The Great War

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The Great War Page 63

by Peter Hart


  rise in popularity 302

  launch of second Russian Revolution 302–4

  Bone, Captain Dave 313

  Bonneau, General Louis 38, 39

  Boseley (2nd Bedfordshire Regiment) 73, 74

  Bosnia 5, 20–21, 23

  Bosphorus 471

  Boulogne 68

  Bourlon Ridge 369, 374

  Bourlon Wood 374

  Bouvet (pre-dreadnought) 169

  Bowen, Lieutenant Harold 118

  Bowry, Lieutenant 349

  Boxer Rebellion (1900) 67, 103

  Bradley, Private Tom 55

  Brady, Private James 420

  Brassard, Corporal Maurice 200

  Brec, Private Ernest 466

  Brenta River 388, 389

  Breslau (light cruiser) 167, 168

  Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918) 303, 304

  Bristol (light cruiser) 111

  Britain

  financial cost of GW x

  human loss x

  colonialism 7

  society before the GW 8

  seeks a balance between the Great Powers 8

  attempts to avert war 28

  a guarantor of Belgian neutrality 29, 30, 31

  ultimatum to Germany 30–31

  German raids on east coast (1914) 114–15

  Coalition Government 176

  evacuation of Serbian troops 189

  Germany sinks British shipping 307–8

  Sykes-Picot Agreement 471

  British Army 398–9

  First Army 134, 138, 146, 149, 153, 330–31, 417, 421, 425, 428, 453, 455, 458, 459, 462

  Second Army 141, 353, 361, 417, 421, 428, 430, 455, 459

  Third Army 331, 369, 377, 401, 417, 421–2, 423, 425, 452, 455, 458, 459, 462

  Fourth Army 210, 211, 213, 224, 225, 226, 231, 446, 451–52, 453, 455, 459, 460, 462

  Fifth Army 337–8, 353, 359, 361, 363, 417, 421, 423, 425

  Reserve Army 210, 211, 225, 229, 231

  Territorial Army 141, 156

  I Corps 52, 54, 57, 63, 70, 71, 75, 76, 153

  II Corps 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 71, 369

  III Corps 69, 450

  IV Corps 69, 70, 71, 131, 138, 152–3, 369

  V Corps 422

  VIII Corps 178

  IX Corps, 46th Division 459

  IX Corps 178, 182, 183

  XX Corps 401, 402

  XXI Corps 401

  Cavalry Corps 63, 369

  Desert Mounted Corps 401, 402

  Indian Corps 71, 131, 138

  Machine Gun Corps 349

  Tank Corps 369

  Tigris Corps 280–81, 285, 290

  Guards Division 376

  4th Division 57, 63

  8th Division 437

  10th Division 177, 178, 183, 188

  11th Division 177, 182

  13th Division 177

  22nd Division 189, 192

  26th Division 189, 192

  27th Division 189

  28th Division 189

  29th Division 169–70, 173, 183, 184

  30th Division 222

  31st Division 220

  34th Division 221–2

  42nd Division 170, 175, 393

  50th Division 141

  51st Division 239, 336

  52nd Division 176, 398–9, 406

  55th Division 429

  53rd Division 177, 182, 398–9, 399, 400

  54th Division 399, 400

  60th Division 189

  74th Division 399, 406

  54th (East Anglian) Division 177, 182–3

  63rd (Royal Naval Division, RND) 170, 175

  2nd Mounted Division 183, 184

  32nd Brigade 180, 181, 184

  33rd Brigade 180

  34th Brigade 181

  86th Brigade 172

  155th Brigade 176

  157th Brigade 176

  163rd Brigade 183

  2nd Bedfordshire Regiment 73

  2nd Black Watch 147

  10th Devonshire Regiment 192, 193

  Dorsetshire Regiment 275

  6th East Yorkshire Regiment 182

  1/6th King’s Liverpool Regiment 354

  1st Lancashire Fusiliers 172

  17th Lancers 210

  2nd Manchester Regiment 462

  1/7th Manchester Regiment 175

  11th Manchester Regiment 181

  1st Munster Fusiliers 173

  1/5th Norfolk Regiment 183

  2nd Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry 72

  1st Royal Dublin Fusiliers 173

  2nd Royal Dublin Fusiliers 220

  6th Yorkshire Regiment 180, 181

  Warwickshire and Worcestershire Yeomanry 404

  2nd Worcestershire Regiment 76

  Royal Artillery 130–31, 136, 213, 214, 222, 236–7, 331, 338, 361, 417, 424–5, 447–8

  see also British Expeditionary Force (BEF)

  British Empire

  size of 7

  self-government and independence 8

  and Royal Navy 94

  and Mesopotamia 288, 294

  Lloyd George on 393

  and Suez 393, 394

  British Expeditionary Force (BEF)

  Joffre’s plans for 18

  size of 51, 53, 380

  commanded by General Sir John French 51

  a highly trained force 52

  weaponry 52–3, 213, 331

  artillery 53, 130–31, 134, 214–15, 346

  begins landing in France 53

  at Mons 53–7, 463

  casualties at Le Cateau 58

  in retreat 58–9, 63

  final operations in northern France 68

  part of Northern Group of Armies 69

  expansion of 69, 155, 156, 196

  and Entente Cordiale 97

  transport across the Channel 104

  French poor opinion of BEF 130, 131

  relationship with the RFC 136

  at Second Battle of Ypres 144

  priority for munitions 175–6

  and Battle of Verdun 199

  casualties at the Somme 224, 240

  and Battle of Arras 331, 346–7

  Haig’s concerns 329–30

  at Third Battle of Ypres 363, 365, 368

  short of troops 409

  Lloyd George reduces number of men 414, 420

  Ludendorff plans to destroy 416

  statistics of casualties 461

  see also British Army

  British High Command 144, 232, 239, 290, 329, 341, 413

  Broodseinde Ridge, Battle of (1917) 363

  Brown, Captain Roy 435

  Bruchmüller, Colonel Georg 300, 369, 416

  Bruchmüller Bombardment 300–301

  Bruges Canal 319, 322, 323

  Brusilov, General Alexei 243–5, 246, 247, 299, 473

  Brusilov Offensive (1916) 231, 244–6, 247, 299, 326, 382

  Brussels 64

  Buchanan, Sir George 289

  Bucharest 248

  Bucharest, Treaty of (1918) 303

  Buckell, Signaller Ron 238–9

  Bukovina province 248

  Bulair Isthmus 182

  Bulair neck of Gallipoli Peninsula 170

  Bulfin, Lieutenant General Edward 401

  Bulgaria

  Bismarck on 2

  independence 10

  resolves to stay out of the war 83

  Battle of Gorlice-Tarnow 164

  sides with Central Powers 164, 165, 166, 184

  potential attack on Serbia 187, 188

  forbidden to press into Greece 189

  on Petit Courroné 193

  retreat of Bulgarians 194–5, 461

  surrender of 195, 462

  fall of 470

  Bulgarian Second Army 165

  Bullecourt, France 331, 338, 346

  Bullecourt, Second Battle of (1917) 345

  Bülow, General Karl von 51

  Bush, Lieutenant Athelstan 264

  Buzzard, Lieutenant Colonel Charles 383, 384 />
  Byng, General Sir Julian 417, 451, 452

  C

  Cadorna, General Luigi 379, 381, 385, 388

  Calais 68, 70, 428

  Callaghan, Admiral Sir George 103

  Cambrai 455

  Cambrai, Battle of (1917) 367, 369–77, 416, 421

  Canadian Corps 367, 450, 453–4, 463

  Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF)

  1st Canadian Division 140–41

  Canadian infantry at Battle of Arras 333, 336

  Canal du Nord 454, 458

  Canopus (pre-dreadnought) 111, 112

  Caporetto 381

  Caporetto, Battle of (1917) 367, 369–70, 385, 392, 415

  Capron, Lieutenant John 425–6

  Carden, Vice Admiral Sackville 168, 169

  Carnarvon (armoured cruiser) 111

  Carniola 392

  Carpathian Mountains 159, 161, 168, 245, 247, 248

  Carpathian Offensive 160, 161

  Carpenter, Captain Alfred 322, 323

  Carso Plateau 382, 383, 384, 387

  Carson, Lord 312–13

  Carter, Major (Indian Medical Service) 278–9

  Castelnau, General Édouard de 39, 40, 202

  Central Powers 9, 30, 82, 195, 246, 298, 304

  German Army as the driving force ix

  competition with Triple Alliance 11

  Italy bails out 29, 378, 382

  Bulgarians side with 164, 165, 166, 184

  Serbia captured 165

  King Constantine favours 187

  Sarraill’s role 191–2

  Russian prisoners 242

  main power lies with Germans 299

  collapse of 408, 461

  casualty statistics 468

  Chamberlain, Austen 272

  Chamberlain, Lieutenant 365–6

  Champagne, First Battle of (1914–15) 127–9, 133, 144

  Champagne, Second Battle of (1915) 149, 151–2, 202

  Champagne region 197, 296

  Channel Ports 351, 415, 417, 423, 430

  Chantilly conference (July 1915) 149

  Chantilly conference (December 1915) 164, 197, 243

  Chantilly conference (November 1916) 328

  Charleroi, Battle of (1914) 51, 64

  Charteris, Brigadier General John 75–6, 196, 210, 330, 351

  Château de Vaux-le-Pénil 65

  Château-Thierry 440, 442

  Chatfield, Flag Captain Alfred 255

  Chauveau, Lieutenant 439

  Chauvel, Major General Sir Harry 399, 401

  Chemin des Dames Ridge 67, 329, 338, 339, 341, 342, 438

  Chenu, Lieutenant Charles-Maurice 340

  Chetwode, Lieutenant General Sir Philip 399, 401

  China 4, 5, 8

  Chitral fort, North-West Frontier 272–3, 279, 280

  Chocolate Hill 181, 184

  Christmas Truce (1914) 78–80

  Chunuk Bair 171, 177, 179, 180

  Churchill, Sir Winston

  Lord of the Admiralty 98

  and Fisher 111

  confiscates Turkish dreadnoughts 167–8

  deposed as First Lord 177

  and Dardanelles Committee 176–7

  Cisterne, Lieutenant Jacques 47–8

  Clausewitz, Carl Philipp Gottfried von 189

  Clemenceau, Georges 94, 423

  Cliff, Private Norman 365–6, 376

  Clio (sloop) 274

  Coalition Government 413–14

  Cobbe, Lieutenant General Alexander 290

  Cocos Islands 110

  Colland, Captain 37

  Colombier, Colonel 47, 48

  Colonialism 4, 5, 7

  Colyer, Lieutenant William 220

  Comet (armed tug) 274, 275

  communism

  rise of the concept x

  Bolshevik success viii

  Soviet communist state 470

  Compiègne Forest 465

  Congress of Berlin (1878) 5

  Conrad von Hötzendorf, General Franz 15, 87, 89, 92, 159, 160, 164, 245–6, 299, 382

  Conrick, Lieutenant Clive 408

  conscription

  German Army 3

  French Army 15

  Russian Army 81

  Conservative Party 328, 413–14

  Constantine, King of Greece

  favours Central Powers 187

  married to the Kaiser’s sister 188

  dismisses Venizelos 188

  Allies force his abdication 193–4

  Constantinople

  Russia aims to secure 6, 19–20, 22, 27

  German Military Mission in 22, 167

  British Naval Mission 167

  and Sykes-Picot Agreement 471

  promised to Russia 471

  Corfu 189

  Cornwall (armoured cruiser) 111

  Coronel, Battle of (1914) 110–11, 113

  Cousins, Sergeant Jack 346

  Cracow 88, 89, 91, 160, 161

  Craddock, Rear Admiral Sir Christopher 110, 112

  Craiglockhart War Hospital, Edinburgh 462

  Crawford, Lieutenant Andrew 180

  Cressy (armoured cruiser) 106, 107

  Crete 194

  Crewe, Lord 272

  Crimean War (1853–6) 1, 6

  Cromarty 114

  Croome, Midshipman John 250, 253

  Cros, Second Lieutenant Jean-Louis 341–2

  Crozat Canal 421

  Ctesiphon, Battle of (1915) 277–78

  Currie, Lieutenant General Sir Arthur 458

  Currie, Lieutenant Colonel John 140–41

  D

  Dalhousie (armed merchantman) 268

  Dalmatia 392

  Dalmation coast 379

  Damascus 398, 408

  Danube River 165, 248

  Danzig Alley British Cemetery, Somme 219

  Dardanelles

  importance of 168

  Allies bombard forts 168

  Allied efforts to force open 168–9

  and Sykes-Picot Agreement 471

  Dardanelles Campaign (1915) 111

  Dardanelles Committee 176–7

  Davidson, Brigadier General John 358

  de Lisle, Major General Sir Henry de Beauvoir 183

  de Robeck, Vice Admiral John 169

  Debeney, General Marie-Eugène 448

  Decauville light railway 360

  Defence 258

  Derfflinger (battlecruiser) 115, 254, 324

  Dermody, Private Charles 456–7

  Desert Column 399, 400, 401

  Australian and New Zealand Mounted Division 399

  Imperial Camel Corps 395, 399

  Imperial Mounted Division 399

  D’Espèrey, General Louis Franchet 64, 194

  Diaz, General Armando 388, 390

  Dillon, Captain Harry 72–3

  Dimitriev, General Radko 161

  Dixon, Lieutenant Richard 364–5, 410, 466

  Diyala River 292, 293

  Dniester River 163

  Dobell, Lieutenant General Sir Charles 397, 398, 400, 401

  Dogger Bank, Battle of (1915) 115–17

  Doiran, Second Battle of 194

  Dompierre, Somme 224

  Dose, Lieutenant Gerhard 426

  Doullens emergency conference (1918) 423

  Dover Straits 318

  Downing, Sergeant William 437–8

  Doyle, Sir Arthur 279–80

  Drax, Commander Reginald 104

  Dreadnought 97, 98, 99, 111

  Dresden (light cruiser) 109, 113

  Driant, Colonel Émile 200–201

  Drina River 92

  Drocourt-Quéant Switch Line 453–4

  Dual Alliance 2

  Dubail, General Auguste 39, 40

  Duchêne, Denis August 438

  Duff, General Sir Beauchamp 271

  Dujaila Redoubt, Battle of (1916) 282

  Duke, Private Charles 179

  Dunajec River 161

  Dunajec River-Biala River line 88, 89, 91, 161

  Du
nkirk 68, 70, 428

  Dunn, Sergeant Reuel 334

  Dupouey, Lieutenant Pierre 77–8

  Dvina River 300

  E

  East Africa campaign 413

  East Prussia, German offensives in (1915) 157

  Eastern Force 398–9

  Eastern Front 81–93, 157–66, 242–9, 295–304, 374

  influence of ix

  German intention 18

  Russian offensive 64

  size of 83

  and railways 83–4

  Hoffmann’s plan 85–6

  Battle of Tannenberg 86

  Lemberg captured 87

  Battle of Rawa-Russkaya 87

  Przemyśl besieged 87–8, 90–91

  Lodz captured 90

  Austro-Serbian War 91–3

  winter conditions 93

  Falkenhayn sends reserves 126, 157, 160–61

  Russian debate over course of action 157–8

  North Front 163–4, 243, 299

  North-West Front 158, 161

  South-West Front 158, 160, 161, 164, 243, 245, 246, 299

  West Front 164, 243, 246, 299

  Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 158–9

  fall of Przemyśl 162

  Lemburg recaptured 162

  Russia reorganises High Command 163–4

  Mackensen Offensive 164–5

  Serbia captured 165

  successful German campaigns 196, 197

  Brusilov Offensive 231, 244–6, 247, 299, 326

  Battle of Lake Naroch 243

  Rumanian interlude 247–9

  Russian Army reforms 295

  collapse of Russian home front 296–7

  Second Brusilov Offensive 299

  Kerensky and Bolsheviks differ on continuation of war 300

  loss of Riga 300–301

  Kornilov dismissed 302

  Bolsheviks’ rise in popularity 302

  Operation Albion 302

  Red Guard created 302

  and second Russian Revolution 302–4

  German divisions retained in the East 304

  collapse of 410

  Ebert, Friedrich 464, 470

  École Supérieure de Guerre 69

  Edgar class (cruisers) 118

  Egerton, Major General Granville 176

  Egidy, Captain Moritz von 264

  Egypt 400

  Turkish threat to 269

  British control 393

  Sultan Mehmed tries to ferment revolt 394

  Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) 395, 396, 409

  Ehrenbreitstein fortress, Germany 50

  El ’Affule 408

  El Arish, Egypt 395, 396–7

  Emden (light cruiser) 110

  Emergency Line 417, 421

  Engesser, Sergeant 376

  English Channel

  blockade by Royal Navy 101, 109

  Grand Fleet maintains cross-Channel links 103–4

  Sussex torpedoed 251

  Entente Cordiale 8, 62, 97, 298, 300, 378

  Erzberger, Matthias 464, 467

  Es Sinn positions 282, 285

  Espiegel (sloop) 268, 274

  Estonian islands 302

  Euphrates River 268, 270, 271, 275, 293

  Evert, General Alexei 246

  Ewart, Lieutenant 254, 255

  F

  Fabeck, General Max von 75

 

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