by Marc Morris
42 Ibid., 8–11.
43 J. R. Studd, ‘The Lord Edward and King Henry III’, BIHR, 50 (1977), 4–19.
44 Trabut-Cussac, L’Administration, 12; CR, 1254–56, 219–20.
45CR, 1254–56, 128; J. C. Parsons, ‘The Year of Eleanor of Castile’s Birth and her Children by Edward I’, Mediaeval Studies, xlvi (1984), 257; RWH, 167–8 (nos. 1618–19).
46 Paris, v, 513–14; Rôles Gascons, éd. Francisque-Michel and C. Bémont (4 vols., Paris, 1885–1906), i (suppl), 38–9 (no. 4554).
47 E. L. G. Stones, Edward I (Oxford, 1968), 2 (a translation of Trivet, 281–2); J. Ayloffe, ‘An Account of the Body of King Edward the First’, Archaeologia, iii (1786), 385; EHD, iii, 236; Political Songs, 223; Commendatio, 5.
48 Studd, Itinerary, 27–9; Paris, v, 527.
49 Ibid., 538–9.
50 Ibid., 513–15.
51DNB, xxix, 418; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 54–5.
52 Ibid., 55, 57–8, 66–70, 141.
53 H. W. Ridgeway, ‘Foreign Favourites and Henry III’s Problems of Patronage, 1247–1258’, EHR 104 (1989), 601–2; idem, ‘The Lord Edward and the Provisions of Oxford (1258): A Study in Faction’, TCE, i (1986), 90.
54 Paris, v, 557, 609; N. Denholm-Young, ‘The Tournament in the Thirteenth Century’, Collected Papers (Cardiff, 1969), 95–120. In general, see D. Crouch, Tournament (London, 2005).
55 Studd, Itinerary, 30.
56 K. Staniland, ‘The Nuptials of Alexander III of Scotland and Margaret Plantagenet’, Nottingham Medieval Studies, 30 (1986), 20–45.
57 R. R. Davies, Domination and Conquest (Cambridge, 1990), 51; idem, Empire, 156–7 (cf. Duncan, Kingship, 173–4).
58 Studd, Itinerary, 30; R. R. Davies, The Age of Conquest: Wales 1063– 1415 (new edn, Oxford, 2000), 17; idem, ‘The Peoples of Britain and Ireland, 1100–1400: IV. Language and Historical Mythology’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series, vii (1997), 1–24.
59 Davies, Age of Conquest, 58–9, 70–1, 120–1, 230–1, 267–8.
60 Carpenter, Struggle, 106–9; Davies, Age of Conquest, 12–15, 267–70.
61 King John, however, did marry his bastard daughter Joan to Llywelyn the Great. Ibid., 249.
62 Davies, Age of Conquest, 236–51 300–7; Smith, Llywelyn, 58–9, 77–84; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 145–6.
63 Studd, Itinerary, 30–1; Paris, v, 574–5.
64 Prestwich, Edward I, 15–16; Paris, v, 593–4, 598; Studd, Itinerary, 32.
65 R. C. Stacey, ‘Crusades, Crusaders and the Baronial Gravamina of 1263–1264’, TCE, iii (1991), 143–8; D. A. Carpenter, ‘The Gold Treasure of King Henry III’, The Reign of Henry III (London, 1996), 120; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 130–4, 138–45.
66 Ibid., 49–54, 140, 274–5.
CHAPTER 2: THE FAMILY FEUD
1 Smith, Llywelyn, 77–85.
2 Ibid., 56–77, 85–91.
3 Studd, Itinerary, 31–2; Smith, Llywelyn, 88; Paris, v, 592–4.
4 Ibid., 593, 613–14; DNB, xxvi, 462.
5 Smith, Llywelyn, 90–5.
6 Ibid., 97–101.
7 Ibid., 101–6.
8 Ibid., 108–9.
9 Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 145–8.
10 R. R. Davies, Lordship and Society in the March of Wales, 1282–1400 (Oxford, 1978), passim, and esp. 3, 73–9, 217.
11 Smith, Llywelyn, 94–7, 102–3; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 146–7; DNB, xii, 109; Paris, v, 95; J. F. Lydon, ‘Three Exchequer Documents from the reign of Henry III’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 65 (1966–67), 26–7.
12 Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 148.
13 Ibid., 148–9.
14 D. A. Carpenter, ‘What Happened in 1258?’, Reign of Henry III, 187–8, 194; Morris, Bigod Earls, 184–5; Maddicott, Montfort, 109.
15 Carpenter, ‘What Happened in 1258?’, 188; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 154; EHD, iii, 119.
16 Carpenter, ‘What Happened in 1258?’, 195–6; EHD, iii, 123; Morris, Bigod Earls, 73, 218–19.
17 Maddicott, Montfort, 156–8, 160; EHD, iii, 124, 155, 361–7.
18EHD, iii, 155–6; Ridgeway, ‘The Lord Edward and the Provisions of Oxford’, 89; Prestwich, Edward I, 25–6.
19 Maddicott, Montfort, 151, 158–9.
20EHD, iii, 156, 363.
21DNB, xxvi, 463; M. A. Hennings, England Under Henry III (London, 1924), 93.
22 Davies, Age of Conquest, 310; AM, i, 166; iv, 445; CPR, 1238–66, 5;CLR, 1231–60, 441; Studd, Itinerary, 43–4.
23 D. A. Carpenter, ‘The Lord Edward’s Oath to Aid and Counsel Simon de Montfort, 15 October 1259’, Reign of Henry III, 250–2.
24 Morris, Bigod Earls, 75–80.
25 Maddicott, Montfort, 50–3, 122–3, 129–51.
26EHD, iii, 157–8; T. F. Tout, ‘The “Communitas Bacheleriae Angliae’”, EHR, 17 (1902), 89–95.
27 Carpenter, ‘The Lord Edward’s Oath’, 242, 248, 251.
28 R. F. Treharne, The Baronial Plan of Reform, 1258–63 (Manchester, 1932) is the most complete expression of this view.
29 Maddicott, Montfort, 155–6, 181–8.
30 Ibid., 192–3; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 163–4, 170; Studd, Itinerary, 46–7.
31 Maddicott, Montfort, 193–4.
32Documents of the Baronial Movement of Reform and Rebellion, 1258–1267, ed. R. F. Treharne and I. J. Sanders (Oxford, 1973), 175–7; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 162, 166–70.
33EHD, iii, 160–1, 197; Flores, ii, 448–9; DNB, xxvi, 464.
34EHD, iii, 197–8; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 170–1; Treharne, Baronial Plan, 232–4. Reconciliation clearly occurred in mid-May: on 13 May Edward was still with Montfort, and on 15 May he was ordered to remove his castellans; not until 16 May did Henry III leave London for Westminster. Maddicott, Montfort, 197; CR, 1259–61, 42; EHD, iii, 161.
35 Maddicott, Montfort, 197–9.
36 Davies, Age of Conquest, 311; Smith, Llywelyn, 116–27; Prestwich, Edward I, 11.
37 Smith, Llywelyn, 127–31.
38 Maddicott, Montfort, 199; Morris, Bigod Earls, 83.
39 Maddicott, Montfort, 200–3.
40 Ibid.; Morris, Bigod Earls, 83.
41 Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 175–6; The Historical Works of Gervase of Canterbury, ed. W. Stubbs (2 vols., Rolls Series, 1879–80), ii, 211; cf. EHD, iii, 198.
42 Studd, Itinerary, 56; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 177–9; D. A. Carpenter, ‘King Henry III and the Tower of London’, Reign of Henry III, 199–206; H. Ridgeway, ‘King Henry III’s Grievances against the Council in 1261: a New Version and a Letter describing Political Events’, Historical Research, 61 (1988), 229, 235–6, 240.
43DNB, lvi, 47; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 179–80; Maddicott, Montfort, 196, 200.
44 Ibid., 208.
45EHD, iii, 198 (where it is also stated that Edward did badly in the tournaments and sustained heavy losses); Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 180.
46 Maddicott, Montfort, 207, 209.
47Flores, ii, 466–7.
48 Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 180–1; Morris, Bigod Earls, 84–5; Studd, Itinerary, 57–8.
49 Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 183–4; Studd, Itinerary, 58–60.
50 Maddicott, Montfort, 213–14; EHD, iii, 199.
51 D. A. Carpenter, ‘Simon de Montfort: The First Leader of a Political Movement in English History’, Reign of Henry III, 232–3.
52 Ridgeway, ‘The Lord Edward’, 98; D. A. Carpenter, ‘King Henry III’s “Statute” against Aliens: July 1263’, Reign of Henry III, 271n.
53 Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 181, 187–8; Prestwich, Edward I, 37.
54 Studd, Itinerary, 62, 64; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 186, 189; Prestwich, Edward I, 38.
55 Carpenter, ‘King Henry III’s “Statute”’,271; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 181
56EHD, iii, 199; Studd, Itinerary, 65; Maddicott, Montfort, 215–21; CCR, 1261–64, 272–3.
57 Davies, Age of Conquest, 312; Smith, Llywel
yn, 137–48.
58 Ibid., 148; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 190–1; Studd, Itinerary, 66.
59 Maddicott, Montfort, 216–17; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 193–4.
60 Ibid., 188.
61 Maddicott, Montfort, 222–3.
62 Ibid., 225–7; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 193.
63 Studd, Itinerary, 69; Carpenter, ‘King Henry III and the Tower’, 206; EHD, iii, 201; G. A. Williams, Medieval London: From Commune to Capital (London, 1963), 218.
64EHD, iii, 167–8; Maddicott, Montfort, 228–9.
65EHD, iii, 201; Maddicott, Montfort, 230.
66 Ibid., 229–30, 234; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 196.
67 Ibid.
68 Maddicott, Montfort, 229; Studd, Itinerary, 70; Flores, ii, 482; EHD, iii, 170; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 197–8.
69 Maddicott, Montfort, 231–2, 239, 242–4.
70 Ibid., 237–8, 241–2; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 200–1.
71 Maddicott, Montfort, 244.
72 Ibid., 228; Smith, Llywelyn, 154; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 197.
73 Maddicott, Montfort, 237, 244–5; EHD, iii, 171, 203.
74 Maddicott, Montfort, 247–65; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 202–5.
75 D. A. Carpenter, ‘A Noble in Politics: Roger Mortimer in the Period of Baronial Reform and Rebellion, 1258–1265, Nobles and Nobility in Medieval Europe, ed. A. J. Duggan (Woodbridge, 2000), 183–203; Maddicott, Montfort, 263–4.
76 Ibid., 265–8.
77 Ibid., 269.
78 D. A. Carpenter, The Battles of Lewes and Evesham 1264/65 (Keele, 1987), 18, 20, 22–3; EHD, iii, 175.
79 Carpenter, Battles of Lewes and Evesham, 24–7, 30–1.
80 Ibid., 27, 30.
81 Ibid., 31–2; EHD, iii, 905.
82 Carpenter, Battles of Lewes and Evesham, 32–4; Political Songs, 69–70.
83EHD, iii, 900; Carpenter, Battles of Lewes and Evesham, 26–7.
84Ibid., 34–5; Carpenter, Struggle, 126–7.
85 Maddicott, Montfort, 272–3.
86 Ibid., 280–2; EHD, iii, 174, 207.
87 Maddicott, Montfort, 289–91, 306–8; Prestwich, Edward I, 47.
88 Maddicott, Montfort, 220, 264, 285, 288, 302–3, 307, 312.
89 Ibid., 318–22, 338, 364; EHD, iii, 180–1.
90 Maddicott, Montfort, 329–33.
91 Ibid., 333–4; Prestwich, Edward I, 49.
92 Maddicott, Montfort, 334–9.
93 Ibid., 339.
94 Ibid., 339–40; O. de Laborderie, J. R. Maddicott and D. A. Carpenter, ‘The Last Hours of Simon de Montfort: A New Account’, EHR, 115 (2000), 396.
95 Carpenter, Battles of Lewes and Evesham, 50–4.
96 Ibid., 58–9.
97 Laborderie, Maddicott and Carpenter, ‘Last Hours of Simon de Montfort’, 395–406 is the most accurate reconstruction of these events.
98 Ibid., 391, 400, 404; Carpenter, Battles of Lewes and Evesham, 59.
99 Ibid., 58, 63–4.
100 Ibid., 65–6; Laborderie, Maddicott and Carpenter, ‘Last Hours of Simon de Montfort’, 403, 405, 411.
101 Ibid., 406; Powicke, Henry III, 502; Carpenter, Battles of Lewes and Evesham, 64.
102 Laborderie, Maddicott and Carpenter, ‘Last Hours of Simon de Montfort’, 403, 411–12.
CHAPTER 3: CIVIL PEACE AND HOLY WAR
1 Maddicott, Montfort, 346–7, 367–8.
2 Ibid., 336–7, 342; Powicke, Henry III, 505; EHD, iii, 183.
3 Trivet, 266; Royal and Other Historical Letters Illustrative of the Reign of Henry III, ed. W. W. Shirley (2 vols., Rolls Series, 1862–66), ii, 291; CR, 1264–68, 131; Maddicott, Montfort, 67–8.
4 C. H. Knowles, ‘The Resettlement of England after the Barons’ War, 1264–67’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 32 (1982), 25–6.
5 Studd, Itinerary, 85–6; Royal and Other Historical Letters, ed. Shirley, ii, 289–90.
6 Powicke, Henry III, 505–8; Maddicott, Montfort, 335.
7The Chronicle of William de Rishanger of the Barons’ Wars, ed. J. O. Halliwell (Camden Society, 1st series, xv, 1840), 49; Knowles, ‘Resettlement of England’, 26.
8EHD, iii, 181n, 184.
9 Ibid., 184–5; Powicke, Henry III, 517–18; Prestwich, Edward I, 54.
10 Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 199–205, 211–17, 232–4, 241.
11 Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 24–5; idem, ‘The Year of Eleanor of Castile’s Birth’, 258.
12 Powicke, Henry III, 518.
13 Ibid., 518, 526–7; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 229, 232.
14 Powicke, Henry III, 518–19, 529–30.
15EHD, iii, 904–5.
16 Powicke, Henry III, 519, 521.
17 Ibid., 521–2; EHD, iii, 186–8.
18 Ibid., 189; AM, iv, 187; Powicke, Henry III, 520–2, 531.
19 Ibid., 522–3; EHD, iii, 190–1; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 234–5.
20 Powicke, Henry III, 531.
21EHD, iii, 191; Studd, Itinerary, 97.
22 Ibid.; Powicke, Henry III, 532; EHD, iii, 193.
23 Powicke, Henry III, 532–8; EHD, iii, 192.
24 Powicke, Henry III, 538–9; EHD, iii, 193.
25 Powicke, Henry III, 539–41; Studd, Itinerary, 100.
26AM, iv, 197; DNB, lvi, 387.
27 Edward was at Pontefract on 21 March: Studd, Itinerary, 100. AM, iv, 197–8; DNB, lvi, 387.
28AM, iv, 196.
29EHD, iii, 193–4.
30Flores, iii, 15; Powicke, Henry III, 543–4; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 238–40.
31EHD, iii 194–6; Powicke, Henry III, 545–6.
32EHD, iii, 121–2, 194, 197; AM, iv, 211.
33 Prestwich, Edward I, 60; Smith, Llywelyn, 178.
34AM, iv, 212.
35 Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 144–51.
36 Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 113; Powicke, Henry III, 562.
37 Ibid., 541, 562. In general, the number of former Montfortians that took the cross was minimal. Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 126–32.
38 Ibid., 115, 201–7.
39 Ibid., 146–7, 232; Powicke, 562n.
40 H. A. Wait, ‘The Household and Resources of the Lord Edward’ (D. Phil. thesis, Oxford, 1988), ch. 8, v; Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 115.
41 Ibid., 114, 147; Powicke, Henry III, 557, 562.
42 Parsons, ‘Year of Eleanor of Castile’s Birth’, 259; Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 77–8.
43 J. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A Short History (New Haven and London, 1987), 12–13.
44 Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 16–23.
45 R. Graham, ‘Letters of Cardinal Ottoboni’, EHR, 15 (1900), no. 26; F. M. Powicke, The Thirteenth Century, 1216–1307 (2nd edn, Oxford, 1962), 231.
46 J. R. Maddicott, ‘The Crusade Taxation of 1268–1270 and the Development of Parliament’, TCE, ii (1988), 93–5, 101–2.
47 R. Huscroft, Expulsion: England’s Jewish Solution (Stroud, 2006), 11, 63–5.
48 Ibid., 43–6, 68.
49 Ibid., 46–8, 54–6, 60.
50 Ibid., 83–5, 90.
51 R. C. Stacey, ‘1240–60: A Watershed in Anglo-Jewish Relations?’, Historical Research, 61 (1988), 135–150.
52 Huscroft, Expulsion, 91–2; Stacey, ‘Expulsion’, 93–4; idem, ‘1240–60: A Watershed’, 142–3.
53 R. C. Stacey, ‘The English Jews under Henry III’, The Jews in Medieval Britain: Historical, Literary and Archaeological Perspectives, ed. P. Skinner (Woodbridge, 2003), 51. Note, however, that Edward and Montfort are not themselves named in the evidence for the raid on the exchequer: NA E159/33, m. 10.
54 Maddicott, ‘Crusade Taxation’, 101–2, 109–10 and n.
55 Prestwich, Edward I, 62; DNB, xxvi, 468; Powicke, Henry III, 523– 5, 709; K. B. McFarlane, ‘Had Edward I a “Policy” towards the Earls?’, The Nobility of Later Medieval England (Oxford, 1973), 254–7.
56 Maddicott, ‘Crusade Ta
xation’, 103; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 127–9.
57KW, i, 130, 150; D. A. Carpenter, ‘Westminster Abbey in Politics, 1258–1269’, TCE, viii (2001), 54–5.
58 Powicke, Henry III, 575–6; AM, iv, 227; Maddicott, ‘Crusade Taxation’, 105–6 (only permission to assess was granted).
59 S. Lloyd, ‘Gilbert de Clare, Richard of Cornwall and the Lord Edward’s Crusade’, Nottingham Medieval Studies, xxx (1986), 46–53.
60EHD, iii, 204; J. R. Studd, ‘The Lord Edward’s Lordship of Chester, 1254–72’, Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 128 (1979), 16–17.
61 Powicke, Henry III, 579. But it seems unlikely, given the chronicler’s silence, that Edward also went to France.
62 Lloyd, ‘Gilbert de Clare’, 54; Maddicott, ‘Crusade Taxation’, 108–10.
63 Lloyd, ‘Gilbert de Clare’, 55–62.
64 Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 116–24; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 125.
65 R. Huscroft, ‘Should I Stay or Should I Go? Robert Burnell, the Lord Edward’s Crusade and the Canterbury Vacancy of 1270–3’, Nottingham Medieval Studies, xlv (2001), 97, 102–5; Powicke, Henry III, 582; Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 28.
66 Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 139, 142n; Studd, Itinerary, 130.
67 Powicke, Henry III, 597–8.
68 J. Dunbabin, Charles I of Anjou: Power, Kingship and State-Making in Thirteenth-Century Europe (Harlow, 1998), 3–5, 57, 194–7.
69 Studd, Itinerary, 131.
70 Ibid.; Prestwich, Edward I, 73–4.
71 Ibid., 74; A History of the Crusades, ed. K. M. Setton (6 vols., Philadelphia and Madison, 1955–89), ii, 517.
72Cron. Maior, 131; AM, iv, 239–40; Prestwich, Edward I, 74–5.
73 Riley-Smith, The Crusades, xvi, 40–5, 56–60, 61–4, 77–8.
74 Ibid., 84–7, 156–7; The Atlas of the Crusades, ed. J. Riley-Smith (London, 1991), 98–9, 102–3.
75 Riley-Smith, The Crusades 200–3; R. Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The Early Mamluk Sultanate, 1250–1382 (London, 1986), 42–56.
76AM, iv, 245. See also Political Songs, 132.
77 Ibn al-Furt, 150.
78 ‘Annales de Terre Sainte’, ed. R. Röhricht, Archives de l’Orient Latin, ii (1884), 455; Ibn al-Furt, 151–2; ‘Gestes des Chiprois’, Receuil des Historiens des Croisades: Documents Arméniens, ed. C. Kohler, vol. 2(Paris, 1906), 778.
79 D. Nicolle and A. McBride, The Mamluks, 1250–1517 (London, 1993), 15; ‘Gestes des Chiprois’, 778.
