307 “vacated”: Charles Sumner, “Our Domestic Relations,” The Atlantic Monthly 12 (September 1863), 527.
307 “manifest tendency toward compromises”: “Pomeroy Circular,” quoted in John George Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History, vol. 8 (New York: Century Co., 1909), 318.
308 “your rose-water war”: CG, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, Jan. 21, 1862, 511.
308 “Pomeroyism”: See Edward Winslow Martin, Behind the Scenes in Washington (Washington, D.C.: J. D. McCabe, 1873), 176.
308 Davis, Wade, and Pomeroy: See “Pomeroy Circular,” 4.
309 “This is a very pretty game”: “A Game That Won’t Work,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 24, 1864.
309 “The Salmon is”: Quoted in Frederick J. Blue, Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1987), 226.
310 “What McClellan was”: “M’Clellan, Buckner,” The Liberator, May 20, 1864, 1.
310 “fanatics must make history”: Rebecca Harding Davis, Margret Howth: A Story of To-day (Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1862), 180.
311 “I don’t believe”: Quoted in Andrew Rolle, John Charles Frémont: Character as Destiny (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), 230.
312 “ ‘You’ll never fight’ ”: George Bodnia, “Fort Pillow ‘Massacre’: Observations of a Minnesotan,” Minnesota History 43 (Spring 1973), 188.
313 twenty-nine horses: See Shelby Foote, The Civil War: Fort Sumter to Perryville, vol. 1 (New York: Vintage, 1986), 349.
313 “the river was dyed red”: See Jack Hurst, Nathan Bedford Forrest: A Biography (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993); for fine and comprehensive examinations of the Fort Pillow debacles, see John Cimprich, Fort Pillow, A Civil War Massacre and Public Memory (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005), and Andrew Ward, River Run Red: The Fort Pillow Massacre in the American Civil War (New York: Viking, 2005).
313 “Your colors were never lowered”: OR, ser. 1, vol. 32, pt. 1, June 28, 1864, 600.
314 “The case under consideration”: Quoted in Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. 4 (New York: Century Co., 1884), 418.
314 “Our Northern brethren”: “Fort Pillow,” Richmond Examiner (April 23, 1864), 2.
314 “You, Abraham Lincoln”: “The Murder of Colored Troops at Fort Pillow,” The Independent, April 21, 1864, 4.
314 The resilient abolitionist: Gerrit Smith, “The Murder of Colored Troops at Fort Pillow,” The Liberator, April 21, 1864, 4.
315 “Once begun”: Quoted in Ward, River Run Red, 323.
316 “protect the loyal men”: Bernard Christian Steiner, The Life of Henry Winter Davis (Baltimore: John Murphy Co., 1916), 292.
316 “The radical Republicans”: See Edmund Kirke, “Our Visit to Richmond,” The Atlantic Monthly 14 (September 1864), 380.
316 “Everybody is looking”: James G. Randall and David Herbert Donald, The Divided Union (Boston: Little, Brown, 1961), 473.
316 And he had strengthened: See Hans L. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 177–78.
317 “Can’t you find”: Quoted in ibid., 180.
317 “the most hysterical man”: Nathaniel Wright Stephenson, Lincoln: An Account of His Personal Life (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1922), 327.
317 “a self-made man”: Quoted in W. L. Alden, “Some Phases of Literary New York in the Sixties,” Putnam’s Monthly 3 (February 1908), 557.
318 “Meek as he looks”: Harriet Beecher Stowe, The Lives and Deeds of Our Self-Made Men (Hartford: Worthington, Dustin, & Co., 1872), 294.
318 “He is ambitious, talented”: Gideon Welles, The Diary of Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy under Lincoln and Johnson, vol. 2 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 104.
319 “I propose to fight”: OR, ser. 1, vol. 37, pt. 1, 427.
319 In the tangled, dark: See William S. McFeely, Grant: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002), 168.
319 “atavistic territorial battle”: James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 730.
319 “heavens are hung in black”: Lincoln, Lincoln: Speeches and Writings, 1859–1865, 600.
319 “Many a man has gone”: Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., Touched with Fire: Civil War Letters and Diary of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., 1861–1864, ed. Mark DeWolfe Howe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1947), 149–50.
319 “Our bleeding, bankrupt”: Quoted in Abraham Lincoln, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, vol. 7, ed. Roy P. Basler (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 435.
320 “tall spare false looking”: Quoted in John Hay, Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay, ed. Michael Burlingame and John R. Turner Ettlinger (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997), 226.
320 “Greeley is an old shoe”: Quoted in Welles, The Diary of Gideon Welles, vol. 2, 112.
321 “the terms and conditions of peace”: “Peace Negotiations,” The New York Times, July 22, 1864, 1.
322 “Withdraw your armies”: Quoted in Kirke, “Our Visit to Richmond,” 382.
322 “Mr. Lincoln is already beaten”: Quoted in David Donald, Lincoln Reconsidered (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1861), 114.
323 “Lincoln’s re-election will end”: Lydia Minturn Post, ed., Soldiers’ Letters, from Camp, Battle-field, and Prison (New York: Bunce & Huntington, 1865), 189–90.
323 “Why will the people”: Quoted in Chester, Embattled Maiden, 82.
323 “The great mass”: Quoted in Steiner, The Life of Henry Winter Davis, 302.
CHAPTER 14: ARMED LIBERTY
325 Violence: On the moral erosion of war and its connection to mass murder, see Allan Nevins, The War for the Union: The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1865, vol. 8 (New York: Scribner’s, 1971), 61, and, on the mass destruction detailed in this chapter, see Charles Royster, The Destructive War: William Tecumseh Sherman, Stonewall Jackson, and the Americans (New York: Vintage, 1993).
326 “It seems to me”: Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., The Essential Holmes: Selections from the Letters, Speeches, Judicial Opinions and Other Writings of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., ed. Richard Posner (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 103.
326 “past the thoughtless”: Henry David Thoreau, Walden; or, Life in the Woods, in A Week, Walden, The Maine Woods, Cape Cod, ed. Robert F. Sayre (New York: Library of America, 1985), 492.
326 “I have no objection”: David Goldfield, America Aflame: How the Civil War Created a Nation (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2011), 120.
327 “The essential American soul”: D. H. Lawrence, Studies in Classic American Literature (New York: Penguin, 1961), 68.
328 “I John Brown am”: Quoted in John Brown, The Life and Letters of John Brown, ed. Franklin B. Sanborn (Boston: Roberts Bros., 1891), 620.
329 “pestilent factional quarrel”: Abraham Lincoln, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, vol. 6, ed. Roy P. Basler et al. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 234.
329 “It is heart sickening”: Quoted in Richard S. Brownlee, Gray Ghosts of the Confederacy: Guerrilla Warfare in the West, 1861–1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009), 126–127.
330 “With the view to revive”: OR, ser. 1, vol. 13, 33.
331 “since the whole”: Charles Marshall, An Aide-de-Camp of General Robert E. Lee, ed. Frederick Maurice (New York: Little, Brown, 1927), 32.
331 “if this detestable system”: OR, ser. 1, vol. 34, pt. 4, 690.
331 “Arrest all bands”: OR, ser. 1, vol. 34, pt. 4, May 27, 1864, 633.
331 “Now, whether the guerrillas”: OR, ser. 1, vol. 13, Sept. 28, 1862, 682–83.
332 “To secure the safety”: OR, ser. 1, vol. 31, pt. 3, Dec. 21, 1863, 459.
332 “we lived off the country”: OR, ser. 1, vol. 32, pt. 2, Feb. 29, 1864, 498.
332 “worse than vandal hordes”: Jefferson Davi
s, The Essential Writings, ed. William J. Cooper, Jr. (New York: Modern Library, 2003), 282.
333 “Should we treat”: William T. Sherman and John Sherman, The Sherman Letters: Correspondence between General and Senator Sherman from 1837 to 1891, ed. Rachel Sherman Thorndike (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1894), 230.
334 “gentleness and forbearance”: OR, ser. 1, vol. 32, pt. 2, Jan. 31, 1864, 280–81.
335 “To make war”: Quoted in Royster, The Destructive War, 269.
335 “I do not know”: Quoted in J. Cutler Andrews, The North Reports the Civil War (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1955), 538.
335 “we mowed them down”: Phillip Thomas Tucker, The Forgotten “Stonewall of the West”: Major General John Stevens Bowen (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1997), 321.
336 “A garden was”: J. T. Headley, Grant and Sherman: Their Campaigns and Generals (New York: E. B. Treat & Co., 1865), 221.
336 According to one soldier: Charles Harding Cox, “Gone for a Soldier,” ed. Lorna Lutes Sylvester, Indiana Magazine of History 68 (September 1972): 181–239, at 229.
337 “War, after all”: David Conyngham, Sherman’s March through the South (New York: Sheldon & Co., 1865), 334.
337 “This unprecedented measure”: OR, ser. 1, vol. 39, pt. 1, Sept. 9, 1864, 804.
338 “wandering brood”: Herman Melville, “The Scout toward Aldie,” in Selected Poems of Herman Melville, ed. Robert Penn Warren (Jaffrey, N.H.: David Godine, 2004), 161.
338 “would run a knife”: Horace Traubel, With Walt Whitman in Camden, vol. 4, ed. Sculley Bradley (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1953), 331.
338 “I regard the whole system” OR, ser. 1, vol. 33, Jan. 25, 1864, 1121.
339 “crows flying over”: OR, ser. 1, vol. 40, pt. 3, July 14, 1864, 223.
339 “I do not mean”: Ibid., 253.
340 “I was sorry enough“: Edward W. Emerson, The Life and Letters of Charles Russell Lowell, Captain Sixth United States Cavalry, Colonel Second Massachusetts Cavalry, Brigadier-General United States Volunteers (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1907), 353.
340 “to the death”: OR, ser. 1, vol. 37, pt. 2, Aug. 1, 1864, 558.
341 The former West Pointer: See Emerson, The Life and Letters of Charles Russell Lowell, 414.
341 “With forehead of no promise”: George Templeton Strong, The Diary of George Templeton Strong, vol. 4, ed. Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas (New York: Macmillan, 1952), 165.
341 “Face the other way”: J. W. De Forest, “Sheridan’s Victory of Middletown,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 30 (February 1865), 358.
341 “The first that the general”: Thomas Buchanan Read, “Sheridan’s Ride,” in Poets of the Civil War, ed. J. D. McClatchy (New York: Library of America, 2005), 120.
342 “Relentless, merciless”: W. J. Tenney, The Military and Naval History of the Rebellion in the United States (New York: D. Appleton, 1865), 627.
342 “The time had fully come”: Frederic Denison, Sables and Spurs: The First Rhode Island Regiment Cavalry in the Civil War, 1861–1865 (Central Falls: First Rhode Island Cavalry Veteran Association, 1876), 381.
342 Up to the door: For a penetrating discussion of the tactics of Sherman, Grant, and Sheridan on these issues, see Mark E. Neely, “Was the Civil War a Total War?,” Civil War History 50 (December 2004), 434–58.
342 “the people must be left”: Quoted in Moritz Busch, Bismarck: Some Secret Pages of His History, vol. 1 (London: Macmillan, 1898), 171.
342 “Death is popularly considered”: Philip H. Sheridan, Personal Memoirs of P. H. Sheridan, vol. 1 (New York: Charles L. Webster and Co., 1888), 488.
343 Twenty-five cannon: See George Ward Nichols, The Story of the Great March: From the Diary of a Staff Officer (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1866), 199.
343 “There is a hope”: Elizabeth Blair Lee, Wartime Washington: The Civil War Letters of Elizabeth Blair Lee, ed. Virginia Jeans Laas (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999), 453.
343 “we should destroy slavery”: For these and the other quotes, see “The Constitutional Amendment,” New York Daily Tribune, Jan. 13, 1865, 8.
343 “I think such action”: CG, 38th Congress, 2nd Session, Jan. 31, 1865, 524.
344 “defending [of] the State sovereignty”: CG, 38th Congress, 2nd Session, Jan. 6, 1865, 139.
345 Stunned silence filled the room: Noah Brooks, Washington in Lincoln’s Time (New York: Century Co., 1895), 207.
345 “It is worth while”: Quoted in Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, vol. 8, 214.
345 “has laid nearest”: Lee, Wartime Washington, 471.
346 “half the multitude”: The Times [London], March 20, 1865.
347 “Johnson is either drunk”: Gideon Welles, The Diary of Gideon Welles, vol. 2 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 252.
347 A man in the crowd: Ervin S. Chapman, Latest Light on Abraham Lincoln, and War-Time Memories, vol. 2 (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1917), 280–92.
347 Lincoln’s brief address: For an overview and analysis of the speech, see Ronald C. White, Lincoln’s Greatest Speech: The Second Inaugural (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002); see also Garry Wills, “Lincoln’s Greatest Speech?,” The Atlantic Monthly (September 1999), 60–70.
348 “I claim not to have”: Abraham Lincoln, Lincoln: Speeches and Writings, 1859–1865, ed. Don E. Fehrenbacher (New York: Library of America, 1989), 586.
348 Grant, Sherman, Sheridan: See Royster, The Destructive War, 337; for a fine discussion of Lincoln’s Second Inaugural in the context of the theologians of the age, see Mark A. Noll, “ ‘Both . . . Pray to the Same God’: The Singularity of Lincoln’s Faith in the Era of the Civil War Author(s),” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 18 (Winter 1997), 1–26.
349 “a few words”: “The Inaugural Address,” The Liberator, March 17, 1865, 4.
350 “that the newly-emancipated”: Lydia Maria Child, Letter to the editor, The Independent, March 7, 1865; The Liberator, March 24, 1865.
350 “wear as well as”: Lincoln: Lincoln: Speeches and Writings, 1869–1865, 689.
350 “sacred effort”: Frederick Douglass, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, in Autobiographies, ed. Henry Louis Gates (New York: Library of America, 1994), 804.
350 “It is filled with texts”: John Beauchamp Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary at the Confederate States Capital, vol. 2 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1866), 443.
CHAPTER 15: AND THIS IS RICHMOND
351 In Baton Rouge: See Sarah Morgan Dawson, A Confederate Girl’s Diary, ed. Warrington Dawson (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 213.
351 “Our rations have been”: J. R. McMichael, Autograph and Diary (privately published), Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
351 “The wolf is at the door”: Quoted in Mary Chesnut, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, ed. C. Vann Woodward (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1981), 747.
351 “The Confederacy seemed suddenly”: Quoted in Mrs. A. T. Smythe, M. B. Poppenheim, and Mrs. Thomas Taylor, eds., South Carolina Women in the Confederacy (Columbia: State Co., 1903), 225.
352 “He has not the broad”: J. B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary at the Confederate States Capital, vol. 2 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1866), 372.
352 “Disaffection is intense”: Quoted in Josiah Gorgas, The Civil War Diary of Josiah Gorgas, ed. Frank Vandiver (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1947), 154.
353 “I do not profess”: Alexander H. Stephens, A Constitutional View of the Late War between the States: Its Causes, Character, Conduct, and Results, vol. 2 (Philadelphia: National Publishing Co., 1870), 613.
353 “to give to our people”: Quoted in William J. Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American (New York: Vintage, 2001), 551.
353 “War is a game”: Quoted in Eli N. Evans, Judah P. Benjamin: The Jewish Confederate (New York: Free Press, 1988), 284–85.
354 “If we impress them”: Ibid., 285.
354 “Intervention on the part”: Ibid., 368.
354 Kenner argued that: See John Bigelow, Retrospections of an Active Life, vol. 3 (New York: Baker and Taylor Co., 1909), 80.
355 “Abolish slavery to propitiate”: Chesnut, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 710.
355 “Send us protection”: Quoted in Stephanie McCurry, Confederate Reckoning: Power and Politics in the Civil War South (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010), 330.
355 “I think, therefore”: OR, ser. 4, vol. 3, 1012–13.
356 “By the conscription”: Robert F. Durden, The Gray and the Black: The Confederate Debate on Emancipation (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972), 170.
356 “forth the negroes”: Warren Akin, The Letters of Warren Akin: Confederate Congressman, ed. Bell Irvin Wiley (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1959), 32.
356 “The proposition to make soldiers”: OR, ser. 4, vol. 3, 1009.
356 “It is the desperate remedy”: Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, vol. 2, 451.
357 “Slavery, from being”: OR, ser. 1, vol. 52, pt. 2, January 8, 1865, 587.
357 “revolting to Southern sentiment”: OR, ser. 1, vol. 52, pt. 2, 598.
357 “in advance of many”: John Bell Hood, Advance and Retreat: Personal Experiences in the United States and Confederate States Armies (New Orleans: Hood Orphan Memorial Fund, 1880), 296.
357 Cleburne was killed: See James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 811–13, and, for a complete study, James Lee McDonough and Thomas L. Connelly, Five Tragic Hours: The Battle of Franklin (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1983).
357 “And how could man”: Chesnut, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 692.
358 “The deep waters”: Ibid., 694.
358 “Have you ever noticed”: Akin, The Letters of Warren Akin, 33.
358 “to seek legislation”: OR, ser. 1, vol. 46, pt. 3, 1366.
358 “What is this but abolition?”: Thomas Gholson, Speech of Honorable Thomas S. Gholson of Virginia on the Policy of Employing Negro Troops (Richmond: George P. Evans, 1865), 6.
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