by Evans, Karin
7 Reported in Steven W. Mosher’s A Mother’s Ordeal (New York: HarperPerennial, 1993).
8 Bill McKibben, Maybe One: A Personal and Environmental Argument for Single-Child Families (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998).
9 The story of Sun Lili appeared in Dele Olojede, “Chinese Woman Fights Family Planning Laws,” Newsday, November 30, 1998.
10 Christine M. Bulger, “Fighting Gender Discrimination in the Chinese Workplace,” Boston College Third World Law Journal, www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/law/lwsch/journals.
11 “Caught Between Tradition and the State,” published by Human Rights in China.
12 See note 14 below, on testimony of Gao Xiao Duan before the U.S. Congress.
13 Ted Koppel, “Executing Orders,” Nightline, aired June 9, 1998.
14 Gao Xiao Duan, a former administrator of population control in the PRC, and Zhou Shiu Yon, who testified as a victim of coercive measures, appeared before the House Subcommittee on International Operations and Human Rights of the International Relations Committee, United States House of Representatives, June 9, 1998. An account of the proceedings was released by Chairman Christopher Smith’s office. Dissident author Harry Wu also testified.
15 In 1985 the U.S. Congress passed the Kemp-Kasten Amendment, prohibiting U.S. birth control funds from going to any organization or nation that supported a program of forced abortion or sterilization. The Clinton administration later took steps to restore U.S. support to the United Nations Population Fund’s Chinese program, resulting in a 1999 compromise to limit to $15 million aid to groups overseas that specifically advocate abortion rights. “Restrictions on Family Planning Money Waived,” New York Times, December 1, 1999.
16 “Caught Between Tradition and the State,” published by Human Rights in China.
17 Harry Wu interview with author, August 27, 1998.
18 Figure on abortion of female fetuses comes from Human Rights in China.
19 For text of old and new adoption laws, see Cecere, The Children Can’t Wait.
20 According to Arthur Wolf and Chieh-shan Huang, authors of Marriage and Adoption in China, 1845-1945 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1980), adoption of girls and boys both was an integral part of the system of marriage and kinship.
21 Kwei-li, Golden Lilies, with an introduction by Eileen Goudge (New York: Viking, 1990).
22 Reports on the gender gap have been published in a number of sources, including China Wakes, by Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn; “Caught Between Tradition and the State; Violations of the Rights of Chinese Women,” China Rights Forum, Human Rights in China, winter 1993 and fall 1995; Betsy Hartmann in Reproductive Rights & Wrongs (Boston: South End Press, 1995); and the South China Morning Post Sunday Magazine, June 1995.
23 Bob Herbert, “China’s Missing Girls,” New York Times, October 30, 1997.
24 Ann Anagnost, “A Surfeit of Bodies: Population and the Rationality of the State in Post-Mao China,” in Conceiving the New World Order, The Global Politics of Reproduction, ed. Faye D. Ginsburg and Rayna Rapp (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995).
25 Reports on accident rates for rural women, conditions in U.S.-China joint ventures, published in Liu Ping, “Dying for Development,” China Rights Forum, fall 1994.
26 “The Unofficial Report, Women Workers in China,” China Labour Education and Information Centre, fall 1995.
27 Unemployment rate from Orville Schell, San Francisco Examiner, June 21, 1998.
28 Cases of abused, abducted women appeared in Kristof and WuDunn, China Wakes, and Human Rights in China documents previously cited.
5. The Taming Power of the Small 1 Robert Wyndham, ed., Chinese Mother Goose Rhymes (New York: Philomel, 1968).
2 Kwei-li, Golden Lilies.
3 Wang Fangyu, Richard M. Barnhart, and Judith G. Smith, eds., Master of the Lotus Garden: The Life and Art of Bada Shanren (1626-1705) (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990).
4 Figures from United States Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1997.
5 Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
6 Maxine Hong Kingston, The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975).
6. Matters of Life and Death 1 Information Office, PRC.
2 According to human rights groups, including Human Rights in China and Human Rights Watch/Asia.
3 RainbowKids International is on the Web at www.rainbowkids.com.
4 Early estimates of the number of state-run orphanages that dealt with foreign adoptions vary, from fifty to fewer than a hundred. China has over time opened more institutions to foreign adoption.
5 In one news report (Bob Herbert, New York Times, October 30, 1997), a young woman who had worked in an orphanage in Guangzhou was quoted as saying that she had seen tiny bodies carried out of the building in a wheelbarrow. The Asia/Pacific director of Amnesty International referred to orphanage conditions as “an area of darkness in Chinese institutional life.” A German journalist used the term Kindergulag.
6 Good Fortune: Families with Chinese Children Share Their Stories, produced by Corky Merwin.
7 The Dying Rooms included footage from what the producers termed “China’s showcase children’s institute,” Shanghai Orphanage. The little dying girl was filmed in Zhaoqing, just outside Guangzhou.
8 Refutations of the charges are included in material released by the Chinese government, including Facts/Sheet 1 on Orphanages in China, Chinese Embassy, United Kingdom, and “White Paper—the Situation of Children in China,” presented by the Information Office of the State Council, PRC, April 3, 1996.
9 Angela Ki Che Leung, “Relief Institutions for Children,” in Chinese Views of Childhood, ed. Anne Behnke Kinney, (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1995).
10 An account by Uli Schmetzer appeared in the Chicago Tribune, April 10, 1996.
11 Reports by pediatrician Nancy Hendrie, M.D., for instance, in the Boston-area Families with Children from China newsletter, or Michael Traister, M.D., in an FCC publication, and a study, “Health Status of U.S. Adopted Chinese Orphans,” published by the Society for Pediatric Research, 1997.
7. East-West Lives 1 From “The Analects of K’ung Fu Tse,” Chinese Periodicals, Beijing, 1986. English version by Karin Evans.
2 Richard Tessler, West Meets East: Americans Adopt Chinese Children (Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1999). Material used by permission of the author.
3 W. S. Tseng et al., “Transethnic Adoptions and Personality Traits: A Lesson from Japanese Orphans Returned from China to Japan,” American Journal of Psychiatry, March 1990.
4 Kathy Kallick, “Use a Napkin (Not Your Mom!),” Sugar Beach, 1995.
5 Dick Lehr, “The Riddle of Julia Ming Gale,” Boston Globe, October 8, 1996.
6 “The Korean Baby Boom Grows Up and Speaks Out,” Asia Week, December 2, 1996.
7 An overview of opinion can be found in Felicia Laws, “Transracial Adoptions, A Case of Colorblind Love or Cultural Genocide?” University of California McNair Journal 93.
8 Pang-Mei Natasha Chang, Bound Feet and Western Dress (New York: Double-day, 1996).
9 Chine Hui, “What Does It Take to Be an American?” San Francisco Chronicle, Open Forum, June 1996.
10 Nona Mock Wyman, Chopstick Childhood in a Town of Silver Spoons (Walnut Creek, CA: MQ Press, 1996).
8. In the Light of the Autumn Moon 1 Meng Jia, “Traveler’s Song,” Maples in the Mist: Children’s Poems from the Tang Dynasty, trans. Minfong Ho (New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, 1996).
2 Kay Ann Johnson and Amy Klatzkin, Wanting a Daughter, Needing a Son (St. Paul: Yeong & Yeong, 2004).
3 Robert Shaplen essay accompanying the photographs of Henri Cartier-Bresson in the collection The Face of Asia (New York: Viking, 1972).
9. The Search for Roots 1 Wang Wei, “News of Home,” Maples in the Mist: Children’s Poems from the Tang Dynasty, trans. Minfong Ho (New York: Lothrop, Lee &
Shepard, 1996.)
2 Time, April 19, 1999.
3 Rainer Maria Rilke, Letters to a Young Poet, trans. Stephen Mitchell (New York: Random House, 1987).
4 Evan Eisenberg, “The Adoption Paradox,” Discover, January 2001.
5 Nona Mock Wyman, Chopstick Childhood (Walnut Creek, CA: MQ Press, 1998).
6 The Mauser family website is at www.danielmauser.com.
7 Information on the Child Citizenship Act of 2001 is available online at www.ins.usdoj.gov/graphics/publicaffairs/factsheets/chowto.htm. Changes to the adoption laws have been made since this book was originally published, and more will come after this edition, both in U.S. procedures and in the Chinese protocols. The Families with Children From China website (www.fwcc.org) posts up-to-date information and points to other relevant resources.
11. Through the Chinese Looking Glass 1 Wang Zhi-Huan, “Climing Stork Tower,” Maples in the Mist: Children’s Poems from the Tang Dynasty, trans. Minfong Ho (New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, 1996).
2 Helen Zia, “A Great Leap Forward for Girls,” Ford Foundation Report, Winter 2000; online at www.fordfoundation.org. Also John Pomfret, “China’s Losing ‘War’ on Births,” Washington Post Foreign Service, May 3, 2000.
3 Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Also Henry Chu, “7 Brides for 14 Brothers,” Los Angeles Times, February 14, 2001.
4 Elisabeth Rosenthal, “Without ‘Barefoot Doctors,’ China’s Rural Families Suffer,” New York Times, March 14, 2001.
5 Orville Schell, www.salon.com, accessed March 13, 1999.
6 Marsha Ginsburg, “Crisis Inflames Bias Against Asians,” San Francisco Chronicle, April 14, 2001. William Wong, “A Great Wall of Unease,” San Francisco Chronicle, April 18, 2001.
7 Among the explorations of future tensions: Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro in The Coming Conflict with China (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997); Julia Bloch speaking before the World Affairs Council, June 7, 1999; and Orville Schell writing in www.salon.com, June 8, 1999. On the Chinese side, Liu Ji, vice president, Chinese Academy of Social Scientists, and an adviser to Jiang Zemin, noted in June 1998 that China, if pushed the wrong way, could easily become an anti-American force, as reported by Reuters.
8 Reports on obesity from the New York Times, November 15, 1998.
9 Pomfret, “China’s Losing ‘War’ on Births.”
10 New York Times, November 1, 1998. According to China Population Information Center, the fertility rate had dipped to 1.8 children per family by 1997.
11 China Rights Forum (Winter 1995).
12 Helen Zia, “Open Forum: Why I Will Carry the Olympic Torch,” San Francisco Chronicle, April 9, 2008.
13 Howard W. French, “Chinese Single Moms Struggle: Significant Social Obstacles Greet Those Who Defy Convention,” New York Times, April 5, 2008.
14 The Washington Post story on Xie Lihua appeared August 5, 1997.
15 Henry Chu, “A Bumper Crop of Self-Esteem in China,” New York Times, September 19, 1997.
16 Washington Post, October 24, 1998.
17 See Hong Ying’s remarkable Daughter of the River (New York: Grove Press, 1998).
18 Letter to Maya, produced by Nancy Brown, Blue Dog Productions, 373 Waverley St., Palo Alto, CA 94301.
19 Todd Crowell and David Hsieh, Asia Week, July 13, 1996.
20 Jan Wong, Red China Blues: My Long March from Mao to Now (New York: Doubleday /Anchor Books, 1996).
21 George Koo, “The Real China: A Firsthand Perspective on Human Rights in Today’s China,” Harvard International Review (Summer 1998).
22 See, among other accounts, Medea Benjamin, Global Exchange, a human rights organization based in San Francisco. Also Liu Ping, “Dying for Development,” China Rights Forum (Fall 1994).
23 Also-Known-As, started by a group of adult Korean adoptees and friends, seeks to serve those on their adoption life journey and open the possibility of intercountry and interracial adoptions for future generations. The group offers a mentorship program, a speakers’ bureau, language and cultural programs, motherland visits, and community service with other ethnic minority communities. For more information, visit www.alsoknownas.org
Epilogue 1 Meng Haojan (Tang dynasty poet), “Night-Mooring on the Chien-te River,” translated by Karin Evans.
2 One collection of China adoption stories is posted at www.tussah.com/lara/chinasto.htm.
3 Elizabeth Bartholet, “International Adoption: Current Status and Future Prospects,” Adoption 3, no. 1 (spring 1993).
4 John M. Glionna, “Two Lives Emerged from the Ashes,” Los Angeles Times, December 12,2007.
5 Elizabeth Fitzsimons, “In the Eyes of a Baby Girl, My First Lesson in Motherhood,” New York Times, May 13, 2007.
6 Lindy Washburn, “A Sister Act,” Oberlin Alumni Magazine, Spring 2006.
7 You may find additional information at the a-China DNA Project website, www.achinadnaproject.org.
8 Jim Yardley, “China Says One-Child Policy Will Stay for at Least Another Decade,” New York Times, May 11, 2008.
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