by Marc Morris
51 Ibid., 160–2; KW, i, 331.
52 Morris, Welsh Wars, 165–6. Pace Morris, the date of the attack was 16 June. Annales Cambrie, ed. J. Williams ab Ithel (Rolls Series, 1860), 106.
53PW, 227; RCWL, 45.
54Itinerary, i, 159a; KW, i, 322–3; Morris, Welsh Wars, 173.
55 Ibid., 174.
56 Ibid., 176–7; KW, i, 355–6; Smith, Llywelyn, 526.
57Itinerary, i, 162–3; KW, i, 328; Morris, Welsh Wars,177–8.
58Itinerary, i, 163–4; Morris, Welsh Wars, 168–9, 178; KW, i, 333; Smith, Llywelyn, 527, 529–30.
59 Ibid., 530.
60AWR, 617–25; Smith, Llywelyn, 532–4.
61 Ibid., 534–5.
62 Ibid., 535–6, 542–3. It is inconceivable that this offer could have been made after 6 November.
63 Ibid., 233–4, 536–43; Guisborough, 219–20; AM, iv, 290.
64AWR, 626–8.
65Itinerary, i, 165; Morris, Welsh Wars, 180–1; PW, 10; CRV, 275–6.
66PW, 244–5; Morris, Welsh Wars, 181; Prestwich, Edward I, 238.
67 Morris, Welsh Wars, 181; Smith, Llywelyn, 550; DNB, xxxix, 394; CRV, 257; Prestwich, Edward I, 190–1.
68CACW, 83–4; Smith, Llywelyn, 550–68; Davies, Empire, 40, 45; Bury, 75–6; Flores, iii, 57; Ann. Lond., 90; AM, iv, 291.
69 Smith, Llywelyn, 570; AWR, 653–5; Prestwich, Edward I, 194.
70 Morris, Welsh Wars, 185–9; Morris, Bigod Earls, 126; PW, 244–5.
71 A. J. Taylor, ‘The Death of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd’, Studies in Castles and Castle-Building, 230; NA E101/351/9 (from November 1282).
72 Morris, Welsh Wars, 185, 190–1; KW, i, 336; Itinerary, i, 169.
73 Morris, Welsh Wars, 191; PW, 12–13.
74Itinerary, i, 170; KW, i, 337; PW, 246–8.
75 Morris, Welsh Wars, 192–5; Itinerary, i, 173–4.
76 Ibid., 174–8; KW, i, 323; PW, 15–16; Smith, Llywelyn, 576, 578; Prestwich, Edward I, 196.
77 Prestwich, Edward I, 200, 569; Kaeuper, Bankers, 182–91; Smith, Llywelyn, 529.
78 Smith, Llywelyn, 570. See also F.G. Cowley, The Monastic Order in South Wales, 1066–1349 (Cardiff, 1977), 214–15.
79AM, iv, 294; J. G. Bellamy, The Law of Treason in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1970), 23–6.
80Itinerary, i, 181–6; AM, iv, 488; A. J. Taylor, ‘Royal Alms and Oblations’, Studies in Castles and Castle-Building, 257–90.
81EHD, iii, 422–7.
82KW, i, 337–54, 357–65. Cf. N. Coldstream, ‘Architects, Advisers and Design at Edward I’s Castles in Wales’, Architectural History, 46 (2003), 19–36; R. K. Morris, ‘The Architecture of Arthurian Enthusiasm: Castle Symbolism in the Reigns of Edward I and his Successors’, Armies, Chivalry and Warfare in Medieval Britain and France: Proceedings of the 1995 Harlaxton Symposium, ed. M. Strickland (Stamford, 1998), 72–3.
83KW, i, 369–95, and specifically 370; Morris, ‘Architecture of Arthurian Enthusiasm’, 65–6. Cf. A. Wheatley, The Idea of the Castle in Medieval England (Woodbridge, 2004), 112–21.
84Itinerary, i, 188; KW, i, 372; AM, iv, 490; Ann. Lond., 91; D. Powel, The Historie of Cambria (London, 1584), 76–7. The birth of another daughter, Elizabeth, at Rhuddlan in August 1282 may represent an earlier attempt to the same end. Parsons, ‘Year of Eleanor of Castile’s Birth’, 265.
85 Davies, Empire, 27n, 32; Flores, iii, 59; NA E101/372/11, m. 1; Ann. Lond., 92.
86Itinerary, i, 190–4; J. G. Frazer, The Golden Bough (London, 1922), 76; see also Taylor, ‘Royal Alms’, 288–9; Davies, Empire, 31–2; Flores, iii, 62; AM, iii, 313; iv, 489.
CHAPTER 7: PEACEFUL ENDEAVOURS
1AM, iv, 298.
2KW, i, 202n; Salzman, Edward I, 78–9; Prestwich, Edward I, 127.
3AM, iv, 298; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 101–2 (cf. idem, ‘The Children of King Henry III and Eleanor of Provence’, TCE, iv (1992), 57–72); Prestwich, Edward I, 128–9; Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 38–9.
4 A. J. Taylor, ‘A Fragment of a Dona Account of 1284’, Studies in Castles and Castle-Building, 196–201; idem, ‘Royal Alms’, 281–2; Itinerary, i, 195–200; KW, i, 306; RCWL, 57–8.
5 Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 234.
6Calendar of Papal Registers, Papal Letters, 1198–1304 (London, 1893), 473–4.
7 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 264–5. About £110,000 of the £130,000 had been collected by 1283, of which Edward seized about £40,000. W. E. Lunt, Financial Relations of the Papacy with England to 1327 (Cambridge, Mass.,1939), 332–3; Kaeuper, Bankers, 200–1.
8 Dunbabin, Charles I of Anjou, 4–6, 90, 99–108.
9 Ibid., 113.
10 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 252–3.
11 J. R. Strayer, ‘The Crusade against Aragon’, Speculum, 28 (1953), 104–8.
12 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 241–3, 257–8, 271, 311n; Strayer, ‘Crusade against Aragon’, 105.
13AM, iv, 300. See also RCWL, 58–61.
14AM, iv, 300 (cf. Itinerary, i, 201); CPR, 1281–92, 149–52.
15Itinerary, i, 202–5; AM, iv, 301; P. Chaplais, ‘Le Duche-Pairie de Guyenne’, Essays in Medieval Diplomacy and Administration (London, 1981), iii, 22; Trivet, 310, is probably relying on the confused memories of his patron (Edward’s daughter), Mary, who was travelling with the court at this time (cf. Itinerary, i, 209–10; Bury, 83). See A. Gransden, Historical Writing in England c. 550 to c. 1307 (London, 1974), 504, and below, n. 24.
16 Cotton, 166; Ann. Lond., 93–4; Flores, iii, 63; AM, ii, 402; Chronica Johannis de Oxenedes, ed. H. Ellis (Rolls Series, 1859), 243; Taylor, ‘Royal Alms’, 283–4.
17 Chaplais, ‘Duche-Pairie de Guyenne’, 22–4.
18EHD, iii, 428–60; Cotton, 166.
19 Williams, Medieval London, 208, 232–5, 242.
20KW, i, 715–22.
21 Williams, Medieval London, 245–52. For more on Ruxley and Waleys, see DNB, xlviii, 427–8; lvi, 799–800.
22 Williams, Medieval London, 249–50, 252–4. For approximate population levels, see Carpenter, Struggle, 44.
23 Williams, Medieval London, 254–5; Prestwich, Edward I, 265.
24 A. J. Taylor, ‘Edward I and the Shrine of St Thomas of Canterbury’, Studies in Castles and Castle-Building, 291–7; Itinerary, i, 209–10; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 300.
25EHD, iii, 460–2; M. Morris, ‘King Edward I and the Knights of the Round Table’, Foundations of Medieval Scholarship: records edited in honour of David Crook, ed. P. Brand and S. Cunningham (York, 2008).
26 John de Vaux, one of the three ambassadors sent in May, was back with the king by 10 September: RCWL, 74; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 252; Chaplais, ‘Duche-Pairie de Guyenne’, 24.
27 Ibid., 24n; Strayer, ‘Crusade against Aragon’, 102; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 255.
28 Edward’s presence in Exeter was probably occasioned by the recent scandal there. D. Douie, Archbishop Pecham (Oxford, 1952), 302–4.
29AM, ii, 403; PROME, 46; Prestwich, Edward I, 323.
30 Ibid.; E. Gemmill, ‘The King’s Companions: The Evidence of Royal Charter Witness Lists from the Reign of Edward I’, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library, 83 (2001), 145.
31 J. R. Strayer, The Reign of Philip the Fair (Princeton, 1980), 3 5–6, 12.
32 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 255–6; Prestwich, Edward I, 323.
33 Ibid.; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 290–1. For ardua negocia, see PROME, 45; also Guisborough, 223 (quibusdam arduis corrigendis).
34 Strayer, Reign of Philip the Fair, 6, 10–11; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 256–7.
35 Ibid., 253.
36 Crouch, Tournament, 37, 45, 77; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 248.
37Foedera, I, ii, 668–70.
38 Ibid., 672–3; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 291.
39 Lunt, Financial Relations, 338.
40 J.-P. Trabut-Cussac, ‘Itinéraire d’édouard Ier en France, 1286–89’, BIHR, 25 (1952), 166–73.
41 Ibid., 174–5; Rôles Gascons, ed. Francisqu
e-Michel and C. Bémont, iii, xlv; RWH, nos. 73, 853.
42 Ibid., nos. 575, 824–6.
43Chronica Johannis de Oxenedes, ed. Ellis, 246–7, gives the date as ‘the first week in Lent’, but Edward is too mobile down to Easter for this to have been the case. For the true date, see RWH, no. 255.
44 Unless 1287 was a bumper year for indoor near-death experiences, Trivet, 313, is probably describing the same incident. For other vague reports, see AM, ii, 404; Flores, iii, 65–6.
45RWH, nos. 827–9; Lunt, Financial Relations, 338.
46 Trabut-Cussac, ‘Itinéraire’, 177–9; For Blanquefort’s acquisition, see idem, L’Administration, 15, 38. Two English chroniclers say Edward took the cross there: Flores, iii, 65–6; Trivet, 314. Another says he recovered there and took the cross at Bordeaux: AM, ii, 404. See also R. R. Mundill, England’s Jewish Solution: Experiment and Expulsion, 1262–1290 (Cambridge, 1998), 85–6.
47 Lunt, Financial Relations, 338–9n; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 235.
48RWH, nos. 289, 341, 575.
49 Ibid., nos. 429, 958, 967–8, 979, 987.
50 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 259.
51 Ibid., 259–60.
52 Trabut-Cussac, ‘Itinéraire’, 181–4; RWH, no. 543, 1082; Prestwich, Edward I, 330.
53 Ibid., 324; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 259n; Trabut-Cussac, ‘Itinéraire’, 185.
54 Ibid., 187–9.
55 M. W. Beresford, New Towns of the Middle Ages: Town Plantation in England, Wales and Gascony (London, 1967), 351–9.
56 Ibid., 8–9, 149–50, 166–7, 584.
57 Ibid., 359–62.
58 Ibid., 191, 234–6.
59 Ibid., 30, 99–102, 362, 584.
60 Ibid., 29, 79, 83–5, 363–72.
61 Ibid., 35–51.
62 Ibid., 51, 58–60, 96, 427–8, 445–6. For Edward’s other unsuccessful urban initiatives, ibid., 83.
63 Ibid., 6, 14–15, 19, 28–9; EHD, iii, 799–800. For the fullest treatment, see D. and B. Martin, New Winchelsea, Sussex (2004).
64 Beresford, New Towns of the Middle Ages, 270, 338, 593–4, 597.
65 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 260.
66 Trabut-Cussac, ‘Itinéraire’, 191–3.
67 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 260, 282–3; Trabut-Cussac, ‘Itinéraire’, 193–4.
68 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 284. J.-L. Blanc and J.-F Massie, ‘Le Castera de Bonnegarde’, Extrait du Bulletin de la Société de Borda (1977), 1–22; Beresford, New Towns of the Middle Ages, 187.
69 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 284; RWH, nos. 1730, 1757–8, 1779, 2012, 2665–71, 2774, 3229.
70 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 261, 263, 298–304; Trabut-Cussac, ‘Itinéraire’, 201.
71 Davies, Age of Conquest, 380–1, Morris, Welsh Wars, 205–19; Kaeuper, Bankers, 195–9; RWH, 423–98.
72DNB, xlvi, 618.
73CCR, 1272–79, 493.
74 Prestwich, Edward I, 13.
75NHI, 67–141, 241–3, 441–4.
76 Ibid., 156–75.
77 Ibid., 179–84, 244–51.
78 S. Duffy, Ireland in the Middle Ages (Basingstoke, 1996), 129.
79 Powicke, Henry III, 700–1; Davies, Empire, 101–2, 146, 148.
80 Ibid., 108; NHI, 242, 271, 346, 394.
81DNB, xi, 768; R. Frame, ‘The Justiciar and the Murder of the MacMurroughs in 1282’, Irish Historical Studies, xviii (1972), 223–30.
82DNB, xi, 768; Duffy, Ireland in the Middle Ages, 129; NHI, 259.
83 Salzman, Edward I, 87.
84 Stacey, ‘Expulsion’, 78–9. The remainder of this chapter draws heavily on Prof. Stacey’s reconstruction of events.
85 Ibid., 79–80; CCR, 1279–88, 547.
86 In general, see D. W. Sutherland, Quo Warranto Proceedings in the Reign of Edward I, 1278–1294 (Oxford, 1963).
87 Guisborough, 216; Prestwich, Edward I, 262.
88 Stacey, ‘Expulsion’, 81.
89The Mirror of Justices, ed. W. J. Whittaker (Selden Society, vii, 1895), 6–8; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 520–1; Powicke, Henry III, 701–2; M. Morris, ‘The King’s Companions’, History Today, 55 (December 2005), 55; Guisborough, 216.
90 Stacey, ‘Expulsion’, 81–2; AM, iv, 316.
91 Stacey, ‘Expulsion’, 83–4; EHD, iii, 463; P. A. Brand, ‘Edward I and the Judges: the “State Trials” of 1289–93’, TCE, i (1986), 31–40.
92 Stacey, ‘Expulsion’, 86–7; EHD, iii, 464–6.
93 Salzman, Edward I, 92; below, 234.
94 Stacey, ‘Expulsion’, 88, 90.
95 Ibid., 95–9; cf. Mundill, England’s Jewish Solution, passim.
96 Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 61, 119–20, 176, 252.
97 Ibid., 120–1.
98 Huscroft, Expulsion, 131–2, 154.
99 Ibid., 133, 144–7.
100 Ibid., 146.
101 Stacey, ‘Expulsion’, 89–90.
102 Huscroft, Expulsion, 147–8; Mundill, England’s Jewish Solution, 299–301.
103 Stacey, ‘Expulsion’, 90–1.
104 Ibid., 91–3.
105 Huscroft, Expulsion, 151–2, 155–7.
106DNB, xxxii, 497; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 236–8; Powicke, Henry III, 733; idem, Thirteenth Century, 261–3, 266–8; Lunt, Financial Relations, 339–40.
CHAPTER 8: THE GREAT CAUSE
1 D. Crook, ‘The Last Days of Eleanor of Castile’, Transactions of the Thoroton Society of Nottinghamshire, xciv (1990), 17–28.
2 Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 4–5, 58–60, 64, 102–13, 120, 122.
3 N. Coldstream, ‘The Commissioning and Design of the Eleanor Crosses’, Eleanor of Castile 1290–1990, ed. D. Parsons (Stamford, 1991), 55–67; P. Lindley, ‘Romanticizing Reality: The Sculptural Memorials of Queen Eleanor and their Context’, ibid., 69–92; Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 60, 209. Henry III had been quietly translated to a new tomb earlier in 1290. Carpenter, ‘King Henry III and the Cosmati Work’, 423–4.
4 Prestwich, Edward I, 131–2; Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 50; Powicke, Henry III, 734–5.
5 Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 237–8.
6DNB, i, 653–5; M. Morris, Castle: A History of the Buildings that Shaped Medieval Britain (London, 2003), 203.
7DNB, i, 655; Barrow, Bruce, 1–2; Duncan, Kingship, 171.
8 Ibid., 175–7.
9 Ibid., 178–9.
10Eleanor of Provence, 293–300, 305.
11 Powicke, Henry III, 732–3, 788–90.
12 Duncan, Kingship, 165–6, 169–70, 175–9.
13 Ibid., 171, 179–82.
14 Ibid., 182–4.
15 Ibid., 185, 187–91, 196.
16 Ibid., 156–8, 191–3, 196; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 592–3.
17 Duncan, Kingship, 190, 192, 194; EHD, iii, 467–8.
18 Duncan, Kingship, 195–7.
19DNB, xxx, 170.
20DNB, iii, 605–6; xxx, 170.
21DNB, xii, 904.
22DNB, viii, 373–4.
23 Duncan, Kingship, 178, 197–9.
24 Ibid., 199, 202, 208; AM, ii, 409.
25 G. W. S. Barrow, Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000–1306 (London, 1981), 3, 10–14.
26 Ibid., 25, 33, 105–21; Carpenter, Struggle, 13–14; Duncan, Kingship, 336.
27 Carpenter, Struggle, 11–14.
28 Bartlett, Making of Europe, 274–7.
29 Ibid., 78–81; Barrow, Bruce, 20–1; Carpenter, Struggle, 142–3, 178–82.
30 Davies, Domination and Conquest, 13–14; idem, Empire, 151–2, 156–8, 160–6; Carpenter, Struggle, 179–80; J. Campbell, ‘The United Kingdom of England’, Uniting the Kingdom?, ed. A. Grant and K. J. Stringer (London, 1995), 47.
31 J. Gillingham, ‘Conquering the Barbarians: War and Chivalry in Twelfth-Century Britain and Ireland’, The English in the Twelfth Century, 41–58; Davies, Domination and Conquest, 51.
32 Morris, Bigod Earls, 5, 13n, 48; Barrow, Bruce, 23, 26.
33 Davies, Empire, 11–14
, 64–5.
34 Duncan, Kingship, 154–5.
35Geoffrey of Monmouth, ed. Thorpe, 90, 218–21, 227–8.
36 Davies, Empire, 47.
37 Duncan, Kingship, 127–53; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 593–4.
38 Above, 25; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 102–3; Lanercost, 81 (the summer of 1268 is the likeliest context: see Maddicott, ‘Crusade Taxation’, 96, and cf. Studd, Itinerary, 111); A. A. M. Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom (Edinburgh, 1975), 577; M. Penman, The Scottish Civil War: The Bruces and the Balliols and the War for Control of Scotland (Stroud, 2002), 26.
39 Duncan, Kingship, 159; cf. Prestwich, Edward I, 90n.
40 Duncan, Kingship, 160.
41 Ibid., 161–4.
42 Ibid., 205–9.
43 Ibid., 213–15.
44 Ibid., 215–16.
45 Ibid., 206, 211–13, 216.
46 Ibid., 199–203, 218–19, 232.
47 Ibid., 179, 237–8.
48 Ibid., 245–6.
49 Ibid., 218; RCWL, 100; Prestwich, Edward I, 365.
50 Duncan, Kingship, 245–54.
51Edward I and the Throne of Scotland, 1290–1296: an Edition of the Record Sources for the Great Cause, ed. E. L. G. Stones and G. G. Simpson (2 vols., Oxford, 1977), i, 1; Duncan, Kingship, 259, 261, 264; Itinerary, ii, 10; Prestwich, Edward I, 366.
52 Duncan, Kingship, 257–61.
53 Ibid., 265.
54 Ibid., 346–7.
55 Ibid., 184–5, 240, 265–6.
56 Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 307–12.
57 Morris, Welsh Wars, 224–30.
58 Ibid., 231–5; PROME, 57.
59 Morris, Welsh Wars, 235–7; DNB, xlvi, 618–19.
60Itinerary, ii, 24; Duncan, Kingship, 267.
61 Ibid., 267–9.
62 Ibid., 270, 346.
63 Ibid., 269.
64 Ibid., 272–4, 277–8.
65Itinerary, ii, 26–30; Duncan, Kingship, 309–10.
66 Ibid., 274–5, 277, 284, 291.
67 Ibid., 268, 297–9.
68 Ibid., 300–6.
69 Ibid., 306–7.
70 Ibid., 316–20; Barrow, Bruce, 50–2.
CHAPTER 9: THE STRUGGLE FOR MASTERY
1 Riley-Smith, The Crusades, 206–7; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 235–40.
2 Prestwich, Edward I, 313, 331; CPR, 1281–92, 435; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 235.
3KW, i, 252, 510; Binski, Painted Chamber, 1–7; M. Reeve, ‘The Painted Chamber at Westminster, Edward I, and the Crusade’, Viator, 37 (2006), 189–221. Some surviving fragments of the Chamber can be seen in the British Museum.
