by Tom Holland
119 Urban II, col. 288
120 Hugh of Cluny, p. 147
121 Urban II, cols. 302–3
122 Ekkehard of Aura. Quoted by Riley-Smith, p. 33. Riley-Smith’s astronomical investigations have confirmed that the celestial phenomena reported by contemporaries were authentic.
123 “Historia peregrinorum euntium Jerusolymam”: ibid.
124 Fulcher of Chartres, p. 56. The allusion is specifically to the papacy but in the context applies no less forcefully to Jerusalem.
125 See Delort, p. 64
126 Quoted by Cowdrey (History 55), p. 188
127 Gerbert of Aurillac, Letter 36
128 For this estimate, see Bull (1993), p. 4
129 Robert the Monk, p. 729
130 Ralph of Caen, p. 22
131 Gesta Francorum, p. 1
132 Matthew 24.30
133 The Latin word “crusata” did not come into use until the thirteenth century.
134 Anna Comnena, pp. 308–9
135 For Alexius’s self-presentation as the last emperor, see Charanis and Shepard (1997).
136 Albert of Aachen, 4.13
137 Estimates as to the precise numbers on the Crusade are inevitably hedged about by uncertainty. See Phillips, p. 6
138 Guibert de Nogent, The Deeds of God through the Franks, p. 225
139 Revelation 19.13–15.
Bibliography
Primary sources
Sources for medieval history tend to be much less freely availaible than their equivalents from the classical period. Not only do a majority remain untranslated, but many are accessible only in intimidating volumes of nineteenth-century scholarship. Two resources are particularly indispensable. One is the Patrologia Latina, an immense compendium of sermons, saints’ lives and other writings on ecclesiastical themes, gathered together in no fewer than 221 volumes by a single French priest, Jacques-Paul Migne. The other is the Monumenta Germaniae Historica, an even more titanic anthology of sources for the study of medieval history, begun in 1826 and ongoing to this day. Its title notwithstanding, the range of texts it embraces is far from confined to Germany. It is, however, authentically monumental.
The following abbreviations were unavoidable:
AASS: Acta Sanctorum Quotquot Orbe Colunter, Société des Bollandistes Antwerp, Brussels and Paris, 1643–1940
EHD: English Historical Documents 1, c. 500–1042, Dorothy Whitelock London, 1979
MGH: Monumenta Germaniae Historica
AA: Auctores Antiquissimi Libelli: Libelli de lite imperatorum et pontificum
SRG: Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separati editii
SS: Scriptores
PG: Patrologia Graeca
PL: Patrologia Latina
All quotations from the Bible are from the Revised Standard Version. All quotations from the Qur’an are from the translation by Abdullah Yusuf Ali (Indianapolis, 1992).
Abbo of Fleury: Apologeticus ad Hugonem et Rodbertum Reges Francorum, in PL 139
Abd Allah b. Buluggin al-Ziri al-Sanhaji: Al-Tibyan, tr. A. T. Tibi Leiden, 1986
Adalbero of Laon: Poème au roi Robert, C. Carozzi Paris, 1979
Adam of Bremen: History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen, tr. Francis J. Tschan New York, 2002
Adémar of Chabannes: Ademari Cabannensis Chronica, Pascale Bourgain Turnhout, 1999
Adso of Montier-en-Der: “Letter on the Origin and Time of the Antichrist,” in Apocalyptic Spirituality: Treatises and Letters of Lactantius, Adso of Montier-en-Der, Joachim of Fiore, The Franciscan Spirituals, Savonarola, tr. Bernard McGinn New York, 1979
Aelfric: Colloquy, G. N. Garmonsway London, 1947
Aelfric: Aelfric’s Catholic Homilies, Malcolm Godden London, 1979
Albert of Aachen: Historia Ierosolimitana, Susan B. Edgington Oxford, 2007
Albert of Metz: Fragmentum ed Deoderico primo episcopo Mettensi, in MGH SS 4 Hanover, 1854
Alcuin: Letters, in Alcuin of York, c. A.D. 732 to 804: His Life and Letters, by Stephen Allott York, 1974
Amatus of Monte Cassino: The History of the Normans, tr. Prescott N. Dunbar Woodbridge, 2004
Andrew of Fleury: Miraculi Sancti Benedicti, Eugene de Certain Paris, 1858
Andrew of Fleury: Vie de Gauzlin, Abbé de Fleury, Robert-Henri Bautier Paris, 1969
Angilbertus: Karolus Magnus et Leo Papa, in MGH Poetae Latini aevi Karolini 1 Berlin, 1881
Anna Comnena: The Alexiad, tr. E. R. A. Sewter London, 2003
Annales Hildesheimenses, in MGH SRG 8 Hanover, 1878
Annales Quedlinburgenses, in MGH SS 3 Hanover, 1839
Annals of Ulster, tr. Seán Mac Airt and Gearóid Mac Niocail Dublin, 1983
Archives d’Anjou, Paul Marchegay, 3 Angers, 1843–56
Ari Thorgilsson: Book of the Icelanders, Halldór Hermannsson Ithaca, 1930
Arnold of Regensburg: Vita S. Emmerami, in MGH SS 4 Hanover, 1841
Arnulf of Milan: Liber Gestorum Recentium, in MGH SRG 67 Hanover, 1994
Augustine: City of God, tr. Henry Bettenson London, 2003
Augustine: On Order, tr. Silvano Borruso South Bend, 2006
Avitus of Vienne: Epistulae, in MGH AA 6.2 Berlin, 1888
Battle of Maldon, in EHD
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Bibliotheca Cluniacensis, Martinus Marrier and Andreas Quercetanus Mâcon, 1915
Blickling Homilies, tr. Richard J. Kelly London, 2003
Bonizo of Sutri: To a Friend, in The Papal Reform of the Eleventh Century, tr. and I. S. Robinson Manchester, 2004
Bruno of Merseburg: Saxonicum Bellum, in MGH Deutsches Mittelalter 2 Leipzig, 1937
Bruno of Querfort: Passio Sancti Adalberti, in MGH SS 4 Hanover, 1841
Bruno of Querfort: Vita Quinque Fratrum, in MGH SS 15 Hanover, 1887
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Cartulaire de l’Abbaye de Saint-Aubin d’Angers, B. de Broussillon, 2 Paris, 1903
Cartulaire du Ronceray, Paul Marchegay Angers, 1856
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Collectanea Byzantina II, S. G. Mercati Bari, 1970
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos: De Administrando Imperio, tr. R. J. H. Jenkins Dumbarton Oaks, 1967
Corpus Scriptorum Muzarabicorum, J. Gil, 2 Madrid, 1973
Desiderius of Monte Cassino: Dialogi de Miraculis Sancti Benedicti, in MGH SS 30/2 Leipzig, 1934
Documents pour l’Histoire de l’Église de Saint-Hilaire de Poitiers (768–1300), L. Rédet Poitiers, 1847
Donation of Constantine, Ernest F. Henderson, in Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages London, 1910 319–29
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br />
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Geoffrey of Malaterra: De Rebus Gestis Rogerii Calabriae et Siciliae Comitis et Roberti Guiscardi Fratris Eius, E. Pontieri Bologna, 1927
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Gerbert of Aurillac: The Letters of Gerbert with his Papal Privileges as Sylvester II, tr. Harriet Pratt Lattin New York, 1961
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Henry IV: Die Briefe Heinrichs IV, in MGH Deutsches Mittlealter 1 Leipzig, 1937
Henry of Huntingdon: The History of the English People 1000–1154, tr. Diana Greenway Oxford, 1996
Hermann of Reichenau: Chronicon de Sex Aetatibus Mundi, in MGH SS 5 Hanover, 1844
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John the Deacon: Chronicon Venetum, G. Monticolo Rome, 1890
John of Fécamp: Epistola ad Leonem IX, in PL 143, cols. 797–800
John of St. Arnoul: La Vie de Jean, Abbé de Gorze, Michel Parisse Paris, 1999
John of Salerno: St. Odo of Cluny: Being the Life of St. Odo of Cluny by John of Salerno and the Life of St. Gerald of Aurillac by St. Odo, tr. G. Sitwell London, 1958
John Skylitzes: Synopsis Historiarum, I. Thurn Berlin, 1973
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Laxdaela Saga, tr. Magnus Magnusson and Hermann Palsson London, 1969
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