10. Green Vol 1 p. 283–4, 286–7 289 Labande, Les Filles de Aliénor pp. 106–8.
11. HMS p. 38, 224, 242, 244, 338, CSM 1: 229
12. HMS p. 244–5, Bianchini p. 7, 73. For arras generally see Institutes of the Civil Law of Spain Vol 1 Title VII del Rio, Rodruiges, Palacios Women in Medieval Society ed. Bolton Stuard p. 77
13. HMS p. 245, Green Vol 1 pp. 289–90, O’Callaghan p. 245, Bianchini p. 71–77
14. Martinez Alfonso X p. 33, Szabolcs de Vajay (1989), p. 379,.
15. Green Vol 1 p. 303, 305, Martinez p. 29, Bianchini p. 238, 246 Lomax p. 131, O’Callaghan p. 335, Shadis 34–5, 41,.
16. Martinez p. 35–36 PCG II 718a. The children of the match were: King Alfonso X of Castile (November 23, 1221–1284) Fadrique (September 1223–1277), Fernando (1225–1243/1248) Leonor (1227–?,)Berenguela, (1228–1288/89), Enrique ‘El Senador’ (March 1230–August 1304) Felipe (1231–1274), Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo and Seville (1233–1261), Juan Manuel (1234–1283) Lord of Villena.
17. On John of Brienne see generally Perry John of Brienne King of Jerusalem, Emperor of Constantinople c 1175–1237. In particular see pp. 29–30, pp. 40–6, pp. 79–80, pp. 128–31
18. Shadis, p. 1; Martinez Alfonso X p. 32–3, O’Callaghan Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain p. 84, 87, 88, HMS p. 339–340, 344.
19. Warren Henry II p. 109, Warren King John pp. 43, 65 Churchill, History of the English Speaking Peoples Vol 1 p. 181
20. Monicat, M.J. Recueil des Actes de Philippe Auguste Roi de France, 1996.
21. Du Fresne Histoire des Comtes de Ponthieu p. 144. Baldwin, The government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power p. 201, Malo Un grand Feudataire: Renaud de Dammartin et le coalition de Bouvines
22. Poole From Domesday to Magna Carta p. 453, Powicke Loss of Normandy pp. 190–5, Baldwin The Government of Philip Augustus pp. 201–203
23. Malo p. 224. There is an eerie parallel between the story of Renaud’s fate and one of the versions of the fate of that other military man and seducer of heiresses Lord Bothwell. He too is reported to have spent the rest of his days chained in a dark hole to a chain of miniscule length. It gives one pause to wonder whether a moralist’s wish is father to the thought in such details.
24. Du Fresne p. 145, Malo pp. 220–3, Baldwin p. 342
25. DRH Book IX, C, XVIII, Foedera 216.
26. Foedera 217, 219, CM iii 327–8 Martinez p. 41. HIII vol 1 178–9,
27. Parsons Q&S p. 8, 260, Laurentie Saint Ferdinand p. 104–5. De Rebus Hispaniae reports concern that Ferdinand might involve himself with ‘illicit women’ and ‘dissipation in … wantonness’ which predated Ferdinand’s first marriage (9.10). This apparently resurfaced when he was widowed (9.80).
28. The other children of the marriage were Luis (1243–1269) Ximen (1244) and Juan (1245).
2 Eleanor’s Early Years
1. Strickland Lives of the Queens of England Vol 1 p. 79, Parsons Mothers, Daughters, pp. 66–68
2. DRH Book 9 Chap 18. He describes the last two children as ‘parvulus’ or very young. DRH 9.12, Laurentie p. 107, Parsons Birth/Children pp. 247–8, Botfield & Turner p. 99
3. PCG II 1057.
4. Gonzalo Conquistas 86–87, DRH book 9 ch 1, PCG II 1059
5. For the campaigns see the PCG, II 1045–47, 1057, 1052, 1065, 1069–72, 1075–1131; Gonzalo, pp. 515–631, Ballesteros, p. 67, Martinez p. 43, Laurentie p. 126–7, 130, 137–8, Lomax p. 149.
6. Laurentie pp. 141–2. PCG II p. 718a. Martinez p. 20
7. PCG 1077 1125–1131, Laurentie p. 148, 150, 158–9, 160, 162–5, Lomax p. 150–1, 153, 155
8. PCG II 1132, Martinez p. 95, Laurentie pp. 169–70. 171–2. The list of attendees replicates the order given in De Rebus Hispaniae, reinforcing the inference made above that Eleanor was the middle child.
9. PCG II 1132–3, pp. 772–3. Martinez pp. 97–98, 99–101, Ballesteros pp. 55, 60, Laurentie p. 173–5, 177 179,184–5
10. PCG, II 1046–7, 1125–30 1131–2. Paris is quoted in Lomax p. 156. See also Lomax p. 136 dealing with the admiration caused by the taking of Cordoba in 1236.
11. Laurentie p. 130, 165, 170, Macdonald Chapter 7 in Ed Burns The Worlds of Alfonso the Learned …
12. González, Fernando III, vol. 1, p. 418. O’Callaghan p. 65, Macdonald, Burns Iberia and the Mediterranean World in the Middle Ages pp. 119–20
13. Siete Partidas Part II, O’Callaghan Learned King pp. 135–6. The chronology of the Setenario as compared to the Siete Partidas and Ferdinand’s role in the former is still a matter of considerable academic debate.
14. O’Callaghan The Learned King p. 136 Lourie A Society Organised for War: Powers A Society Organised for War: Contamine War in the Middle Ages 55–56. On Vegetius: Allmand The De Re Militari of Vegetius: The Receptions, Transmission and Legacy of Roman text in the Middle ages pp. 96–104.
15. Barton The Aristocracy in Twelfth Century Leon and Castile pp. 168–170, Glick From Muslim Fortress to Christian Castle pp. 13–29, 105–113. Scott History of the Moorish Empire in Europe vol 3 467–8, 522–3. The role of the castle in medieval times is still hotly debated. As regards the size of Cordoba, some think 350,000 is a safer figure to use: Crow, Spain the Root and the Flower p. 56–7
16. Abulafia Christian Jewish Relations 1000–1300 p. 111 114, Ray The Sephardic Frontier 93–4 Martinez pp. 4-, Baer A History of the Jews in Christian Spain p. 122.
17. Abulafia p. 112–4 Baer p. 122. Todros Ben Judah wrote poems in Hebrew praising Alfonso ‘the poet king’.
18. Ray pp. 1–71, 98–104, Abulafia p. 115
19. Scott p. 518–21
20. Crow, The Root and the Flower p. 55, 66–7, 70
21. Tabaa The Medieval Islamic Garden: Typology and Hydraulics p. 304, 313 Stoksad and Stannard pp. 27–9, Gardens of the Middle Ages. The image of paradise as a garden beneath which a river flows occurs no fewer than twenty four times in the Koran, Tabaa p. 320.
22. Tabaa pp. 304–5, 318–9. Gardens Landscape and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain D Fairchild Ruggles p. 157, Dickie, Islamic Garden in Spain pp. 96–8,
23. Tabaa p. 315, 321, 324, Stuart p. 42, Al-Maqquarĭ, quoted in Bargebuhr, The Alhambra, A cycle of Studies in Medieval Spain p. 144, See also Ruggles p. 50, 147–8, Stoksad/Stannard p. 28.
24. Stuart Gardens of the World p. 35, Ibn Khaqan quoted at Thacker p. 36.
25. Burns in Castle of Intellect, Castle of Force in Ed Burns The Worlds of Alfonso the Learned, O’Callaghan Alfonso and the Cantigas de Santa Maria p. 46, CSM 1: 122.
26. Alfonso’s presence is noted at Cordoba, Murcia, Jaén and the Algarve and in the siege and capture of Seville: PCG, chaps. 1048 1060, 1065; Gonzalez, Fernando III, vol. 1, pp. 101–7
27. Chronique de Guillaume de Nangis records that in 1244 the Emperor of Constantinople sent ‘ses trois fils, Alphonse, Jean et Louis, encore enfants’ to Louis IX of France. For the later contacts between Alfonso and the younger Briennes see Perry John of Brienne p. 165
28. Martinez p. 40, 45, 50.
29. Martinez p. 47, 74–75 77
30. Alfonso Cantigas de Santa Maria, Enrique Almadis de Gaula
31. Martinez p. 49, Siete Partidas Part II Title VII Law xi, Law ii-iv, vii, vii, x
32. Part II Title VII Law xi, Part V
33. Setenario p. 13, O’Callaghan Alfonso and the Cantigas de Santa Maria 43, Snow in Akehurst ed. A Handbook of Troubadours p. 274 Martinez p. 57
34. Law x
35. C47/4/5 Parsons Q&S pp. 23–5, C&H p. 104
3 The English Side of the Equation
1. Trivet Annales Sex Regum Angliae p. 282, Carpenter, The Minority of Henry III p. 1, C13 p. 19, Howell Eleanor of Provence p. 15
2. HIII Vol 2 p. 573 C13 p. 19
3. CM v 269–270, Staniland ‘The Nuptials of Alexander III of Scotland and Margaret Plantagenet’ 20–45, HIII Vol 2 p. 573
4. CM v 335, Wilkinson Eleanor de Montfort p. 9, Walker, Medieval Wales 113, 115–6, Car
penter Reign p. 97
5. Carpenter Reign p. 97, 202, 209, Kanter Peripatetic and Sedentary Kingship. His favourite locations were London, Windsor, Woodstock, Reading, Kempton, Marlborough, Clarendon, Winchester, Gloucester and Marwell
6. HIII p. 196 C13 p. 19
7. Carpenter Minority p. 153, 193, C13 p. 89, Weir Eleanor of Aquitaine p. 177, Church King John New Interpretations p. 171
8. Howell 2, 23–4, HKW I 125, 501–2
9. Howell pp. 27, 30, 35, 45, 65–7. Later chronicles do float the possibility that there were two other sons between Edmund and Katherine, and two more after her. But see Howell: ‘The Children of Eleanor of Provence and Henry III’ convincingly rebutting this suggestion.
10. Howell p. 32–3, 55, 99, Ridgeway The Lord Edward pp. 90–3
11. Howell 94, 167, 194, 196 274–7, Parsons QI p. 150
12. Crawford Letters pp. 54–67. See also Howell p. 75
13. Foedera 253, Denholm Young 43, 47–48, HIII p. 196
14. Denholm Young pp. 15, 21, 27, 49, 51, Appendix 2 HIII pp. 196–7, Howell p. 38
15. CM v pp. 295–6, Rishanger p. 6, Maddicott p. 9, 109, 350–1, Mon franc I p. 124, C13 pp. 113–4
16. Maddicott p. 5,17–18, HIII pp. 203–4. Montfort had first courted Renaud of Dammartin’s daughter Matilda of Boulogne, who was instead married to the King of Portugal: Wilkinson Eleanor de Montfort p. 62
17. Wilkinson p. 65, Maddicott pp. 25–6
18. CM iv 213, v 290, Maddicott p. 31, 49–51, 121 HIII pp. 205–6, C13 p. 114, Carpenter Reign p. 223
19. Carpenter Reign p. 238, Wilkinson p. 91, Maddicott pp. 120–2
20. Howell pp. 25–6, 30–33
21. Ridgeway King Henry III and the ‘Aliens’ p. 89, Howell p. 49–50 Jobson p. 8
22. Howell p. 52, 78
23. CPR (1272–81) p. 188, Clifford Knight of Great Renown 11–12
24. CM iv 598, 628, Ridgeway Aliens p. 85, 88, Howell 53–4, DBM pp. 80–1
25. Carpenter Reign p. 190, Jobson p. 10
26. Ridgeway ‘Politics’ 245–6
27. CM v 348–51, vi 222–5, Carpenter Reign p. 191, Howell p. 67
28. CR 1251–3 272–3, 283, 431 CM v 351–3, 359 vi 222–5, Howell p. 67–9,
29. Jobson 12–13, Weiler Henry III and the Staufen Empire 133, 147–9 Carpenter Henry III and the Sicilian Affair
30. CR 1237–42 476, 1242–7, 5, 45, 118, CLR 1240–5 174, E 101/349/17, 24, Howell p. 76
31. Green Vol 2 p. 297
32. E101/349/18, CPR 1237–42 523, Parsons Q&S p. 55, Prestwich pp. 6–7, Howell 81.
33. Prestwich p. 7
34. Kanter p. 25, Prestwich p. 111, Prestwich ‘The Piety of Edward I’ pp. 120–8
35. CLR 1240–5 286, CLR 1245–51, 65, AM ii 337, CM iv 639
36. CLR 1240–45, 31, 60, 90, 323, Wait Household and Resources 1–8, 203–6, Ridgeway The Lord Edward 91
37. Wilkinson p. 89, Maddicott p. 95. It is just possible that Simon junior and Guy, were part of his household, but it seems more plausible that they had a military education within their own household in Gascony.
38. CR 1242–7 30, 141 Prestwich p. 5, Morris pp. 10, 19
39. Prestwich p. 6
40. Howell 82
41. CM iv 147, 166–7 Morris 13
4 The Marriage
1. CM v 277–90, Powicke C13 pp. 108–9 Maddicott p. 107, Prestwich pp. 8–9
2. CM 368, 370, Studd The Marriage of Henry of Almain and Constance of Bearn, Goodman, Alfonso X and the English Crown, p. 41, Marsh English Rule in Gascony p. 36, Linehan Spain a Partible Inheritance 1157–1300 Ch 4, Trabut-Cussac L’Administration Anglaise en Gascogne, xxix-xxx, Parsons Q&S p. 12
3. Foedera 290.
4. CM v 365, 370, 513, CR 1254–1256, 240, Henry III 232, Marsh, English Rule in Gascony 135, 143, 151, Lodge Gascony under English Rule 42–43, 48, Ballesteros Alfonso X 92–96, Trabut-Cussac xxix-xxx, HMS 361–362, Goodman 41–2, Parsons Q&S p. 12
5. CM v 397–8, CPR 1247–58, CIR 1251–3 37–8, 191, 442–3, 465, 471, 475, 486,508–9, CHEC 44–46, 219.
6. CPR 1247–58 291, CIR1251–1253, 486, CHEC 44–46
7. Bianchini p. 244–5
8. O’Callaghan p. 223, 346, 361, Ballasteros 89, 96–99 Tolley Eleanor of Castile and the ‘Spanish Style’ pp. 181–184
9. Foedera 292, Maddicott 121–3, Lodge p. 42
10. Foedera 295
11. Foedera 296–8, CPR 1266–72 736–7, CChR ii 192–3. Berengaria and Isabella of Angoulême’s dowers can be found at Foedera 84, 161, 219 CChR ii 218
12. Foedera 299–301, CM v 450, Prestwich 11, Powicke Henry III and the Lord Edward vol 1 p. 232–3, Studd The Lord Edward, 4–19
13. See Chapter 13 where the rules of inheritance in Ponthieu are considered.
14. RG p. lxviii, Foedera 300, 304, Parsons Q&S p. 15 and footnote 27 as to the anomalous fact of a male ayo for a princess
15. Other examples of Alfonso’s pride in his descent can be seen when he castigated his brother Felipe in 1272 by reference to the lineage which he had and his duty to it, by reference to both mother and father and in the Siete Partidas where he emphasises that one of the two most important qualities in a queen is high birth.
16. Bensch Barcelona and its rulers 234–76 esp 262 Hughes From Brideprice to Dowry 262–96, Barton Aristocracy 53–55, Dillard Daughters of the Reconquest 46 Adair Countess Clemence at 63–4 in ed. Vann Queens Regents Potentates, Scott, Siete Partidas Vol IV p. xx; Alfonso’s reforms: Siete Partidas Part IV Title XI law vii.
17. Bianchini p. 343, Laurentie p. 173, Parsons Q&S p. 16, Martinez 41, 111–112
18. Martinez pp. 111–112
19. Parsons Birth 250–253
20. Macdonald pp. 187–8
21. Parsons Q&S p. 16
22. CR 1253–4 74–5, 156. CLR 1251–60 158, 162–70, CR 1253–4 121 CM v 446–7
23. Trabut-Cussac 3 n 1, 7 RG p. lxix, no 3658,
24. Trabut-Cussac p. 3–8, Prestwich 14, RG vol I no 4275, 42788 p. lxix
25. Trabut-Cussac p. 5, 7, Parsons Q&S p. 16 note 29, RG p. xxix, lxix, 3463, 3472, 3479, 3439, 3478, 3573, 4552
26. Foedera 310 Trivet pp. 282–3, Shadis Berenguela of Castile (1180–1246) and Political Women in the High Middle Ages
27. Trabut-Cussac 7, 11, RG p. xxix, Foedera 310, Lodge p. 49
28. Trabut-Cussac p. 7, RG p. xxix, Howell p. 130, 135
29. Parsons Mothers, Daughters p. 66
30. Macfarlane 1972: 13, 16–17 quoted in Parsons Mothers Daughters. Numerous other examples can be cited – see Parsons Mothers Daughters p. 67
31. Parsons Birth p. 256–7
32. Parsons Birth p. 257, Itineraire 178, RWH 1285–1286. Trabut-Cussac and Parsons favour the view that the commemoration is for Anonyma 1255, Salzman p. 85 inclines to the view that the commemoration was for an Acre casualty.
33. RG Vol IV (Supplement) pp. 24–28
34. RG II no 597, Prestwich p. 127–8
35. Trabut-Cussac p. 10, HIII vol 1 pp. 208–13
36. Maddicott pp. 110–111
37. Howell p. 145, Ridgeway Politics 170–6, Reg Innocent IV no 7683
38. Trabut-Cussac p. 8 RG Vol IV, which covers the period of the 1254–55 stay.
39. Trabut-Cussac p. 11, Lodge p. 50
40. Powicke p. 211, CM iv p. 594. v p. 368.
41. Trabut-Cussac p. 11–2
42. Trabut-Cussac pp. 11–14
43. RG Vol IV pp. xxvii-ix for Henry III, pp. xxx–1 for Edward
44. Trabut-Cussac p. 8
45. Prestwich pp. 11–12 RG pp. 35–52
46. CR 1254–6 p. 219–20
5 The First Years in England
1. CPR 1247–66 381 CCR 1254–56 128, 136, 144–5, Jobson p. 13, Carpenter Sicilian Business, Bowie Daughters pp. 165–7
2. Ackroyd London Under 2011 pp. 41–43, 53–5 Jones Tower p. 19–22, Benham Old St. Paul’s Cathedral pp. 6–8
3. Gater & Wheeler Survey of London Vol 16 158–164, Vol 18 pp. 1
–2, 51–60 Thornbury Old and New London Vol 1 149–158, Vol 3 p. 98–100 Page ed. History of the County of London Vol 1 London within the Bars p. 507
4. CM v 513 CCR 1254–6 p. 225 RG 3968
5. Howell 74–5
6. Parsons Q&S p. 139
7. CPR 1247–58 389–90, CCR 1254–56 114, 132–3 212, 391.
8. CIR 1254–6 389–90 Shirley Royal letters 506, Foedera 372
9. CCR 388–91, 318, CPR 458, 506 CM v 585–6
10. CPR 1247–58 324, 385 Tolley Spanish Style
11. Ballesteros 117–8, 191–2
12. CM 575–6 CCR 1254 368, 1256 23 1251–60 318, 320, 330 336, 339 348 352 410 469, CPR 1247–58 567, CPR 1258–66 34 Johnstone Edward of Carnarvon pp. 88–9
13. Foedera 353, Denholm-Young pp. 86–9,
14. CCR 1256–9 284–5 CCM 649 657–9 Denholm-Young pp. 95–6, Martinez pp. 180, 308
15. CCR 1254–56 389–91, Denholm Young p. 84
16. CM v 538–9
17. Studd Itinerary p. 30, Morris p. 25
18. AM vol. 3 p. 200 Prestwich p. 17, Howells p. 146
19. CM v 539, 597 Prestwich pp. 17–18 Jobson pp. 13, 16 Lloyd History of Wales ii 717–22, DBM 175–7,
20. CR 1256–59, Wait Household and Resources 287–9 Howell 148 Jobson 16–17, Prestwich 23.
21. CM 679, CPR 1247–58, 644, CCR 1279–88 180, Howell 148, Jobson 17 Ridgeway The Lord Edward and the Provisions of Oxford 95
22. Bracton vol 2 p. 268–272 makes plain that a person receiving property designated as dower without the consent of the wife would not be entitled to hold it against her.
23. CM v 640 Smith Llewelyn 94, 101–6, Jobson p. 16
24. Prestwich p. 23 Huscroft pp. 16–20, 187–196, 219–220 Studd thesis p. 43
25. Carpenter Reign pp. 192–3, Jobson 17–18
26. Paris v 634, 676–7, Maddicott p. 145, 154, Jobson 10, 18,
27. Jobson 10–14
28. Carpenter Reign pp. 187–8, Jobson 20. Peter de Montfort was of a Worcestershire family and linked to the Savoyard interest. The Norfolk siblings probably had an additional grudge against Pembroke: their mother was the daughter of William Marshal and would have had claims on the estate following the death of the male line in 1245: Morris Bigod Earls p. 52
Eleanor of Castile: The Shadow Queen Page 56
