Cold War, 261
Columbia University, 189
Commission on Longitude (Board of Longitude), 78–80, 142
communications technology, 162–63, 260–61
compasses
and advances in magnetic theory, 53–54
and the agonic line, 197
and Chinese culture, 38–39
cooling lava as, 137
and declination, 48, 74–75
and ferromagnetism, 179–80
and geology research, 177–78
and geomagnetism advances, 200
and inclination, 48–49, 77
and magnetic coordinates, 48
and magnetoreception, 264–65
and Melloni, 50
and navigation, 2–3, 39, 54–55, 62, 79
and Ørsted’s experiments, 125–27, 129–30, 137
and Peregrinus, 44
and polarity reversals, 32
principle behind, 3–4
conductors, 104, 108, 137, 160, 225
Constable, Cathy, 215–16, 226
continents and continental drift, 47, 176, 185–93
Conversations on Chemistry (Marcet), 134
Copenhagen (play), 118
Copenhagen, Denmark, 98
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 59, 61
Copley Medal, 113, 129
coral reefs, 253
Core, The (film), 214
core of the Earth. See inner core; outer core
Coriolis force, 159–60, 163
coronal mass ejections
and ballistic weapons tracking, 262
Carrington-class superstorm (2012), 245–47
Carrington event (1859), 242–43, 243–47
described, 234
Halloween magnetic storm (2003), 240
and impact of weakening magnetic field, 236
and insurance industry risk calculations, 257
and telluric currents, 244
corona of the sun, 234. See also coronal mass ejections
cosmic radiation
and atmospheric protection, 251–52, 253
Carrington-class superstorm (2012), 247, 249
and description of the Earth’s magnetic field, 158
and effect of changing magnetic field, 254
galactic, 235–36, 253, 270, 273–74
and “ground level enhancements,” 239
and impact of weakening magnetic field, 236
long-term biological effects, 267
sources of, 235
and the Van Allen belts, 232
Coulomb, Charles-Augustin de, 125, 129
Cox, Allan, 178, 182–83, 191–92
Crain, Ian, 251
Creer, Kenneth, 187
Cretaceous period, 250
crust
and continental drift, 185, 190–92
described, 27–28
and earthquakes, 165
and evidence of polarity reversals, 85, 87, 89, 91
and evolution of geophysics, 166–68
and geomagnetically induced currents, 244
of Mars, 161, 235
and plate tectonics, 5
and source of Earth’s magnetic field, 198
and studying the core–mantle boundary, 196
and telluric currents, 244
and volcanic rocks, 182
Crutzen, Paul, 252
Curie, Marie, 51, 271, 272
Curie, Pierre, 51, 271, 272
Curie point, 51, 86, 159, 179
Curiosity rover, 275–76
Dally, Clarence, 271
Dalrymple, Brent, 182–83, 191
Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, 173
Danish Museum of Science and Technology, 127
Dante Alighieri, 67, 156
Darwin, Charles, 38, 66, 80, 82, 114, 131, 242
daughter isotopes, 273
David, Pierre, 12, 64, 67
Davy, Humphrey
and evolution of geophysics, 167
and Faraday’s magnetic laboratory, 145
influence on Faraday, 134–35, 140, 142
and Ørsted’s scientific legacy, 129
and sodium discovery, 224–25
declination
and advances in magnetic theory, 47–48, 50, 54
and Brunhes’s Pont Farin excavations, 90
Gellibrand’s findings on, 71–77
and Gilbert’s magnetic research, 62
and international magnetic crusade, 81
and navigation advances, 55–56
and the South Atlantic Anomaly, 212
and study of the Earth’s core, 197
and volcanic rocks, 177
and “westward drift” phenomenon, 205
De Humani Corporis Fabrica (Vesalius), 60
De Magnete (Gilbert), 53, 59–61, 108
Democritus, 37–38
De Mundo (Gilbert), 59
Den Danske Gradmaaling, 171
De rerum natura (Lucretius), 37–38
Dicke, Robert, 118
“Disappearing Dipole, The” (Olson), 213–14
DNA damage, 273–74
Doell, Richard, 182–83, 191
Doppler radar, 31
Du Fay, Charles François de Cisternay, 109–11, 114, 116
dynamo
and the core–mantle boundary, 198
modeling and simulating, 219, 221–27
and the moon, 161
and Peregrinus, 40
and polarity reversals, 174, 214
and radiation protection, 235–36
and solar cycles, 277
source of Earth’s dynamo, 160–61
and the South Atlantic Anomaly, 204–5, 212
earthquakes, 28, 165–74, 192, 255
Eastern Pacific Ridge, 190
East India Company, 81–82
Eastwood, Jonathan, 260
Eckhart, Aaron, 214
economic vulnerability, 259–61
Edison, Thomas, 271
Einstein, Albert, 38, 90, 97, 102–3, 149–50
electrical generators, 100, 130
electrical infrastructure, 240, 246–47, 255, 258–62, 276–77
electrical motors, 136–38
electrolysis, 225
electromagnetism
electrical charges, 102, 160
electrical current, 104, 123, 130–31
and electrical motors, 136–38
“electricity” term, 108
electromagnetic fields, 18–20, 102–5, 146–51
electromagnetic waves, 147–48
electrostatic attraction and repulsion, 125
and Faraday’s research, 141–42
Feynman on, 101
as fundamental force, 17–25, 58–59
and Ørsted’s magnetic theories, 100
electrons
and atomic structure, 18–24
“celibate,” 23
and description of the Earth’s magnetic field, 158
and electrical force, 101
and forms of electromagnetic exposure, 233
and magnetic fields, 178–79
and radioactive decay, 272
and solar energetic particles, 234–35
and the standard model of physics, 148
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 53, 61, 108
Empedocles of Acragas, 37
empiricism, 57, 80
Encyclopedia of Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism, 12, 179
Enlightenment, 112
Eos, 13, 32
Epicurus, 37
European Space Agency, 162, 201
evolut
ion, 80, 82, 131, 249–51, 253
Ewing, Maurice “Doc,” 189, 191
Experimenta circa effectum conflictus Electrici in Acum magneticam (Ørsted), 128
extinctions, 193, 214–15, 250–51, 267
Fara, Patricia, 112, 113
Faraday, Michael
and Earth dynamo simulation, 223–24
and electrical generators, 144
and electromagnetic theory, 139–43, 143–46
and evolution of geophysics, 167
and Friday evening discourses, 146
and induction ring experiments, 144, 149–50, 242
influence on Maxwell, 147–48
and ionizing radiation, 233
magnetic laboratory of, 145
and Melloni, 49
notebooks of, 149–50
and Ørsted’s influence, 100, 127–31, 133–38
Federal Aviation Administration, 241
Ferdinand II of Naples, 49
ferrimagnetism, 178, 180–81, 265
ferromagnetism, 178–81
Feynman, Richard, 9, 18–19, 101–2, 229, 238
fields, 6, 18, 20
Finlay, Christopher, 203–12, 214, 218–19, 223, 226–27
fission, 273
FitzRoy, Robert, 80
fluid dynamics, 222–23
fluidists, 167
Folgheraiter, Giuseppe, 50–51, 86
fossil record, 250
Fournier, Alexander, 218
Francis, Pope, 30
Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus (Shelley), 121–22
Franklin, Benjamin, 110, 113–15, 122–23
Franklin, John, 2, 3, 81
Frayn, Michael, 118
fundamental forces, 17, 58
Galileo Galilei, 38, 60–61, 148–49
Galvani, Luigi, 121–23
galvanic electricity, 123
galvanic pile, 123–26
gamma rays, 148, 233, 272
Gauss, Carl Friedrich
and international magnetic crusade, 80–81, 83, 197–98
and magnetic epoch names, 183
and magnetic intensity measures, 77–78
and Ørsted’s magnetic theories, 99
Gellibrand, Henry, 71–73, 76, 211
genetics, 4, 273–74
Geological Survey of Canada, 190
Geological Survey of India, 165–66
geology
basalt samples used in, 87
competing core theories, 166–67
and continental drift, 47, 176, 185–93
and earthquakes, 165
and effects of core heat, 250
and Kornprobst, 28, 31, 47, 88
marine geology, 188–93
and pole reversal evidence, 176–83
and religious orthodoxy, 41
and science fiction, 155
and the South Atlantic Anomaly, 207–8
geomagnetic storms, 234, 241
geophysics, 6–7, 157, 178
GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, 215
Gilbert, William
background, 53
and electromagnetic theory, 54, 103, 108
and evolution of geophysics, 206
and ferrimagnetism, 180
and Gellibrand’s declination findings, 72, 73
and international magnetic crusade, 82
and magnetic epoch names, 183
and magnetic research, 56–62
and magnetic view of the Earth, 157
and volcanology, 69
Glassmeier, Karl-Heinz, 253
Glatzmaier, Paul, 224
Global Atmosphere Watch, 68
global navigation satellite system (GNSS), 260–61
global positioning system (GPS), 212, 241
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 124
Göttinger Magnetische Verein, 78
Graham, John, 181
gravity, 17–18, 82, 108
Gray, Stephen, 116
Great Dying, 250
Greek culture, 35–38, 41, 56–59
Greenwich Observatory, 79
Groes, Nils, 172
ground level enhancements, 239
grounds, electrical, 115–16
Gubbins, David, 196–99, 201, 204, 206, 214
Guettard, Jean-Étienne, 65
Gunter, Edmund, 72–73
gyre in magnetic field, 162, 174, 203, 205–6, 208, 218–19
H4 clock, 78, 120, 142
Halley, Edmund
as Astronomer Royal, 79
and declination maps, 73–76, 177, 212
and evolution of geophysics, 169, 206
Halleyan lines, 75
influence on Finlay, 203
and liquid core hypothesis, 157
and Newton, 82
and “westward drift” phenomenon, 197, 205
Halloween magnetic storm (2003), 240–41, 245
Harcourt, William Vernon, 82
Harrison, John, 78–79, 120, 142
Harvey, William, 61
Heezen, Bruce, 189
Heilbron, J. L., 109
Heisenberg, Werner, 96
heliocentrism, 59–62
Helios Solar Storm Scenario, 258
helium, 21
Higgs boson, 148
High Altitude Observatory, 231–32
Himalayas, 192
Hippocrates, 38
Hiroshima, Japan, 271–72
Holton, Gerald, 96–97, 130
Homer, 35, 37, 103, 180
homing pigeons, 265
Hospers, Jan, 181, 186
Humboldt, Alexander von, 77–78, 80, 99, 185, 204
hurricanes, 159
hydrogen, 21
ice core data, 216
Iceland, 50, 181
Iliad (Homer), 35
Imperial College London, 260
inclination (magnetic dip)
and advances in magnetic theory, 47–50
and biological magnetoreception, 265–67
and continental drift, 186
and Gellibrand’s observations, 72
and Halley’s observations, 74, 76–77
and international magnetic crusade, 81
and magnetoreception, 267
and volcanic rocks, 177
and “westward drift” phenomenon, 197
India, 192
induction rings, 144, 149–50, 242
Industrial Revolution, 100
Inferno (Dante Alighieri), 67
inner core, 3, 27–28, 76, 159–60, 173, 182, 192, 205, 223–24
Inquisition, 61
insulators, 104
insurance industry, 171, 257–59
International Geomagnetic Reference Field, 212, 223
International Space Station, 241, 255, 272
Internet service, 261
Inuits, 2–3
ionizing radiation, 233, 235, 270, 273
ions, 252
iron, 24, 89, 160, 217
Irving, Edward “Ted,” 186–87, 192
isotopes, 21–22, 216, 272–73
Jackson, Andrew D.
on Kant’s influence, 117–18
and mapping of magnetic field, 201, 204, 206
on Ørsted’s scientific legacy, 117–20, 124–31, 144
and Ørsted translation project, 96–97
James, Frank, 135–36, 140–41, 143, 145, 147, 149–50
Jeffreys, Harold, 169, 173, 192, 223
Jelved, Karen, 96–97, 118, 120, 128
Jesuits, 13–14, 62
Johnson, Lyndon B., 261
Jonkers, A.R.T., 36
Journal of Geophysical Research, 191
Journey to the Center of the Earth (Verne), 67–68
Judge Business School, 258
Juno (Roman goddess), 67
Juno mission, 235–36
Jupiter (planet), 158, 161, 235–36, 241
Jupiter (Roman god), 67
Kant, Immanuel, 117, 119, 121, 124, 131
K-Ar dating, 182
Kelvin, William Thompson, Lord, 167–68, 244–45
Kemp’s ridley sea turtles, 266
Kessler, Karl, 14
King James Bible, 66
King William Island, 1–3, 81, 234
Klingenstierna, Samuel, 110
Kornprobst, Jacques
and Brunhes legacy, 11–14, 27–29
and Brunhes’s Pont Farin excavations, 85–89, 156–57
on Brunhes’s research agenda, 51
and Les Landais, 31–32
and mantle structure, 160
Sorbonne background, 47
and volcanology, 63–64, 66–69
Korte, Monika, 215–16
Kuiper Belt, 159
Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP), 232, 237
Laboratory of Physical Meteorology, 68–69
Laj, Carlo, 179, 216
Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, 189
Lamont Geological Laboratory, 189
Large Hadron Collider, 95, 148
Larmor, Joseph, 223–24
Laschamp excursion, 63, 216, 252
Lathrop, Daniel, 219, 221–26, 236
latitude, 55, 77, 254, 259
lava, 51, 177, 181
lead-206, 273
Lecture on Physics (Feynman), 229
Lehmann, Alfred, 169–70, 205
Lehmann, Inge, 169–70, 223
Leo XIII, Pope, 30
Les Landais observatory, 31, 32, 91
Les Ternes, France, 87
Leyden jars, 111–12, 114, 116, 122–23, 260
lightning, 114–16, 145
linear energy transfer (LET), 273
Litvinenko, Alexander, 274
l’Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand, 28, 32
lodestone. See magnetite (lodestone)
Lohmann, Kenneth, 266
longitude
and advances in magnetic theory, 54–56, 73–75
and the agonic line, 197
British efforts on, 78–80
and changes in the magnetic field, 254
and Gilbert’s magnetic research, 62
and Harrison’s H4 clock, 78, 120, 142
and low-flux patches, 200
and magnetic coordinate systems, 47
Lord of the Isles, The (Scott), 128
Lorenz Edward, 210
Louis IX of France, 40
Louis XV of France, 116
Lucera, 42–43
Lucretius, 37–38
magma, 66–67, 166
Magnes, 35, 36, 103
Magnesia, 35
Magnetes, 35
The Spinning Magnet Page 29
