by Conrad Black
18. Ibid., p. 251.
19. Grace Curzon, Reminiscences, London, 1955, pp. 181–82.
20. Robert Rhodes James, Anthony Eden, London, 1986, p. 625.
21. Mackenzie King Diary, January 6, 1924.
22. Graham, op. cit., vol. II, p. 343.
23. Mackenzie King Diary, October 30 to November 4, 1925.
24. Ibid., October 31, 1925.
25. Jeffrey Williams, Byng of Vimy, London, 1983, p. 323.
26. Ibid., p. 322.
27. Ramsay Cook, “A Canadian Account of the 1926 Imperial Conference,” Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies, March 1965, p. 65.
28. Mackenzie King Diary, July 4, 1926.
29. Peter B. Waite, “Mr. King and Lady Byng,” The Beaver, April–May 1997, p. 24.
30. Levine, op. cit., p. 172. (This was the view of Kevin O’Higgins, a young Irish politician, who was assassinated by the IRA just eight months later, aged thirty-five. King remarked of the Irish in his diary on July 11, 1927, “What a strange race.”)
31. Vincent Massey, What’s Past Is Prologue, Toronto, 1963, p. 112.
32. Levine, op. cit., p. 182.
33. Mackenzie King Diary, May 17, 1930.
34. Lower, op. cit., pp. 480–81.
35. Mackenzie King Diary, September 25, 26, 1928.
36. David Dilks, The Great Dominion: Winston Churchill in Canada, 1900–1954, Toronto, 2005, p. 101.
37. Lower, op. cit., pp. 494–95.
38. John Thompson and Allen Seager, Canada 1922–1939: Decades of Discord, Toronto, 1985, pp. 197–98.
39. Levine, op. cit., p. 199.
40. Peter Oliver, G. Howard Ferguson: Ontario Tory, Toronto, 1977, p. 365.
41. Mackenzie King Diary, April 9, 1930.
42. Ibid., July 29, 1930.
43. Ibid., November 2, 1930.
44. Levine, op. cit., p. 203.
45. House of Commons Debates, July 30, 1931, 4387–88.
46. Levine, op. cit., p. 206.
47. Ibid., p. 198.
48. Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations, vol. I, Canada: 1867–1939, Ottawa, 1940, p. 144.
49. Levine, op. cit., pp. 214–16.
50. John Boyko, Bennett: The Rebel Who Challenged and Changed a Nation, Toronto, 2010, p. 265; Mackenzie King Diary, June 4, 1935.
51. Library and Archives Canada, Bennett Papers, reel 1025, Herridge to Bennett, April 12, 1934.
52. Lower, op. cit., pp. 515–17.
53. Mackenzie King Diary, January 2 and 9, 1935.
54. Library and Archives Canada, Bennett Papers, reel 3144.
55. Hansard, June 7, 1935.
56. R.J. Manion, Life Is an Adventure, Toronto, 1936, p. 213.
57. Mackenzie King Diary, October 14, 1935.
58. Conrad Black, Render Unto Caesar: The Life and Legacy of Maurice Duplessis, Toronto, 1998, p. 84.
59. Ibid., p. 104.
60. Original letter of Franklin D. Roosevelt to Margaret Suckley, March 8, 1936 (author’s collection).
61. Mackenzie King Diary, January 20, 1937.
62. Ibid., June 29, 1937, and memo on meeting with Hitler; James Eayrs, In Defence of Canada: Appeasement and Rearmament, Toronto, 1965, pp. 226–31.
63. Ibid.
64. Conrad Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom, New York, 2003, p. 468.
65. Library and Archives Canada, John Buchan Papers, Tweedsmuir to King, July 3, 1937.
66. McInnis, op. cit., p. 474.
67. Mackenzie King Diary, September 24, 1938.
68. Terry Reardon, Winston Churchill and Mackenzie King: So Similar, So Different, Toronto, 2012, p. 87; Mackenzie King Diary, September 14, 1938.
69. Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 484.
70. Mackenzie King Diary, November 12, 1938.
71. Ibid., November 24, December 1, December 13, 1938.
72. Black, Render Unto Caesar, op. cit., p. 163.
73. Ibid., pp. 163–64.
74. Mackenzie King Diary, June 15, 1939.
75. Ibid., May 20, 1939.
76. Ibid., May 22, 1939.
77. Ibid., September 2, 1939.
78. Ibid., September 4, 1939.
79. Hansard, September 8, 1939.
80. Ibid.
81. Mackenzie King Diary, September 10, 1939.
82. Black, Render Unto Caesar, op. cit., pp. 169–85.
83. Mackenzie King Diary, January 25, 1940.
CHAPTER 7
1. Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. I, The Gathering Storm, London, 1948, p. 527; Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. VI, Finest Hour, 1939–1941, London, 1983, p. 317.
2. Charles de Gaulle, Complete War Memoirs, vol. I, Call to Honour, 1940–1942, New York, 1955, p. 57.
3. Warren F. Kimball, ed., Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence, vol. I, Alliance Emerging, Princeton, 1984, p. 40.
4. J.W. Pickersgill, ed., The Mackenzie King Record, vol. I, 1939–1944, Toronto, 1960, p. 118.
5. Ibid., pp. 120–21.
6. Conrad Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom, New York, 2003, p. 554.
7. Allan Levine, King: William Lyon Mackenzie King: A Life Guided by the Hand of Destiny, Toronto, 2011, p. 310.
8. Ibid.
9. Black, op. cit., p. 555.
10. Kimball, op. cit., p. 44.
11. Pickersgill, op. cit., p. 124.
12. Gilbert, op. cit., p. 218.
13. De Gaulle, op. cit., pp. 80, 693.
14. Black, op. cit., p. 560.
15. Black, Render Unto Caesar: The Life and Legacy of Maurice Duplessis, Toronto, 1998, p. 189.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid., p. 190.
18. Hansard (U.K.), June 18, 1940, columns 51–61; Gilbert, op. cit., p. 571.
19. Black, Render Unto Caesar, op. cit., p. 185.
20. Ibid., p. 191.
21. Ibid., pp, 192–93.
22. Levine, op. cit., p. 314.
23. Mackenzie King Diary, August 22, 1940.
24. Joe Garner, The Commonwealth Office, 1925–1968, London, 1978, p. 225.
25. Levine, op. cit., p. 314, Churchill to King, September 12, 1940.
26. Pickersgill, op. cit., p. 140.
27. Black, Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 583; Gilbert, op. cit., p. 855.
28. Kimball, op. cit., vol. I, p. 81.
29. Pickersgill, op. cit., pp. 148-149
30. Kimball, op. cit., pp. 84–85; Samuel E. Morrison, History of US Naval Operations in World War II, vol. III, The Rising Sun in the Pacific, 1931–April 1942, Boston, 1984, p. 139.
31. Pickersgill, op. cit., p. 149.
32. Ibid., p. 153.
33. Black, Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 622.
34. Pickersgill, op. cit., p. 193.
35. Author’s collection.
36. Charles Ritchie, The Siren Years: A Canadian Diplomat Abroad, 1937–1945, Toronto, 1974, pp. 110–111.
37. Mackenzie King Diary, August 19, 1941.
38. David Dilks, The Great Dominion: Winston Churchill in Canada, 1900–1954, Toronto, 2005, p. 152.
39. Black, Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 685.
40. Ibid., p. 686.
41. Pickersgill, op. cit., p. 297.
42. King Diary, July 14, 15, 1941.
43. Pickersgill, op. cit., p. 289.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid., p. 291.
46. Ibid., p. 294.
47. Black, Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 709.
48. Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada, Toronto, 1985, p. 188.
49. Black, Render Unto Caesar, op. cit., p. 204.
50. Black, Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 736, Roosevelt to King, April 27, 1942. I wish to thank journalist and historian Lawrence Martin for sending me a copy of this letter.
51. Pickersgill, op. cit., p. 382; Mackenzie King Diary, June 11, 1942.
52. Levine, op. cit., p. 333, attributed to journalist Grant Dexter.
53. Pickersgill, op. ci
t., p. 381.
54. Ibid., p. 389.
55. Bruce Hutchison, The Incredible Canadian, Toronto, 1953, p. 310; Hutchison, Mr. Prime Minister, 1867–1964, Toronto, 1964, pp. 270–71.
56. Mackenzie King Diary, December 31, 1942; Pickersgill, op. cit., p. 465.
57. Black, Roosevelt, op. cit., pp. 747–48.
58. Ibid., p. 760.
59. Pickersgill, op. cit., pp. 208–12, 422–29; Hutchison, Incredible Canadian, op. cit., pp. 316–17.
60. De Gaulle, op. cit., p. 359.
61. Edgar McInnis, Canada: A Political and Social History, Toronto, 1963, p. 489.
62. Churchill, op. cit., vol. III, The Grand Alliance, pp. 608–9.
63. Black, Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 712; Black, Flight of the Eagle: A Strategic History of the United States, Toronto, 2013, p. 402.
64. Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, War Diaries, 1939–1945, London, 2001, p. 363.
65. Churchill, op. cit., vol. III, The Grand Alliance, p. 621.
66. Black, Flight of the Eagle, op. cit., p. 416.
67. Hutchison, Incredible Canadian, op. cit., p. 324.
68. Hutchison, Incredible Canadian, op. cit., p. 325.
69. Black, Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 889
70. Black, Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 865.
71. Pickersgill, op. cit., pp. 419–20.
72. John Swettenham, McNaughton, vol. II, 1939–1943, Toronto, 1969, p. 233.
73. Ibid., pp. 343–45.
74. Black, Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 948.
75. Ibid., p. 941.
76. De Gaulle, op. cit., p. 571.
77. De Gaulle, op. cit., p. 577.
78. Ibid.
79. Peter C. Newman, Flame of Power: Intimate Profiles of Canada’s Greatest Businessmen, Toronto, 1959, p. 44.
80. Black, Render Unto Caesar, op. cit., pp. 215–16.
81. Ibid., pp. 271–78.
82. Ibid., p. 219.
83. Levine, op. cit., p. 351.
84. Hutchison, Incredible Canadian, op. cit., pp. 357–61; Pickersgill, op. cit., vol. II, 1944–1945, pp. 111–28.
85. Hutchison, ibid., pp. 374–75; ibid., Pickersgill, ibid.
86. Levine, op. cit., p. 357.
87. Pickersgill, op. cit., vol. II, p. 151.
88. Ibid., p. 378.
89. Ibid., p. 376.
90. Ibid., pp. 388–89.
91. Ibid., p. 393.
92. Ibid., pp. 389–90.
93. Ibid., p. 396.
94. Ibid., p. 398.
95. Black, Flight of the Eagle, op. cit., p. 453.
96. Ibid., p. 455.
97. Ibid.
98. David McCullough, Truman, New York, 1991, p. 443.
99. Pickersgill, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 447–48.
100. Pickersgill, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 445–46.
101. Black, Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 1128.
102. De Gaulle, op. cit., pp. 900–901.
103. Barbara Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45, New York, 1970, p. 522.
104. Black, Render Unto Caesar, op. cit., pp. 488–89.
105. Mackenzie King Diary, August 28, 1945; Pickersgill, op. cit., vol. II, p. 468.
106. Ibid.
107. Ibid., pp. 468–69.
108. Pickersgill, op. cit., vol. III, 1945–1946, pp. 118–22.
109. Levine, op. cit., p. 373.
110. Ibid., p. 374.
111. Ibid.
112. Pickersgill, op. cit., vol. III, p. 71.
113. Ibid., p. 77.
114. Robert J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945–1948, New York, 1977, p. 191.
115. Pickersgill, op. cit., vol. III, pp. 183–86.
116. Mackenzie King Diary, February 17, 1946.
117. Levine, op. cit., p. 378.
118. Black, Render Unto Caesar, op. cit., pp. 312–19.
119. Ibid., pp. 318–19.
120. Pickersgill, op. cit., vol. III, p. 208.
121. Levine, op. cit., p. 382.
122. Pickersgill, op. cit., vol. III, p. 297.
123. Ibid.
124. C.P. Stacey, A Date with History: Memoirs of a Canadian Historian, Ottawa, 1985, pp. 183-7.
125. Pickersgill, op. cit., vol. III.
126. Ibid., p. 343; Mackenzie King Diary, September 21, 1946.
127. Pickersgill, op. cit., vol. III, p. 336.
128. Black, Flight of the Eagle, op. cit., p. 462.
129. Mackenzie King Diary, June 12, 1947; Pickersgill, op. cit., vol. IV, 1947–1948, p. 47.
130. Pickersgill, op. cit., vol. IV, pp. 93–94.
131. Pickersgill, op. cit., vol. IV, pp. 108–20.
132. Ibid., p. 146.
133. Ibid., p. 165.
134. Ibid., p. 177.
135. Arthur R. M. Lower, Colony to Nation: A History of Canada, Toronto, 1977, p. 562.
136. Ibid., p. 243.
137. Ibid., p. 279.
138. Ibid., pp. 137–38.
139. Black, Render Unto Caesar, op. cit., p. 253.
140. Ibid., pp. 254–55.
141. Ibid., pp. 255–56.
142. Pickersgill, op. cit., vol. IV, p. 351.
143. Black, Render Unto Caesar, op. cit., p. 507.
144. Pickersgill, op. cit., vol. IV, p. 359.
145. Ibid., p. 377.
146. Ibid., p. 404.
147. Ibid., p. 423.
148. Terry Reardon, Winston Churchill and Mackenzie King: So Similar, So Different, Toronto, 2012, p. 371.
149. Pickersgill, op. cit., vol. IV, p. 425.
150. Frank R. Scott and A.J.M. Smith, eds., The Blasted Pine, Toronto, 1957, pp. 27–28.
151. J.L. Granatstein, How Britain’s Weakness Forced Canada into the Arms of the United States, Toronto, 1989, p. 7.
152. Ibid., p. 57.
CHAPTER 8
1. Dale Thomson, Louis St. Laurent, p. 250.
2. Ibid., p. 251.
3. Edgar McInnis, Canada: A Political and Social History, Toronto, 1947, p. 533.
4. Thomson, op. cit, p. 262.
5. Le Devoir, September 12, 1950.
6. Conrad Black, Flight of the Eagle, p. 486.
7. Thomson, op. cit., p. 315.
8. McInnis, op. cit, p. 533.
9. Thomson, op. cit., p. 357.
10. Thomson, op. cit., p. 361.
11. Thomson, op. cit., p. 364.
12. Ibid., p. 366.
13. Ibid., p. 364.
14. House of Commons Debates, March 18, 1954.
15. Thomson, op. cit., p. 378.
16. Thomson, op. cit., pp. 380-81.
17. Black, Render Unto Caesar, op. cit., p. 343.
18. House of Commons Debates, May 24, 1956, p. 4302; May 25, p. 4365; May 30, p. 4464.
19. Dale Thomson, Louis St. Laurent, p. 439.
20. House of Commons Debates, July 9, 1956, p. 5852.
21. T. Robertson, Crisis: The Inside Story of the Suez Conspiracy, Toronto, 1964, p. 101.
22. Thomson, op. cit., p. 466.
23. Montreal Star, November 1, 1956.
24. Thomson, op. cit., p. 472.
25. Black, Flight of the Eagle, op. cit., p. 533.
26. Thomson, op. cit., pp. 472-73.
27. T. Robertson, op. cit., p. 200.
28. Conrad Black, The Invincible Quest, Toronto, 2006, p. 348.
29. Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier and President, New York, 1991.
30. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Waging Peace, New York, 1965, pp. 92-93.
31. Thomson, op. cit., p. 486.
32. Great Unsolved Mysteries in Canadian History. Larry Hannant, Death of a Diplomat: Herbert Norman and the Cold War. Internet under Herbert Norman.
33. Thomson, op. cit., p. 505.
34. Conversation with Hon. J.W. Pickersgill, October 1962.
35. John G. Diefenbaker, One Canada, vol. II, Toronto, 1975, p. 92.
36. Black, Render Unto Caesar, op. cit., pp. 496-97.
37. Vincent Gelos
o, Du Grand Rattrapage au Déclin Tranquille, Une Histoire économique et sociale du Québec de 1900 à nos jours. Éditions Accent Grave, Montreal, 2012, pp. 56, 75, 86, 160, 206; Black, Render Unto Caesar, Toronto, 1976, pp. 404-36.
38. Charles de Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope, London, 1970, p. 239.
39. Michael Bliss, Right Honourable Men: The Descent of Canadian Politics from Macdonald to Mulroney, Toronto, 1994, p. 214.
40. Bruce Hutchison, Mr. Prime Minister, 1867–1964, Toronto, 1964, pp. 341-42.
41. Black, Render Unto Caesar, op. cit., p. 472.
42. Bliss, op. cit., p. 225.
43. Walter Gordon, A Political Memoir, Toronto, 1977, p. 156.
44. Ibid.
45. Lester B. Pearson. Mike: The Memoirs of the Right Honourable Lester B. Pearson, vol. II, Toronto, 1973, p. 146.
46. John English, The Life of Lester B. Pearson, vol. II, The Worldly Years, 1949–1972, Toronto, 1992, p. 287.
47. Ibid.
48. Conversation with the author, June 1977.
49. English, op. cit., p. 291.
50. Ibid., p. 281.
51. Ibid., p. 298.
52. Author’s conversation with Walter L. Gordon and with the chief executive officer of Canadian Corporate Management, Valentina N. Stock, 1977.
CHAPTER 9
1. Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle, English edition, vol. II. The Ruler, 1945–1970, New York and London, 1985, p. 450.
2. Ibid.
3. Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle, vol. III, Le Souverain, p. 519.
4. Summarized by his principal biographer, Jean Lacouture, in De Gaulle, vol. III, Le Souverain, pp. 516-34.
5. John English, The Life of Lester B. Pearson, vol. II, The Worldly Years, 1949–1972, Toronto, 1992, p. 328.
6. Conversation with Paul-Émile Cardinal Léger, August 10, 1971, Yaoundé, Cameroon. (The author was the vice-president of the cardinal’s charity, Le Cardinal Léger et ses oeuvres.)
7. Richard Gwyn, The Northern Magus, Toronto, 1980, p. 109.
8. Ibid., p. 118.
9. Ibid., p. 119.
10. Black, Render Unto Caesar, p. 205.
11. Author’s conversation with Dr. Kissinger, November 23, 2014.
12. Author’s conversation with President Nixon, June 23, 1992.
13. George Radwanski, Trudeau, Toronto, 1978, p. 275.
14. Gwyn, op. cit., p. 140.
15. Radwanski, op. cit., p. 279.
16. Ibid., p. 282.
17. Ibid., p. 303.
18. Gwyn, op. cit., p. 371.
19. Ibid., p. 374.
20. Pierre E. Trudeau, Memoirs, Toronto, 1993, p. 303.
21. Pierre Trudeau and Thomas D. Axworthy, eds., Towards a Just Society, Toronto, 1990, p. 421.
