discovery of, 93–96, 102–14; see also Hutton, James
in Grand Canyon, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29, 31
Werner’s theory of, 101
see also dating methods
geology:
Appalachian, 195–96
basic principles of, 20, 54, 59–61, 64, 70, 77, 90, 191, 196
creationist view of, 180–82, 185; see also flood geology
development of, 29, 34, 53
field, 58, 60, 61, 81, 93–95, 101, 106–8, 111, 115–17, 118–20, 121, 123–25, 131–33, 196, 203–6, 209, 210
flood stories and, 169–70, 176–78
heretical, 203–4, 206–9
historical, 101, 226, 227
laboratory models of, 195–96
regional, 117–19
regional maps of, 118
scriptural, 140
Steno and, see Stensen, Niels “Steno”
geomorphology, 1
Getroz glacier, 119
“giants,” fossil, 82–87, 88, 137
Gilgamesh epic, 146, 154, 156
glacial ice dams, 119, 201–15, 208, 214
failures of, 4–7, 6, 207–15, 219, 248
of Lake Agassiz, 213–14, 214, 219
of Lake Missoula, 207–11, 208, 212–13
radiocarbon dating of, 211
glacial moraines, 4–5, 4, 6, 215
glaciations, see ice ages
glaciers, 91, 115, 119, 140, 180, 202, 204, 209
Glen Canyon dam, 16
Glen Tilt site, 106, 111
global positioning system (GPS), 260n
graded bedding, 233–34
Graham, Billy, 198
Grand Canyon, 9, 10, 14, 15–29, 18, 59, 179, 181, 187, 229, 233
ancient catastrophic floods in, 28–29
Bright Angel Shale of, 22–23, 27
cliffs vs. ledges in, 24–25
Coconino Sandstone of, 25, 26, 27
creationist view of, 15–16, 22, 24–25, 26–28
discontinuities in, 16
fossils in, 16, 22–23, 24, 25, 26, 27
geologic time in, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29, 31
Hermit Shale of, 25
Indian Gardens of, 22–23
Kaibab Limestone of, 26, 27
Muav Limestone of, 23–24, 27
posited canyon previous to, 28
radiometric dating of, 17–19, 28, 29
Redwall Limestone of, 24, 27
Supai Group of, 24
Tapeats Sandstone of, 19, 21–22, 21, 27
Toroweap Formation of, 26, 27
unconformities in, 21–22, 21, 23–24
Vishnu Schist of, 16–20, 21–22, 21, 31
Grand Canyon: A Different View (Vail), 15–16, 260n
Grand Coulee, 205
granite, 18, 31, 125, 202–3, 239
granite veins (dikes), 19, 20, 32, 105, 106–7
gravel, 3, 101, 115, 119, 121–22, 124, 125, 131, 132, 136, 139, 202, 205, 206, 209
gravity, suspended, 71
graywacke sandstone, 93–96, 95, 102, 107–8
Great Barrier Reef, 26
great white shark, 58–60
Greek Bible, 98, 161–62, 167, 250, 263n
Greeks, ancient, 41, 43, 49, 63, 89, 96, 157–59, 217–18, 219
Babylonian flood story known by, 157–58
flood story of, 158–59, 172
Greeks, ancient (continued)
fossils as viewed by, 34–36
king list of, 217
Greenland ice cores, 213
Gulf Stream, 213
Guru Rimpoche, 5–7
gypsum (calcium sulfate), 196–97
Hall, Sir James, 107–8, 111, 130
Halley, Edmund, 73–75, 228
Hammurabi, King of Babylon, 154
Haran, 152
Havasupai people, 23
Hebrew Bible, 157, 161–62, 165, 167, 250
vowels and spaces lacked by, 161, 252
Hebrew language, 39, 63, 161, 166–67, 252, 263n
Herbarium of the Deluge (Scheuchzer), 82
heresy, 9, 45–50, 99, 100, 162–63
geological, 203–4, 206–9
Hermit Shale, 25
Herod, King of Judea, 98
Himalaya mountains, 33–34, 159
Hindu flood stories, 159–60, 171–72
Histoire Naturelle (Buffon), 99
Ho-ko-ma-ta, 23
Homo diluvii testis, 82–84, 83
Hutton, James, 93–96, 95, 102–14, 137, 239
background of, 102–3
critics of, 109–11, 112
death of, 109–10, 129
at Glen Tilt site, 106, 111
grand cycle posited by, 103–9, 110, 130
at Siccar Point site, 93–96, 94, 95, 102, 107–8, 109, 111, 113–14
uniformitarianism espoused by, 108–9, 119, 120, 130, 133
Huxley, Thomas, 177–78
hydraulic sorting, 229–30, 235
hydrological cycle, 55
ice ages (glaciations), 5, 140, 185, 218–19, 229
deglaciation at end of, 218–23
Quaternary extinction event of, 91
ice dams, see glacial ice dams
ice drill cores, 181, 213
ice giants, 214–15
Iceland, 215
Idaho, 208, 212
Ides, Ysbrand, 84
igneous rock, 20, 260n
Illogical Geology (Price), 187
Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth (Playfair), 111–13
India, 33, 84, 110
flood stories of, 159–60, 171–72
Indian elephants, 84, 87, 88
Indian Gardens, 22–23
Indonesia, 8, 216
Inquisition, 47, 48–49
Institute for Creation Research, 237
intelligent design, xiii, 254
Introduction to Geology (Bakewell), 123, 129–30
Introduction to the History of Minerals (Buffon), 99
Irrawaddy River, 153
isotopes, radioactive, 17–19, 192–93, 198, 231, 259n
James, Epistle of, 162
Jamieson, Robert, 167
Japan, 216
Jefferson, Thomas, 86–87
Jerome, Saint, 38–39, 161, 162–63, 166–67
Jerusalem, destruction of Temple in, 96–97
Jesuits, 45, 54–55
Jesus, 10, 96–98
Jewish Bible, 161–64
Jews, 34, 35, 36, 39, 43, 50, 89, 149, 161
Babylonian exile of, 156–57, 165, 166, 168, 170–71
exodus of, 96–97
oral traditions of, 152, 165, 166
traditional Sabbath of, 98
John Paul II, Pope, 49–50, 64
Jordan, David Starr, 187
Josephus, 98
Joshua, Book of, 46
Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation, 194
Jude, Epistle of, 162
Judges, Book of, 167
Julius Africanus, 96–97
Jupiter, moons of, 46
Kaibab Limestone, 26, 27
Keill, John, 75–76
Khoikhoi (Hottentot) people, 175
King James Bible, 98, 167, 263n
Kircher, Athanasius, 54–55, 60
Kirkdale Cave site, 124–25, 127
Kirwan, Richard, 109, 110–11, 112–13
Kish, 151–52
Klamath Indians, 176
Kulp, J. Laurence, 194–97, 226
lahars, 116
lakes, ancient, 2–7, 2, 4, 6, 207–12, 208
Langdon, Stephen, 151–52
Latin Bible, 39, 161, 162–63, 166–67, 263n
lava dams, 28
lava flows, 131–32, 132, 202
lead, 18–19
Lectures on Genesis (Luther), 44
Lenormant, François, 171–72
Leonardo da Vinci, 41–42, 43, 103
Leviticus, Book of, 167
Lewis, Mark, 173–74
Lhotse Detachment, 32
Libby, Willard F., 192–93, 192, 194
limestone, 19, 195, 245
Kaibab, 26
metamorphosed, 32
Muav, 23–24, 27
Redwall, 24, 27
Limited Test Ban Treaty (1963), 242
Lucian, 158–59
Luther, Martin, 43–45, 46, 162–63
Lyell, Charles, 129–37, 139, 140, 169
fieldwork of, 131–33, 132
geologic time defended by, 132–37
Huxley’s support for, 177–78
uniformitarianism of, 133–35, 136, 178, 203, 235
magnetometers, 242
Mallowan, Max, 152–53
Malone, Dudley Field, 191
mammoths, 84–87, 88, 90, 91, 110–11, 118, 127, 261n–62n
in Big Bone Lick site, 86, 88
deaths suffered by, 185, 193–94
in flood geology, 185, 188–89, 193–94
radiocarbon dating of, 185, 193
Siberian, 84, 86, 88, 100, 110, 112–13, 127, 178, 185
mammoth teeth, 84, 85–86, 88, 261n–62n
Manu, 159–60, 171–72
mapping, geological, 118, 194, 233
marble, 32
Marmara Sea, 222
Marriott, Alice Lee, 175
Mars, 210, 211, 256
Marx, Karl, 236
mass extinctions, 90–91, 141
mass spectrometers, 18–19, 259n
mastodons, 88, 261n–62n
Mather, Cotton, 84–85, 86, 231
Matthew, Gospel of, 50, 264n
Mazama, Mount, 176
Medici family, 58, 63
Mediterranean Sea, 11, 35, 217–23
Black Sea and, 219–23, 219
tsunami in, 217–18
megafauna, 91
Memoir on the Geology of Central France (Scrope), 131
Mesopotamia, 141, 143–60, 147, 169–77
catastrophic floods in, 150–53, 160, 169, 170, 171, 174, 175–76, 177, 222–23, 248, 253
first farmers’ arrival in, 222, 223
India’s trade relationship with, 159
metamorphic rock, 20, 260n
of Everest, 31–32
Metamorphoses (Ovid), 158
Methodists, 182
mica, 17
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 241
Middle Ages, 40, 97
mid-ocean ridges, 240, 241, 241, 242, 243
millennialism, 41
Miller, Arthur, 188
Miocene epoch, 82
missionaries, 168, 169–70, 172–73, 175, 212, 216–17
Missoula, Lake, 207–11, 208, 212–13
Missouri River, 213
Moken people (sea gypsies), 8
Moon, 46–47
Moore, James, 244
moraines, glacial, 4–5, 4, 6, 215
Morris, Henry, 225–39
Moses, 44, 48, 65, 67–68, 74, 85, 96, 99, 106, 114, 120, 121, 123, 163, 164, 166
Moses Coulee, 202–3
mountains, 1–7, 93–96, 112, 135, 239
ancient, 17, 20, 26
changed attitudes toward, 77
erosion of, 93, 95–96, 99
formation of, 239–44; see also plate tectonics
as forming after the Creation, 39–40, 53, 81
lunar, 46–47
marine fossils found in, 12, 33–35, 41–42, 57–61, 70, 74, 80, 101, 173, 189, 253
mid-ocean ridges, 240, 241, 241, 242, 243
as ruins of once perfect world, 9, 44–45, 55, 65–69, 77
subterranean streams in, 55
Muav Limestone, 23–24, 27
Mundus Subterraneus (Subterranean World) (Kircher), 55
Murchison, Roderick, 131–33, 138
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 89
NASA, 210
National Park Service, 15, 260n
National Science Foundation, 259n
Native Americans, 43, 68, 176
Beowulf-like story repeated by, 175
Clovis culture, 213
flood stories of, 23–24, 29, 172, 212–14
mammoth stories of, 86–87
Thunderbird and Whale mythology of, 217
tsunami flood stories of, 216–17
natural philosophers, 34, 35, 40, 41, 45, 49, 51, 53, 54, 56–57, 58, 64, 67, 69, 70, 71, 76, 77, 79–80, 83, 86, 91, 98, 104, 113, 114, 115, 119, 123–24, 182, 186
Natural Theology (Paley), 122–23
nautilus, pearly, 80
Needham, Joseph, 100–101
Neolithic sites, 219
Neptunism, 101, 106, 108, 110
New Geology, The (Price), 189
New System of Geology (Cockburn), 138–39
New Theory of the Earth, A (Whiston), 75
Newton, Isaac, 67–68, 71, 75
New World, 28–29, 84–87
exploration of, 42–43, 86–87
repopulation of, 43, 68
New York, 84–85
Catskill Formation, 96
Nez Perce Indians, 212
Niagara Bible Conference, 184
Nile River, 172, 176
Nineveh, 145–46, 148
Noah’s ark, xiii, 36, 67, 126–27, 227
animals in, 27, 56, 79, 87, 126, 137, 158–59, 165–66, 169, 230
Babylonian version of, 146–50
bitumen caulking of, 235
carnivores and, 111
Mount Ararat landing of, xiii, 238
New World animals in, 42–43
symbolic meaning of, 168–69
Noah’s Ark (Arca Noë) (Kircher), 55
Noah’s Flood:
amount of rainfall in, 74, 165, 228
biblical critics’ view of, 36, 38
Black Sea flood as, 11, 222–23
cometary cause of, 73–75, 76, 113
contradictions in stories of, 165–66
dating of, 97, 120
divine creation of more water as needed for, 55, 66
duration of, 13, 16, 66, 74, 97, 114, 126, 165, 228
early Christian debate on, 35–41
floodwaters’ origins in, 54, 55, 61–63, 62, 65, 66–67, 69, 71, 76–77, 83, 110–11, 112–13, 228, 243
Noah’s flood (continued)
as global catastrophe, 7, 10, 33, 34, 35–36, 38–43, 50, 54–56, 65, 76, 85, 89, 90, 109, 121, 124, 135, 136, 141, 150, 153, 166–67, 169–70, 171–74, 223, 225–37, 245, 259n
Grand Canyon as formed by, 15–16, 22, 24–25
human variety and, 43
inadequate supply of water for, 55, 56, 66, 73, 74, 228
marine fossils in mountains explained by, 33–34
Mesopotamian versions of, 143–53, 144
planetary repopulation after, 43, 55–56, 63, 197
postdiluvian runoff problem of, 42, 55, 62, 67, 75, 243
Protestant interpretations of, 43–51
as recent global catastrophe, 89, 120, 124, 125–28
as regional or local disaster, 11, 55–56, 135, 150–53, 169–71, 172–74, 177, 184, 228
sediment rate required for, 22
suspended gravity and, 71
symbolic meaning of, 36–37, 38, 149, 168–69
triggers of, 53–54, 61–63, 67, 71, 79, 83, 110
vapor canopy theory of, 74, 113, 228, 230, 235, 245
White’s visions of, 186, 187
Nordic mythology, 214–15
North America, 14, 96, 110–11, 172, 175, 176, 248
Cascadia subduction zone of, 216
deglaciation of, 218–19
glacial outburst floods in, 201–14
human arrival in, 212–14, 230
mammoth fossils in, 84–87, 88, 118, 127, 261n–62n
mastodon fossils in, 88, 261n–62n
see also Native Americans; New World
North Col Formation, 32
Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 86
nuclear test ban treaties, 242
oceanography, 11, 220–23
plate t
ectonics and, 240–44
sonar in, 240–41
Odin, 214–15
Oenigen limestone quarry, 82
Ohio River, 86
oil well drilling, 195
Ojibwa (Chippewa) Indians, 214
Old Red Sandstone, 93–96, 95, 102, 107–8
Olympus, Mount, 38
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (Copernicus), 45–46
oral traditions, 8–9, 212, 216
Jewish, 152, 165, 166
transmission of, 176
Oratorians, 163
Oregon, 204, 206, 212, 213, 216–17
Origen, 36–37
Origines Sacrae (Sacred Origins) (Stillingfleet), 56
Ovid, 158
Pacific Islands, 215, 248
Paine, Thomas, 164–65, 182
Paisley Caves site, 213
paleontology, 89, 185, 194, 249
Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 152
Paley, William, 122–23
Paluxy River footprints, 231
The Rocks Don't Lie: A Geologist Investigates Noah's Flood Page 29
