Pangea, 239
Pardee, Joe, 207–8, 209
Parker, Reverend Samuel, 205
Parnassus, Mount, 158
Paros, 217
Pasig-Potrero River, 115–17, 117
Patton, George, 225
Paul III, Pope, 45–46
Paul V, Pope, 48
Pawnee Indians, 213
pearly nautilus, 80
Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined, The (Colenso), 169–70
Permian Period, 23
Permian-Triassic extinction event, 91
Persians, ancient, 96, 98
Peter I “the Great,” Tsar of Russia, 84
Philippines, 115–17, 117
Philo, 35–36
photosynthesis, 5, 192–93
phyllite, 32
Pinatubo, Mount, 115–17, 117
Pindar, 158
pineal gland, 57
pink granite, 19
Pitman, Walter, 11, 221–23
Pius VII, Pope, 122–23
plants, 22, 56, 240
fossil, 73, 81, 82, 90
photosynthesis by, 5, 192–93
plate tectonics, xiii, 29, 181, 228–29, 232, 240–45, 249, 250
in earthquake distribution, 240, 242–43
explanatory power of, 243–44
Himalaya formed by, 33–34
mid-ocean ridges produced by, 240, 241, 241, 242, 243
spreading centers in, 241, 242, 244
subduction zones of, 216, 242–43, 244
Plato, 158, 217–18
Playfair, John, 107–8, 111–13
Polyhistor, Alexander, 157–58
populism, 182–83
Presbyterians, 182, 237
Prévost, Constant, 130
Price, George McCready, 185–91, 195, 196, 197, 227
evolution and, 186–87, 189–91
fossil record as viewed by, 187–89, 191, 229
new catastrophism of, 187–89
White’s influence on, 185–87
see also flood geology
Principia Philosophiae (Descartes), 53–54
Principles of Geology (Lyell), 132, 133–37
Protestants, 43–51, 57, 63, 120, 162–63, 166, 179–99, 250
evangelical, 178, 183–85, 189–91, 193–98, 225–27, 235–38, 244
populist, 182–83
see also fundamentalism
psychological hypotheses, 168–69
Ptolemy, 49
pudding stone, 124
Pu-keh-eh, 23
Qomolangma Fault, 32
Qomolangma Formation, 32–33
quartz, 17, 25
quartzite, 19, 124
Quaternary Period, 91
Questions and Answers on Genesis (Philo), 35–36
radioactive isotopes, 17–19, 192–93, 198, 231, 259n
radiocarbon dating, 5, 192–93, 192, 194, 230–31, 259n
of Black Sea mud layer, 220, 221
of human coprolites, 212–13
of Lake Missoula ice dams, 211
of mammoths, 185, 193
of Santorini volcanic ash, 217
wood samples used for, 193
radiometric dating, 5, 17–19, 28, 29, 32, 185, 191–93, 195, 196, 197, 198, 230–31
raindrop craters, 233
rainwater, percolating, 24
Ramm, Bernard, 197–98, 226
Rank, Otto, 168–69
Rawlinson, Henry, 144, 149
Redwall Limestone, 24, 27
Relics of the Flood (Buckland), 125
Renaissance, 41, 97, 162
Revelation, Book of, 50, 162
rift volcanism, 241
ripple marks, 233
giant, 206, 209–10
rivers, 35, 55, 67, 75, 101, 124, 125, 180, 205
alluvial deposits of, 112, 122
annual flooding of, 172, 176
flood control measures on, 153, 173–74
in Garden of Eden, 169
ice dam collapses of, see glacial ice dams
Siberian, 212
valleys and gorges of, 1–7, 9, 112, 131, 132, 132, 138, 206
Robigou, Véronique, 18, 21, 244
Roman Catholic Church, 35–51, 57, 61, 166
Council of Trent of, 48, 162–63
early, 35–41
Galileo grounded by, 10, 46–50, 51, 54, 99
heresy condemned by, 45–50, 99, 100, 162–63
Order of the Oratory of, 163
science vs., 45–51
Steno’s conversion to, 63–64
Romans, ancient, 98, 113
flood story repeated by, 158–59
Royal Geographical Society, 260n
Royal Society of Edinburgh, 104–6
Royal Society of London, 70, 73–75, 85, 101
Copley Medal of, 125
Halley’s address to, 74–75
Ryan, Bill, 11, 221–23
Ryle, Herbert, 170–71
Sacred Criticism (Critica Sacra) (Cappel), 161–62
Sacred Origins (Origines Sacrae) (Stillingfleet), 50
Sacred Physics (Scheuchzer), 65, 83, 83
Sacred Theory of the Earth (Barnet), 65–69
Saint Helens, Mount, 10
sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride), 103
saliva ducts, 57
Samuel, First and Second Books of, 167
sand, 16–17, 32, 101, 115, 119, 124
quartz, 25
slopes supported by, 24
sand dunes, fossilized, 25
sandstone, 19, 20, 23, 24–25, 103, 113–14, 195
Coconino, 25, 26, 27
graywacke, 93–96, 95, 102, 107–8
Old Red, 93–96, 95, 102, 107–8
Santiam Kalapuya Indians, 212
Santorini (Thera), 217–18
Satapatha Brahmana, 159
scablands, see channeled scablands
Scandinavia, 214–15
Scheuchzer, Johann, 65, 81–84, 83, 118
schist, 32
formation of, 17–19
see also Visnhu Schist
Schofield Reference Bible, 188
science, 43, 64, 72, 80, 85, 114, 127, 259n
creationism vs., 12, 179–81, 194–97, 237–39, 245
flood geology vs., 187, 188, 191–98, 226–35, 236, 237–39
religion vs., xii–xiv, 9–14, 45–51, 63, 113, 122–23, 129, 131, 136, 141, 170–71, 178, 191, 197–98, 247–57
resistance to change in, 253
serendipitous nature of progress in, 60
Science, 188
Scopes, John Thomas, 190–91
Scotland, 93–96, 94, 95, 102–14, 126, 130–31, 167
scriptural geologists, 140
Scrope, George Poulett, 131–33
sea gypsies, 8
sea levels, 35, 42, 218–23
seas, 67
ancient, 17, 19, 22–23, 24, 26, 27, 31–34, 42, 58–60, 94–95, 100, 101, 104–6, 136, 245
inland, 135
topography of, 240–44
Second Coming, 96–97
sectarianism, 183
secular modernism, 248
Sedgwick, Adam, 126, 136, 138, 139
sedimentary rock, 21, 42, 59–61, 80, 82, 101–2, 103–9, 114, 188, 194–97, 228–32, 235, 243, 249
British, 103, 118
conformable layers of, 21
dinosaur tracks in, 181
drill cores of, 195
formation of, 20, 195, 239
granite veins in, 19, 20, 32, 105, 106–7
individual layers of, 25
insoluble materials in, 106
marine, 19, 20, 32
solidifaction of, 104–5
see also deformation; geologic time
sediments, 15–20, 24, 59–62, 103–6, 125, 189, 195, 196, 228–32, 245
backwater, 210–11
of Black Sea layers, 220, 221
hydraulic sorting of, 229–30, 235
of lake terraces, 2–6
marine, 19
, 20, 31–34
sediments (continued)
settling-out time needed for, 25
as sorted by density, 71, 72, 73, 229
surficial, 90, 115–17, 118, 120–29, 139, 140
see also deposition
seismology, 242–43
Seventh-day Adventism, 186–87
Sevy, Elaine, 260n
shale, 19, 20, 23, 24–25, 195
Bright Angel, 22–23
Hermit, 25
shark’s teeth, 58–60
Shell Oil Company, 195–96
Shoshone Indians, 212
Shuruppak, 147, 149, 154, 222–23
Siberian mammoths, 84, 86, 88, 100, 110, 112–13, 127, 178, 185
Siberian rivers, 212
Siccar Point site, 93–96, 94, 95, 102, 107–8, 109, 111, 130, 229
Silurian Period, 95–96, 95
Simeulue Island, 216
Simon, Richard, 163
Smith, George, 143–50, 144, 152, 153–54, 156
Smith, William, 118
Snake River, 208
Society of Biblical Archaeology, 147
soils, 53, 74, 103, 112, 166–67, 243
Solomon, King, 97–98
Solon, 217–18
sonar, 240–41
South America, 80, 85, 243
Spokane Flood, 205, 207
Spokane Indians, 212
Stackhouse Bible, 120
Stationers’ Company, 98
Stensen, Niels “Steno,” xiii, 56–64, 69, 71, 79, 98, 102, 233, 249
beatification of, 64
Catholic conversion of, 63–64
field observations of, 58, 60, 61
geological principles formulated by, 59–61, 64, 70, 77, 191, 196
medical training of, 57–58
six-stage model of, 61–62, 62
Woodward’s plagiarizing of, 72–73
Stillingfleet, Edward, 56
Stono plantation, 85–86
stratigraphic columns, 18, 233
stratigraphy, 18, 20, 26, 60, 105, 128–29, 136, 189, 196, 209, 229, 232–34
structural mapping, 194, 233
Stuiver, Minze, 231
subduction zones, 216, 242–43, 244
subterranean abyss, 55, 61–62, 62, 63, 66–67, 69, 71, 75–76, 83, 110–11, 113, 187, 228
Subterranean World (Mundus Subterraneus) (Kircher), 55
Sumerians, 143–50, 147, 152, 153–54, 222–23
Sun, 13, 42, 54, 76, 99, 101, 251, 252
in Copernican system, 45–49
Supai Group, 24
supergeyser eruptions, 245
Superior, Lake, 214
surficial sediments, 90, 115–17, 118, 120–29, 139, 140, 140
Switzerland, 81–84, 119
Tapeats Sandstone, 19, 27
unconformity of, 21–22, 21
tear glands, 57
telescope, invention of, 46–47, 48
Tell Obd site, 152
“tellus,” 167
“terra,” 166–67
Texas, 196–97, 231
Theory of the Earth (Hutton), 108–10, 111–13
Thera (Santorini), 217–18
thrust faults, 233
Thunderbird, 217
Tibet, 1–8, 2, 4, 260n
flood story of, 7, 14
Guru Rimpoche and, 5–7
Tibetan Plateau, 33, 174
Tigris River, 146, 147, 153, 169, 171, 175–76, 223
Tolmachoff, Innokenty, 185
tongue stones, 57–60
shark’s teeth as, 58–60
topographic terraces, 1–6, 2
topography, xi–xiii, 1–14, 28, 34, 99, 100, 115, 118, 121, 132, 135, 166–67, 180, 181, 243
in aerial photography, 209–10
alpine, 44, 45
of Cascade Range, 202
deciphering, 1–7
inherent beauty of, 8, 77
as result of divine wrath, 38–41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 55–56, 71–72
scablands, 204–7
seafloor, 240–44
seventeenth-century opinion on origins of, 53–77
Toroweap Formation, 26, 27
Tower of Babel, story of, 149–50
Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, 109
tree-ring records, 181, 193, 231
trilobites, 23, 33, 79, 91, 189, 229–30, 245
Tsangpo Gorge, 1, 3, 4–5, 4, 6
Tsangpo River, 1–7, 2, 4, 6
tsunamis, 172, 215–18, 248
Mediterranean, 217–18
2004 Indian Ocean, 8, 216
unconformities, 21–22, 21, 23–24
of Black Sea seabed, 221–22
of Siccar Point site, 93–96, 94, 95, 102, 107–8
unicorns, 167, 263n
uniformitarianism, 108–9, 117, 119–20, 128–29, 130, 133–35, 136, 140–41, 178, 198–99, 203, 210, 211, 226, 235, 237
Ur, 147, 150–52
uranium-lead radiometric dating, 18–19, 196, 198
Urban VIII, Pope, 49
urination fantasies, 168–69
Uruk, 154
Ussher, Bishop James, 64, 97–98, 190
Utnapishtim, 146, 154, 156
vapor canopy theory, 74, 113, 230, 245
greenhouse effect of, 228, 235
vertebrate paleontology, 89
Victoria Institute, 220
Vikings, 215
Vindiciae Geologicae: or, the Connexion of Geology with Religion Explained (Buckland), 122
Vishnu Schist, 16–20, 31
unconformity of, 21–22, 21
volcanoes, 10, 55, 67, 100, 105, 135, 186, 206, 229, 243, 260n
cinder cones left by, 131, 132, 135, 136
lahars of, 116
lava flows of, 131–32, 132, 202
Mount Mazama, 176
Mount Pinatubo, 115–17, 117
Mount Saint Helens, 10
rift, 241
Santorini (Thera), 217–18
Vossius, Isaac, 55–56
Washington, 201–11, 216–17
Washington, University of, 201–3, 204, 231
Wegener, Alfred, 239–40
Werner, Abraham, 101–2, 104–6, 108, 109, 110
Whale, 217
Whiston, William, 75, 76
Whitcomb, John, 225–39
White, Ellen Gould, 185–87
Willamette Valley, 204, 206, 208, 212, 213
William III, King of England, 68
Witschonke, Alan, 65, 83, 95, 144
Woodward, John, 69–73, 75, 79, 81, 102, 126, 137, 187, 229
Woolley, Leonard, 150–52
World War II, 240–41, 242
Xisuthros, 157–58
Yahweh, 166
Yakama Indians, 212
Yellow Band, 32
Yellowstone National Park, 202
Young, Davis A., 237–38
Yu, 174
Zimmern, Heinrich, 168
zircon, 18–19
Ziusudra, 153–54, 156, 157–58, 222–23
Copyright © 2012 by David R. Montgomery
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Montgomery, David R., 1961–
The rocks don’t lie : a geologist investigates Noah’s flood /
David R. Montgomery. — 1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-393-08239-5 (hardcover)
1. Paleolimnology. 2. Paleohydrology. I. Title.
QE39.5.P3M66 2012
551.48’9—dc23
2012015146
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