278, 345
Wise, Stephen, 346–47
Wolff, General Karl, 432
Woodring, Harry, 12, 21, 30, 31, 33–34
Works Progress Administration, 13, 286
World War I, 36, 39, 159–60, 235, 312, 314, 344, 391, 410, 444
Wright Brothers, 24
Yalta Conference, 420–28, 445
Yamamoto, Admiral Isoroku, 103, 133, 161–63, 169, 184, 240, 248–49, 403
Yap, 388
Zuikaku (Japanese carrier), 161
* Later researchers, pointing to Roosevelt’s known clinical symptoms, have suggested that FDR actually suffered from Gullain-Barré syndrome. Others have noted test results consistent with poliomyelitis. Because polio was the accepted cause of Roosevelt’s paralysis during his lifetime, that “diagnosis” is used here.
* Until Pearl Harbor, Army and Navy officers in Washington wore business suits rather than uniforms, to avoid attracting undue attention from budget-cutters and pacifist legislators.
* It was some time before Nason mustered the courage to tell Marshall her last name was “Nason,” not “Mason,” and his aide’s last name was “McCarthy,” not “McCarty” or “Carty.” Later, she informed Marshall that the name of his senior planner, Brigadier General Albert C. Wedemeyer, was pronounced “Weddemeyer,” not “Weedemeyer.”
* Marshall’s legman, Beetle Smith, uncovered the backstory of Roosevelt’s hostility to Arnold from Edwin “Pa” Watson, Roosevelt’s military aide. Much of Roosevelt’s ire, said Pa, could be traced to Steve Early. To protect Arnold, Marshall asked the secretary of war to pitch Arnold’s nomination to permanent major general to the president personally.
* To Marshall, Eisenhower’s answer was the correct one. A few weeks after the exchange, Eisenhower received his second star. Before long, Marshall would send him to England as the Army’s European theater commander.
* Like most of Stimson’s circle, McCloy was an anti–New Dealer. As a lawyer with New York’s prestigious Cravath, Swaine firm, he successfully represented the Schechter Poultry Corporation in a landmark constitutional battle against the National Industrial Recovery Act, a fundamental pillar of Roosevelt’s New Deal.
* Air-conditioning was available during Roosevelt’s time, but Roosevelt insisted on turning off the
air conditioners in his living quarters, certain that the artificially cooled air aggravated his chronic sinus congestion.
* He added, “American mothers don’t seem to mind their boys becoming sailors.”
* One woman, whose knee evidently seemed a likely harbor for King’s hand at a dinner party, allegedly scolded him, “I will have you know this is a tablecloth and not a bedsheet!”
* After Pearl Harbor, King did not say, as popularly claimed, “When they get in trouble they send for the sons of bitches.” But he told a friend he would have said it if he had thought of it.
* FDR briefly considered sending U.S. submarines after the German battleship Bismarck. Robert Sherwood recalled him thinking aloud, “Suppose we order them to attack her and attempt to sink her. Do you think the people would demand to have me impeached?” The Royal Navy made the point moot when it sent the dreaded battleship to the bottom on May 27.
* The American Volunteer Group, led by a sharp-chinned colonel named Claire Chennault, borrowed the RAF shark’s teeth motif for their engine cowls and won lasting fame as the “Flying Tigers.”
* The source of the leak was never positively identified. Major Al Wedemeyer, who headed the staff work from the Army side, was suspected, though Marshall believed Wedemeyer to be innocent, and Wedemeyer ultimately went on to high command in the War Department and in China. Eventually Senator Burton Wheeler claimed an unnamed Air Corps captain brought him the report, which he had shown to the Tribune’s Chesley Manly. Because U.S. military secrets would be disclosed in any judicial proceeding, the McCormick employees responsible for the story were never brought to trial.
* Critical passages from Foreign Minister Shigenori Tōgō to Ambassador Nomura were sometimes poorly translated or paraphrased by overworked American cryptographers. For example, in the November 4 cable, Secretary Hull read the sentence, “This time we are showing the limit of our friendship; this time we are making our last possible bargain.” According to Pulitzer Prize–winning historian John Toland, this sentence was more accurately translated as, “Now that we make the utmost concession in the spirit of complete friendliness for the sake of a peaceful solution, we hope earnestly that the United States will, on entering the final stage of the negotiations, reconsider the matter.”
* Tojo never gave the speech. The written message, attributed by news services to Tojo, was read by another person at a mass rally commemorating the first anniversary of the Sino-Japanese Basic Treaty. (Tojo had been expected to speak at the rally.) The wire service report, like some MAGIC decrypts, included poor translations that exaggerated the speaker’s bellicosity.
* Roosevelt blacklisted Lindbergh from military service, but Hap Arnold felt the aviation pioneer could be useful as an aeronautics consultant. Lindbergh served honorably as a civilian adviser to the Army Air Forces, flying (unofficially) fifty combat missions in the Pacific and shooting down (unofficially) one Japanese aircraft.
* The Munitions Building, where the War Department was quartered, had “floors” and “doors.” Main Navy had “decks” and “hatches.”
* Though he was widely criticized for the loss of his B-17 fleet, MacArthur’s bombers had not been idle after the Pearl Harbor attack. His air commander ordered them up, and they had flown toward Japanese-held Formosa. Forced to turn back due to uncooperative weather and a lack of intelligence on viable targets, the bombers were hit on the ground when they landed for refueling.
* Pound’s lethargy was probably the result of a brain tumor undiagnosed until very late. Pound died in October 1943, and was replaced by Fleet Admiral Andrew B. Cunningham.
* Unbeknownst to Churchill, his chest pains were symptoms of a heart attack.
* Churchill evidently saw it the same way, for he never put his signature to any organic document either.
* Under the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934, the Philippines would be granted independence in 1946.
* Roosevelt and Churchill had a transatlantic telephone line that enabled them to talk directly with each other. The phone line was, however, vulnerable to enemy interception, even with the primitive scrambler devices available in 1942. Most critical messages were sent in coded cables or radiograms.
* Since removing all 140,000 Japanese residents from the Hawaiian Islands was impractical, given the shipping shortage, most Japanese Americans there were permitted to remain at liberty near Pearl Harbor and other Hawaiian military installations, while West Coast Japanese Americans, more than 2,000 miles from the war zone, were interned.
* When the Navy proposed dousing city lights, a cry went up from Atlantic City to Miami about ruining the tourist season. Eisenhower’s War Plans Division also opposed blackouts, contending that few sinkings actually occurred in lighted stretches of coastline. Lights were not blacked out until April 18, 1942, after the material equivalent of three large war factories had been sunk.
* All sixteen planes crash-landed or the crews bailed out. The crews of two planes, ten men total, were drowned or captured. Three of the eight captured men were executed, one died in captivity, and four were freed at war’s end.
* FDR considered other ways of shutting down the Tribune, such as cutting off its paper supply from Canada. Later, when he learned that the Tribune applied for a license to circulate a newspaper for American servicemen in England, Roosevelt cabled his ambassador to London, “I have wired Former Naval Person [Churchill] expressing earnest hope that application of Chicago Tribune will not be granted. I have told him that this so-called newspaper prints lies and misrepresentations in lieu of news.” Churchill, who had suppressed publication of the Communist Daily Worker the year before, happily denied the Tribune’s application.
* Swallowing every impulse of training and instinct, a reluctant Secret Service never confiscated Molotov’s pistol. Eleanor remarked, “Mr. Molotov evidently thought he might have to defend himself, and also he might be hungry.”
* The Ford’s hand-control system, like Roosevelt’s wheelchair, was an ingenious contraption of FDR’s own design. A left-hand lever pushed halfway engaged the clutch; pushed all the way, it engaged the clutch and the brake. A ratchet and lever attached to the steering column enabled Roosevelt to lock the accelerator at preset speeds with his right hand while holding the steering wheel.
* The blowtorch joke dated back to 1940, when an electric company executive told King, “They tell me you’re so tough you shave with a blowtorch.” Not long afterward, the executive sent King a miniature blowtorch crafted by Tiffany’s. A later acquaintance sent him a brass crowbar engraved “A Toothpick for a Blowtorch.”
* Marshall selected Murphy’s disguise, reasoning, “No one ever pays attention to a lieutenant colonel.”
* Shangri-La, a rustic Civilian Conservation Corps project, was later renamed Camp David by President Eisenhower, after his grandson.
* Though not part of the deal, Roosevelt invited Darlan’s wife and son, Alain, to come to Warm Springs, where Alain received polio treatment until the war’s end. A grateful Alain Darlan returned to France in 1946.
* Stalin’s thinking was nearly identical to Roosevelt’s on this subject. Two weeks later, he borrowed an emphatic Russian idiom when he told Churchill that the Allies should feel free to use “even the Devil himself and his grandma” to defeat Hitler.
* King later remarked, “Every meeting had to have a special name which Mr. Churchill liked to use. In fact, he rather fancied himself as a ‘namer.’”
* To keep peace among their chiefs, the pilots agreed that in the future, Marshall’s plane would take off well enough ahead of King’s plane to ensure that Marshall landed first.
* Admiral Leahy, usually serving as President Roosevelt’s representative, was absent from the conference; he had made the first legs of the trip with Roosevelt but had come down sick en route to Trinidad. He was left behind on doctor’s orders.
* Roosevelt did not disregard Marshall’s point, however. Three weeks later, he promoted Eisenhower to full four-star general.
* In 1948 Churchill claimed he first heard the demand for unconditional surrender from Roosevelt’s lips that day. Neither Churchill nor Roosevelt was accurate in this regard. The concept had been raised before Casablanca by FDR on January 7 at the White House, and during the conference Churchill informed the British War Cabinet of the issue, telling the War Cabinet that he and FDR wanted to omit Italy from the “unconditional surrender” demand.
* Stilwell agreed with the British assessment. In July 1944 he told his diary that Chiang “hates the Reds and will not take any chances in giving them a toehold in the government. The result is that each side watches the other and neither gives a damn about the war. If this condition persists, China will have civil war immediately after Japan is out.”
* In 1945, Captain George Earle, a former attaché to Bulgaria and an old Roosevelt family friend, threatened to publicize information implicating the Soviets in the massacre. Roosevelt insisted the incident was manufactured by the Germans, and when Earle persisted, he was abruptly transferred to the Samoan Islands.
American Warlords Page 76
