by Charles Ross
birth and parentage, (i), (ii); education and upbringing, (i); as earl of March, (i), (ii), (iii); flight and exile (1459–60), (i), (ii); attainted, (i); as hero of Yorkist propaganda, (i), (ii); victorious at Mortimer’s Cross, (i);claims the throne, (i); coronation, (i), (ii)
1461–70: on Towton campaign, (i); problems facing him, (i); and Lancastrian resistance (1461–4), (i); in north of England, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); abandons Scots campaign, consequent unpopularity, (i); progresses to deal with disorders, (i), (ii); policy of conciliation (1461–4), (i), (ii); his marriage: early plans for, (i), (ii), (iii); to Elizabeth Woodville, (i), (ii); reasons for, (i); and political consequences of, (i); relations with Warwick and the Nevills, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii); reasons for their estrangement, (i), (ii); Edward not to blame, (i); his attempts at conciliation, (i), (ii); and Lancastrian plots and dissidence, (i), (ii); and treason trials (1469), (i); loses popular support, his government criticized, (i); alleged hatred of common people, (i); complacent about Nevill loyalties, (i), (ii), (iii); at last suspects treason, (i); and the rebellion of 1469, (i); his inactivity, (i); largely to blame for débâcle of 1469, (i); a prisoner of Warwick, (i), (ii); plans for Clarence to replace him as king, (i); regains control, (i); attempts pacification, (i); and restoration of Percies, (i), (ii); aware of threat from Warwick, (i); and the Lincolnshire rebellion, (i), (ii); reasons for his success, (i); drives out Warwick and Clarence, (i); plans against invasion, (i); drawn away to north of England, (i); forced to flee the realm, (i); reasons for his overthrow in 1470, (i); attainted by Readeption parliament, (i); in exile in Low Countries, (i), (ii)
1471–83: plans invasion of England, (i); lands in England, (i); lack of popular support for, (i), (ii); the ‘Recovery of England’, (i); at Barnet, (i); and the Tewkesbury campaign, (i); reasons for his success, (i), (ii); guilty of death of Henry VI, (i); and settlement of 1471, (i); settles quarrel of his brothers, (i); arrest of George Nevill, (i); and Oxford’s landing, (i); builds up Gloucester’s power in the North, (i); resentful of Louis XI, (i); and dislikes Charles of Burgundy, (i), (ii) and n; decides on war with France, (i); his intentions serious, (i), (ii); his war aims, (i), (ii), (iii); financial and military preparations for war, (i); invades France, (i), (ii); negotiates with Louis XI, (i), (ii); and the meeting at Picquigny, (i); and English reactions to the treaty, (i); at the peak of his career in 1475, (i); and the French pension, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi); much attached to French alliance, (i), (ii)n, (iii), (iv); and his dilemmas in foreign policy after 1475, (i), (ii); outmanœuvred by Louis XI, (i), (ii), (iii); and the fall of Clarence, (i); entirely responsible for Clarence’s death, (i); his dynastic marriage diplomacy, (i), (ii), (iii); and the Mowbray inheritance, (i); and the Burgundian succession, (i); his itineraries after 1475, prefers south-east of England, (i); responsibility for war with Scotland, (i); and its implications for his continental policies, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); anger and chagrin at the
Treaty of Arras, (i), (ii); general assessment of his foreign diplomacy (1475–83), (i); last months, (i); mystery of his final illness, (i); death and funeral, (i); his will, (i), (ii), (iii); his treasure, (i), (ii) and n, (iii) and n; narrative sources for his reign, (i), and see also Commynes; Croyland Chronicler; More; Vergil; London Chronicles; estimate of his achievement, (ii); largely to blame for the crisis of 1483, (i)
Government and Administration:
Personal nature of his rule, and constant personal activity in government, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix); concern for his own and his family’s interests, (i), (ii); determination to be obeyed, (i); opportunist methods, (i); policies a mixture of intelligence and inconsistency, (i), (ii); his close interest in diplomacy, (i); pragmatic approach to kingship, (i); emphasis on legitimacy in Yorkist rule, (i); administrative reforms and innovations, (i), (ii); enterprising and reforming spirit in government, (i); but also slackness and inefficiency, (i); innovations not translated into new institutions, (i); use of patronage? (i), (ii); reliance on trusted servants, (i), (ii), (iii); and on gentry and lesser men, (i); his extensive use of laymen, (i); and of household officers, (i), (ii); role of his affinity in government, not comparable with Lancastrian connection, (i); use of Order of the Garter, (i), (ii); attitude towards over-mighty subjects, (i), (ii), and see Nobility; and prerogative and feudal rights, (iii), (iv), (v); use of clerical servants in government, (i); and episcopal appointments, (i); not concerned with impartial justice, (i), (ii), (iii); and the problem of law and order, (i), and see Law Enforcement; attitude to retaining, livery and maintenance, (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii); personal interest in treason trials, (i), (ii); judicial progresses, (i); use of secretaries and signet, (i), (ii); financial policies, (i); subordinated to political expediency, (i); early reliance on loans, (i); accumulation of wealth, (i), (ii); use of benevolences, (i), (ii), (iii); abilities as financier, (i); meager legislation of his reign, (i); relations with commons in parliament, (i); and creation of a royal navy, (i); use of naval power, (i); and the English merchant marine, (i); and the problem of piracy, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); relations with the English merchant class, (i), (ii), and see London; his private trading ventures, (iii); commercial policies, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); policies towards Wales and the Marches, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); and the North of England, (i), (ii); and Ireland, (i); his achievement in government, (i); comparisons and contrasts with Henry VI, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); and with Henry VII, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)n, (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii); and see also Council; Court; England; Household; Parliament
Foreign policies towards
Brittany, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi); Burgundy, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi)
France, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv)
Hanseatic League, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii)
Scotland, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix) and see also under respective countries
Character and personality:
Contemporary opinions, (i), (ii), (iii); paradox of, (i), (ii); intelligence, (i); excellent memory, (i), (ii), (iii); personal charm, (i), (ii), (iii); qualities of leadership, (i), (ii), (iii); generosity to former opponents and to servants, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); clemency, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); self-confidence, (i), (ii), (iii); knowledge of languages, (i), (ii), (iii); conventional literary interests, (i), (ii); as a collector of books and manuscripts, (i); not a patron of learning or religion, (i), (ii); his extensive building schemes, (i), (ii); and favourite residences, (i); his special interest in Windsor, (i); physical appearance, height, good looks, (i), (ii), (iii); licentious habits, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); his mistresses, (i); debauchery and profligacy, (i), (ii), (iii); taste for ceremony and display, (i), (ii); taste for clothes, (i), (ii), (iii); and for jewellery, (i), (ii); and for personal comfort, (i), (ii), (iii); his alleged laziness, love of ease and pleasure, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)n, (v), (vi), (vii), (viii); complacency and inactivity, (i), (ii), (iii); political miscalculations, lack of political judgement and foresight, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x); in later years, alleged loss of grasp, 244, 283, 290, 292, and despotic tendencies, (i) and n, (ii), (iii), (iv); his growing avarice, 248, 380, 423, a feature of his diplomacy, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); ill-health, (i) and n; military qualities: boldness, (i); interest in artillery, (i) and n, (ii); alleged distaste for campaigning, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); military reputation exaggerated, (i)
Edward, prince of Wales, later Edward V, son of Edward IV, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)n, (x)n, (xi), (xii); his council in Wales and the Marches, (i); resident at Ludlow, (i); marriage plans for, (i), (ii)n, (iii); his governor, see Woodville, Anthony; his t
utor and president of his council, see Alcock, John
Edward (of Lancaster), prince of Wales, son of Henry VI, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii); Edward, earl of Salisbury, son of George, duke of Clarence, (i), (ii)
Egremont, lordship of, (i); Lord, see Percy
Elfael, lordship of, (i)n
Elizabeth, daughter of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, (i)
Elizabeth (Woodville), Queen of Edward IV, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii)n, (xiv) and n; widow of Sir John Grey, (i); marriage to Edward IV, (i); coronation, (i); parentage and family connections, (i), (ii); churching of, (i); dower and household, (i), (ii); political influence, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); personality and character, (i), (ii); and the affair of Sir Thomas Cook, (i); and London mercers, i o i – (i), (ii); jealous of Gloucester, (i); and of Hastings, (i); and the death of Clarence, (i); much attached to French marriage alliance, (i)n; patron of Queen’s College, Cambridge, (i); promotes interests of her Grey sons, (i)
Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, (i), (ii)n, (iii); betrothed, (i); French marriage planned for, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and n, (v), (vi), (vii)
Elne, bishop of, (i)
Elrington, John, treasurer of the household, (i), (ii), (iii)
Eltham, Edward’s palace at, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Elvaston, (i)
Ely, (i); bishops of, see Grey, William; Morton, John
Empingham, (i)
Empire, the, (i), (ii); see also Frederick III
England; admirals of, (i), (ii), (iii); chancellors of, (i), and see Nevill, George; Stillington; Booth, Lawrence; Rotherham; constables of, see Tiptoft, John; Woodville, Richard; Richard of Gloucester; Vere, John de; keepers of the privy seal, see Stillington; Rotherham, Russell, John; treasurers of, (ii), and see Bourchier, Henry; Blount, Walter; Grey, Edmund; Woodville, Richard; Langstrother, John; Grey, William
Essex, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)n, (v), (vi), (vii)n, (viii), (ix), (x); earls of, see Bourchier
Eton college, (i), (ii), (iii)
Eu, county of, (i), (ii)
Eure, Sir William, (i)
Ewyas Lacy, lordship of, (i)
Exchequer, superseded by chamber as financial department, (i); changes in, (i)
Exeter, (i), (ii), (iii); bishopric of, (i)n, (ii); bishops of, see Nevill, George; Booth, John; Courtenay, Peter; King, Oliver
Fabyan, Robert, (i), (ii), (iii)
Fairfax, Guy, (i)
Fastolf, Sir John, (i), (ii)
Fauconberg, bastard of, see Nevill, Thomas; Lord, see Nevill, William
Faunt, Nicholas, (i), (ii)
Fauquembergue, (i)
Feckenham, manor of, (i)
Ferdinand of Aragon, king of Spain, (i), (ii), (iii)
Ferdinand I, king of Naples, (i)n, (ii), (iii)
Ferrara, Hercule, duke of, (i)n, (ii)n
Ferrers of Chartley, Lord, see Devereux
Ferrybridge, (i)
Fevre, Raoul le, (i)
Fiennes, Joan, Lady Dacre, (i)n
Fiennes, Richard, Lord Dacre of the South, (i), (ii), (iii)n, (iv)
Findern, Sir Thomas, (i)
Firth of Forth, (i), (ii)
FitzAlan, Thomas, Lord Maltravers, (i)n, (ii), (iii), (iv)
FitzAlan, William, earl of Arundel, (i), (ii), (iii)n, (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii); constable of Dover and warden of the Cinque Ports, (i), (ii), (iii)
FitzGerald, Gerald, earl of Kildare, (i)
FitzGerald, Thomas, earl of Desmond, (i)n, (ii)
FitzHarry, Thomas, (i)
FitzHerbert, John, (i)n
FitzHugh, Henry Lord, (i), (ii), (iii)
FitzHugh, Sir Henry, (i)
FitzMaurice, Thomas, earl of Kildare, (i)
FitzWalter, Lord, see Radcliffe
FitzWarin, Lord, see Bourchier, William
FitzWilliam, Richard, (i)
Flanders, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); the Members of, (i); and Flemings, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Fletcher, John, (i)
Flintshire, (i)
Flodden, battle of, (i)
Florence, merchants of, (i), (ii), and see also Medici
Flushing, (i)
Fogge, Sir John, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)n, (x)n, (xi)
Forster, Humphrey, (i)
Fortescue, Sir John, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)n, (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
Fotheringhay Castle, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)n, (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)
Fowey, (i)
Fowler, Sir Richard, (i), (ii)
France, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl); admiral of, (i); see also Charles; Charlotte; Jeanne; Louis XI
Franche-Comté, (i)
Francis II, duke of Brittany, (i); seeks aid of England against France, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); 30-year truce with England, (i); Edward in exile seeks his help, (i); included in 1475 truce with France, (i); proposed marriage of daughter Anne to the prince of Wales, (i), (ii); commercial relations with England, (i), (ii), (iii)
Frederick I, king of Denmark, (i)
Frederick III, Emperor, (i)n, (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Froissart, (i)
Fulford, Sir Baldwin, (i), (ii)
Fulford, Sir Thomas, (i)
Gainsborough, (i)
Gam, Sir Dafydd, (i)
Gascony, (i), (ii)
Gate, Sir Geoffrey, (i)n, (ii), (iii)
Genoa, (i), (ii); merchants of, (i), (ii); bankers of, (i)
George, duke of Clarence, brother of Edward IV, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x); birth, (i), (ii); character and abilities, (i), (ii); endowment of, (i), (ii); marriages projected for, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); marries Isabel Nevill, (i); conspires with Warwick (1467), (i); (1469), (i); to replace Edward as king, (i), (ii); lieutenant of Ireland, (i), (ii), (iii); and Lincolnshire rebellion, (i), (ii), (iii); flees to France, (i); an embarrassment to Warwick, (i); returns to England, (i), (ii); difficult position during Readeption, (i); defects to Edward, (i); at Barnet, (i); grants to, in 1471, (i); quarrel with Gloucester, (i), (ii); suspected of treason, (i); and the invasion of France, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); reasons for his overthrow, (i); arrest and trial, (i); death, (i), (ii); not allowed to marry Mary of Burgundy, (i) and n
George of Windsor, son of Edward IV, (i), (ii), (iii)
Germany, (i), (ii), (iii)
Ghent, (i), (ii)
Gibraltar, (i)
Glamorgan, lordship of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)n
Gloucester, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); dukes of, see Richard; Humphrey
Gloucestershire, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Glyn family, (i); John, (i)
Goddard, Dr John, (i)
Golden Fleece, Burgundian order of, (i), (ii)
Goldwell, James, bishop of Norwich, (i), (ii), (iii)n, (iv)
Goodrich, lordship of, (i)n, (ii), (iii)
Gower, lordship of, (i)n
Graçay, Jacques de, (i)
Grace, natural daughter of Edward IV, (i)n
Grafton, Bastard of, (i)
Grafton Regis, (i)
Grantham, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Great Seal, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)n
Greece, merchants of, (i)
Greenwich, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Grene, Godfrey, (i), (ii)
Gresham, James, (i)
Gresley family, (i)
Grey, Anthony, son of the earl of Kent, (i)n, (ii), (iii), (iv)
Grey, Edmund, Lord Grey of Ruthyn, earl of Kent, (i), (ii)n, (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)n; treasurer of England, (i)
Grey, Edward, Lord Ferrers of Groby, (i)
Grey, Sir Edward, (i)
Grey, Sir John, husband of Elizabeth Woodville, (i), (ii)
Grey, Sir Ralph, (i), (ii), (iii)
Grey, Reginald, Lord Grey of Wilton, (i), (ii)n
Grey, Richard, Lord Grey of Powys, (i); his estates, (i), (ii)n
Grey, Richard, son of Elizabeth Woodville, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Grey, Thomas, earl of Huntingdon, marquis of Dorset, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)n, (xi), (xii); his feud with Hastings, (i), (ii), (iii); and the crisis of 1483, (i)
Grey, Thomas, esquire of the body, (i), (ii)
Grey, William, bishop of Ely, (i), (ii), (iii)n, (iv), (v), (vi); treasurer of England, (i), (ii), (iii)
Greystoke, Ralph Lord, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Grimaldi, Luigi, (i)
Grimsby, William, (i)
Gruthuyse, Louis of Bruges, lord of Gruthuyse, earl of Winchester, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Guelders, duchy of, (i), (ii), and see also Mary of Guelders
Guinea, English trade with, (i)
Guinegatte, battle of, (i)
Guines, (i), (ii); fortress of, (i), (ii)n, (iii); lieutenant of, (i), (ii), (iii)n, (iv)
Guipuzcoa, merchants of, (i)
Guise, county of, (i)
Guns, the king’s, called Newcastle, London, Dijon, (i); called Messenger, Edward, Fowler of Chester, Megge, (i)
Gwladys Ddu, (i)
Haddington, (i)
Hague, The, (i)
Hall, Edward, (i), (ii)n, (iii), (iv)
Hall, John, (i)
Hammes Castle, (i); lieutenant of, (i), (ii)n, (iii)
Hampshire, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
Hampton Court, (i)
Hanseatic League, Hansards, (i), (ii), (iii)n; ships attacked by Warwick, (i); council verdict against, (i), (ii); unpopularity in England, (i), (ii), (iii); naval war against, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); negotiations with, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); settlements with, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); Mercers’ complaints against, (i); exempted from tax, (i), (ii); commercial relations with, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Hapsburgs, (i)
Harcourt family, (i)
Harcourt, John, (i)
Harcourt, Sir Robert, (i), (ii), (iii)n
