by Des Ekin
Grand Bagnio details: Rec, Fisher p97; Earle p84; Lucie-Smith pp74-75.
Ryder enters … (etc): Mostly D’Arvieux V, pp228-229.
Pork: Foss.
Pallid spectres: Pananti p68+.
Shaved: The Lamentable Cries … (see ch 20). Also Capt. John Smith as cited in Charles D. Warner’s (1881) Captain John Smith (Hartford).
Clothing: Pétis pp61-62; Pananti p88; Foss; Cathcart.
‘No sooner …’: Pananti p88.
Annual reissue: Foss.
‘I do assure you …’: Cason.
Metal ring/chain: Cathcart (who says 16 oz); Lane-Poole p241; D’Aranda Rn 3.
‘Terrifying jails’: D’Arvieux V, p229.
Bread: Foss.
Three loaves: Lane-Poole p241; Foss.
Guardian, bribery: D’Arvieux V, p229; Sanders; Cathcart; Foss.
Buy a cell place: Foss.
‘In the unlikely … betwixt us’: All based on Sanders, op. cit.
Places of horror: D’Arvieux V, p229.
3am start: Cathcart.
Dawn march: Pananti pp74-75; Cathcart.
Slaves stealing: Cathcart.
Job allocations: Lane-Poole pp 241, 245; Foss; Cathcart.
Pepys: Pepys’s Diary 6/2/1661.
TS: TS pp29-37.
Pulling ploughs: Lane-Poole p241.
Smith: From Warner, op. cit.
Quarry scenes: Foss; Lane-Poole p245; Cathcart.
‘Figure …’ quote: Cathcart.
Incentive/a third: Okeley, op. cit.; rec, Spencer p113.
Sleep in home: Pitts p360; Lane-Poole p251.
Warm relationships: Pitts p505; Okeley op. cit.; rec, Lewis p124.
Joyce: Anecdotal; also recounted in several Claddagh Ring websites; rec, Wilson p156, quoting J. Hardiman (1820); and Cecily Joyce’s (1991) The Claddagh Ring Story, Clodóirí Lurgan Teo; also rec, De Courcy Ireland pp146-147.
Pipe of wine: D’Aranda, History, Rn 16 pp152-8.
Okeley: Okeley op. cit.; Lane-Poole p268; Seymour op. cit.; rec, Gosse p76.
French slave: Rec, Lewis p125, citing D’Arvieux IV, pp38-9.
Braithwaite: Told in John Braithwaite’s History Of The Revolutions in … Morocco (1729). Rec, Milton pp145-6 and Clissold p100.
Cathcart: Cathcart.
Janissary post: D’Aranda as above; Pétis pp49 and 55; rec, Fisher p97.
Baths musician: Mouette, G. (1683) Travels; rec, Clissold p46, Lucie-Smith p75.
Sabir quotation: From Haedo, quoted in Sabir by Dr Alan Corré (see notes to ch 30).
Adultery punished: Pitts p360; Lane-Poole; rec, Spencer p83.
Algerian women attractive to slaves (dress, cosmetics etc.): Pitts p360; Russell; Foss; The Captives; rec, Spencer p74-75, Fisher p101.
Metal crown: Foss; rec, Spencer, above.
Widows, ‘promises’: rec, Lewis, p124.
CHAPTER 22
Beyond the Gate of Felicity
Intro: Rycault p32
Overview: Mainly based on the contemporary writers Rycault, Bon and Hill. Topkapi layout: Bon pp1-28, Hill pp168 (Map) and pp148-159; rec, Penzer pp154-61, Croutier p23. Roles and careers of women: Bon ch 4, pp 39-59; rec, Penzer p178, Croutier p33. Concubine selection and bedchamber rituals, Bon ch4 pp39-44, Hill pp 163-7. Careers of Murad, Ibrahim, Kiosem: Rycault pp3-89 (Murad) and pp1-35 (Ibrahim).
Reign of women: Rycault; rec, Croutier p140.
‘Mr McDonell’s …’: Sir Lambert Playfair; rec, Gosse p68.
Mrs Shaw: Told in John Braithwaite’s (1729) History of … Morocco; rec, Milton pp230-1.
Brooks quote: Brooks, Barbarian Cruelty p35; rec, Clissold p90.
Expected to replenish: Bon, ch 4, p39
Size of palace: Hill p148.
4000: estimates vary; Bon (p39) says 2,000.
1,000 women/security: rec, BBC The Ottoman Empire 1300-1922.
Power structure: Bon ch 4; rec, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Penzer pp174-6.
Multinational women: Bon ch4, Hill; rec, Croutier p30.
Career women in harem: rec, BBC as above; rec, Croutier p30, Penzer p187.
Examined: Bon p39-41.
Kiosem: Rycault in Murad and Ibrahim.
Training of concubines: Bon p52; rec, Penzer p178.
Sought after: rec, Croutier p33.
Gesture: Hill p163; rec, Croutier p78.
Horseplay, fountains: Rycault, Ibrahim p13.
‘They practise …’: Hill p163.
‘When he is prepared …’: Bon pp 42-43.
Joyful: Bon p44.
Murad profile and anecdotes: Rycault.
Bedchamber ritual: Bon p43-44; Hill pp165-7.
Eunuch chorus: Hill p167.
Robes, jewel: Bon p44.
Bon ‘nunnery’: p40-41.
Hill on matrons etc: pp162-3.
Warm clothes, heaters: rec, Penzer p176.
Exercise: Bon p41, Hill p163.
Dallam quote: Dallam, T. (1599-1600) Early Voyages … London.
Spyglass: Rycault p43-49.
Eunuchs, beatings, sexuality: Bon p47, p74; rec, Croutier p135, p138.
Hammams: Bon ch 4.
Zara quote: Zara, p5.
Harem daily life: Bon pp75+ and pp154+, Hill.
Ibraham career: All Rycault except beard jewels (rec Penzer p189), stallion orgy (rec, TV documentary The Harem and rec, Penzer p189 citing Demetrius Cantemir (1734) History Of The Ottoman Empire and drownings (rec Croutier p112 and Penzer p186.)
CHAPTER 23
Through The Silk Tunnel
Prize catches: See ch 19.
Playfair: p121 cited in Fisher p257 and Clissold p90.
Glogg: Rec, Mini-Biographies of Scots and Scots Descendants, featured in www.electricScotland.com.
Fisher on two rulers: Fisher p101.
Lalla Sargetta/Mrs Shaw: Rec, The Alawi Dynasty-Genealogy featured in www.4dw.net/royalark/morocco. Mrs Shaw also mentioned in John Braithwaite’s History … (London 1729); rec, Milton p230-1; see ch 22.
Dawn Light: Moroccan tourist information services. Also rec, www.AfricanVacationGuide.com. For more on Abou El Hassan, rec, Encyclopaedia Brittanica.
Waited faithfully: e.g., mission reports of Fr Garcia. Rec, Clissold p122.
Gudrid’s story: rec, Lacy pp185-187; steadfast in faith, rec, Atlantic Jihad; converted to Islam, rec, C. Venn Pilcher (1913) The Passion Hymns Of Iceland.
Embroidery skills/Pasha’s wife: D’Aranda History, Rn 3.
Female domestics’ lives. Rec, Fisher pp101-3.
Wedding rituals/home life: Foss; Pitts pp333-4; rec, Spencer p83; rec, Sharawi, Hudi (1965) Harem Years, London: Spring Books.
Nerval: Nerval, Gerard (1851) Le Voyage En Orient, Paris.
Balconies touch: Russell, p314, pp322-3; rec, Spencer p35.
Rooftop life: The Captives; rec, Spencer p37.
Routine/trips out: Pétis, p61; rec, Spencer p78, p89.
CHAPTER 24
The Children
Fifty: Report, Kinsale; see Appendix and notes to Preface.
Lock of hair: Pitts p392.
No bread, auctioneer’s routine, return to Pasha: Pitts p307.
Davis: Sack of Baltimore, op. cit.
Very gallant: Cason.
Prized, accepted as family: eg, Pitts, Pellow.
Pasha’s selection: eg, T.S. p29; D’Aranda History, Rn 3 (see ch 27); Cathcart.
Icelandic boy: Eigilsson; rec, Atlantic Jihad.
Pitts’s biog: Pitts pp307-355.
Pellow biog: Pellow.
English diplomat: Brown intro to Pellow.
Paedophiles: Dan; T.S. p29; Pitts p323.
Marry at 13: rec, Spencer p80-83. Earl of Cork daughter: see Gallwey
Concubine training at early age: Hill.
Girl, 12, saved: Journals of Fr Garcia Navarro, cited in (rec) Clissold, pp121-2.
Maidservants/investments: See two cases below.
£100: Cason’s list.
Montagu on page girls: Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley
(1708) Letters. London.
Mrs Jones: Playfair; rec, Gosse p310.
Naksh: Life story originally told by ‘Madame’ de [thought to be Comtesse de] la Ferte Meune (1821) in Lettres Sur Le Bosphore … 1816-1819, Paris; rec, Croutier pp121-3, who suggests that Naksh may have been Aimée Debusq de Rvery. Naksh’s story was fictionalised by Barbara Chase-Riboud in the novel Valide, New York: William Morrow.
Abdulhamid I: rec, Encyclopaedia Brittanica; wikipedia.
CHAPTER 25
Cursed With Iscariot
Back home … the King: CSPI 1625-32, p646, 27/1/1632.
King Charles … soon: CSPI 1625-32, p642, 19/1/1632.
February 11 letter: CSPI 1625-32, p645, 11/2/1632.
Friends in high places: See ch 20.
Ship sank: See Capt. Popham’s account in SP Dom 16.363.
Button final years: Rec, Andrew Thrush’s biog of Button in Oxford Dictionary Of National Biography.
Boyle on borrowed time: His dominance was ended by Wentworth two years later; rec, Fitzgerald, Gallwey.
St Leger enemy: Rec, entry for Boyle in Oxford Dictionary Of National Biography.
Hackett trial: CSPI 1625-32 11/2/1632.
Hung on cliff: Donovan p22.
Davis quote: ‘Sack Of Baltimore’, op. cit.
Hawkridge: PRO 71/1, Folio 102, 1/12/1631.
Petition from slaves: PRO 71/1 Folio 104.
CHAPTER 26
The Sweetest Voice
Frizell letter: PRO 71/1 Folio 141.
Frogmartino: Others have written this as a nickname ‘Job “Frog” Martino’. Having inspected the original document, I believe it to be a single surname.
Six ways out: Author’s analysis; c.f., the five means of exit cited by Fisher, p103.
Wages and ransom examples: See ch 19.
Eleanor Walsh: CSPI 1647-60 p271.
Boyle’s riches, dowry, quilt etc: rec, Brian Fitzgerald pp42, 50.
Gerald FitzGerald: Grosart, Lismore 3, p37.
Ransom process: See PRO 71/1 folio 171; rec, Earle pp86-89.
Comfortable house: Cathcart; rec, Spencer p114.
Gunter: Smith pp268+.
Levies, bribes, free card etc: Pitts p447; Spratt; Cason; rec, Vieil Alger.
Quarantine: Rec, Earle p90.
Ti star franco: Pananti pp74-75.
Hard work: eg, Joyce (see notes to ch 21).
‘For instance … Christian captive’: Cathcart; Thomas Jefferson’s (1790) Report Concerning Barbary Pirates citing 2:1 or 6:1 exchange rate; also rec, Earle pp88-90.
D’Aranda freedom: D’Aranda, Relation; rec, Clissold p104.
Relgious orders: Lane-Poole p251; Moore p37; also rec Gosse p87 and entries for Trinitarians and Mercedarians in Encyclopaedia Brittanica.
Redemption process: Lane-Poole 253+; rec Spencer p115. See also De Courcy Ireland p147.
1624 collection: rec, Gosse p85.
Kenelm Digby: See Somerset Notes And Queries vol 9, 1904-05, p203.
Charity list: Treasurer’s Books in Rochester Cathedral 1541-1994.
Peace treaties: Lane-Poole pp257-8.
Gain edge over rivals: Lane-Poole p256.
Move along coast: eg, Algiers to Tripoli after USA deal 1798-1805.
Commons: Lane-Poole p267; rec, Gosse p85.
‘Supplication’: Somerset and Dorset Notes, above.
1633 document: PRO 71/1 Folio 100.
For two centuries: ie, until Exmouth’s victory in 1816; Lane-Poole p259.
CHAPTER 27
Apostasy Now
‘Divers’ etc: Cason.
Per force: Frizell in PRO 71/1 Folio 141.
Pictures of scenes: eg, in Dan and d’Aranda.
Haedo 3 reasons: Haedo; rec, Earle p92.
Rawlins and Sandys: Rec, Nabil Matar’s (1999) Islam in Britain 1558-1685 Cambridge: Un. Press.
Pellow: Pellow.
Pitts beaten, not common: p393.
300 blows: D’Aranda History Rn 3.
Cathcart trickery: Cathcart.
Voluntary converts, migrants: 5000 in Algiers alone; rec, Wilson’s book on renegadoes; and discussion in Lucie-Smith.
Bichnin: Lane-Poole; rec, Wilson pp44-45 and Spencer p88.
Nelson, Bishop: Rec, Matar above.
Myths, infamous: Pitts p457.
Pasha and boy: D’Aranda History Rn 3.
Sanders/Frenchman: Sanders.
Greatest corsairs renegadoes: Dan; eg, Ward, Easton, Danser, Morat.
Could become successful soldiers: eg, Pellow, Pitts.
‘What I love…’: Interviewed by Fiona Ryan in Irish Times 5/5/2001.
No property rights: rec, Fisher p102.
Religious tolerance: rec, Fisher.
‘It is true … too much’: D’Arvieux V, 3-4.
Metal hooks: D’Arvieux V 273-5; Pétis p47.
Visitor, hooks: i.e., Joseph Morgan.
Geronimo: Haedo; rec, Encyclopaedia Brittanica.
CHAPTER 28
Fleeing The Pirates’ Nest
Overview: Spratt’s experiences are based on his own diary (Spratt) and the book by his friend Okeley. Also rec, Seymour (pp9-12) and Courtenay; and see Lane-Poole p266. Okeley’s own escape story is also featured in (rec) Gosse pp77-78.
Holy Trinity: Courtenay; also rec, Encyclopaedia Brittanica.
Calming mantra: This fascinating ‘slave lullaby’ from Haedo (1610) is drawn from Prof. Alan D. Corré’s website on Lingua Franca (Sabir) at www.uwm.edu/~corre/franca.go.html; highly recommended.
Spratt’s marriages/baptisms: Lane-Poole p266.
Okeley in earlier chapter: ie, ch 21.
Mitchelstown: He was rector in St George’s Parish Church at Brigstown. Also rec, Bill Power’s (2004) Evensong (Mount Cashell Books).
Pananti on escape: Pananti p356.
John Smith: in Charles D. Warner (see notes to ch 21).
Portuguese: Playfair; rec, Clissold p81.
McDonell escape: Rec, Encyclopaedia Brittanica; also rec, Gosse p 67.
Rudders: Pitts p313; Lane-Poole p225.
Galley hijack: Lane-Poole pp268-9.
Roots, snails: e.g., Thomas Phelps (1685) Account of Captivity, London.
Mule, punishments: Pitts p507.
Cervantes: rec, Cervantes digital library www.csdl.tamu.edu/Cervantes; Lane-Poole p246-8; also Gosse p82.
CHAPTER 29
Bagnio Days, Bagnio Nights
Overview: All the D’Aranda references from History, Rn 16, pp152-8.
Universities for life: D’Aranda.
Pork sausage: eg, Foss.
Transition call: Cathcart.
‘The main bagnios … make deals’: D’Arvieux IV pp3-4.
Guardian Bachi, chapel: D’Arvieux V p229.
Private bagnio/vines: Lane-Poole p195.
Bichnin feast: Lane-Poole pp195-6.
Refused to feed: D’Aranda; Lane-Poole p196.
Blows of a stick: Rec, Lewis p168.
Diamond: Lane-Poole p196.
Thieving slaves: D’Arvieux V p229+; D’Aranda.
Fontimama’s scam: D’Aranda.
Bribe guardian: e.g., Foss, Cathcart.
Okeley tobacco: Okeley.
Taverns: Cathcart.
Sausages: Foss.
CHAPTER 30
Habituated To Bondage
Frizell 1634 petition: PRO 71/1, Folio 141.
1637 petition: PRO 71/1, Folio 99.
‘Yet according to …’: ie, Cason.
‘So habituated …’: Okeley.
Mini-Constantinople: Rec, Spencer p28.
‘The city of Algiers …’: The Captives (1804).
City layout: Pétis pp45-48; Shaw pp68-69; also rec, Spencer p29+; Fisher p97.
Narrow: Russell p320-2; rec, Spencer p35, Fisher p98.
Healthy, clean, water: Pétis p46-8; Shaw p72; Cathcart; also rec Spencer pp28-32, Fisher p98.
Foolish conceit: ie, Grammaye, cited in Fisher p98.
Medicine: Rec, Ibrahim B. Syed’s ‘Islami
c Medicine, 1000 Years Ahead Of Its Time’ in www.islam.usa.com
Smallpox: Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762) brought the practice of vaccination back to England. See her Letters, London, 1837.
Crops: Pétis p55; also rec Fisher pp98-99, Spencer pp98-100.
Climate: Foss.
Healthier, longer lived: Rec, Fisher p98 and p101.
Sneers: Quote from The Captives (1804).
Menu: Pétis p61.
Time off: Pitts p443 and p360; Lane-Poole; rec, Fisher p103.
Visit bathhouses etc: Pétis p50; rec, Fisher p99.
Music: rec, Spencer pp85-86.
Sabir: Rec, Alan Corré website, see ch 28.
Alcohol common: Pitts p322.
Opium story: D’Aranda History.
Licensed brothels: Rec Spencer, p95.
‘Two whores’: From journals of Thomas Baker 1677-85; rec, C. R. Pennell’s (ed) (1989) Piracy And Diplomacy, Associated University Press.
Justice, penalties: Pétis pp 47-8; Pitts p306, p360, p507; rec, Spencer 92-96.
Life in Algiers … eight governors: Rec, Vieil Alger, History; Lucie-Smith p77; Lane-Poole p194; Rycault.
Feast days: Pitts p445; rec Spencer p87.
Amusements: Pitts p443, p445; D’Aranda History p152-8; also rec Spencer p87 and Lewis p161-2, citing D’Arvieux V p157.
Women’s life: Pétis p61; rec, Spencer p78, Fisher p99.
September 1646: See ch 31.
CHAPTERS 31-32
The Redemption of Captives & Homeward Bound
Most of these chapters are directly drawn from Cason.
Waite quote: ABC tv interview 3/11/86.
‘Hearts were joy’: Foss.
Rowlandson quote: Rowlandson op. cit.
Entebbe: Rec, Operation Entebbe in wikipedia.
Shoving, in Divan: Rycault (first quote), p75, Murad; Francis Knight (second quote), cited in Wilson p36.
Note on Joane Broadbrook: We know for certain that a Mrs Broadbrook, pregnant wife of Stephen and mother of two little children, was abducted by Morat. ‘Joane Broadbrook of Baltamore’ is listed among the captives redeemed by Cason. In my opinion, the unusual name and the specific location makes it certain that this was the same woman. It has been suggested that the ransomed person could have been a daughter of Mrs Broadbrook (which is assuming her children were girls), but, in my view, the sale price rules out this possibility: female children were in high demand and would have fetched a much higher sum (see Cason). Besides, someone who had been raised from childhood to adulthood in the culture of Algiers would hardly have been interested in returning, alone, to an Ireland she hardly remembered after fifteen years.
